-가

가 Jeju Etymology See ko -가. Particle jje particle jje -이 nominative case marker used after words ending with a vowel. Korean Etymology 1 ko. It was not attested in texts from the 15th century, and its first attestation has been variously placed at 1572 洪允杓, 主格語尾 「-가」에 대하여, 國語學 제3집, 1975.12, 65-91. or mid-17th century.고광모, 주격조사 ‘-가’의 발달, 사단법인 한국언어학회 2013년 겨울학술대회 발표논문집, 2013.12, 69-78. It was initially of limited distribution and used in a complementary manner to ko -이. The development of its usage is as follows:홍윤표, 近代國語硏究(Ⅰ), 태학사, 1994, pp. 412-413. Since the mid-17th century: used after nouns ending in -i or -y, e.g. pwuli-ka ("mouth"), nay-ka ("scent"), poy-ka ("boat"); Since the mid-18th century: used after nouns ending in vowels/semivowels other than -i, e.g. ca-ka ("one who"), soyngswo-ka, nwongso-ka ("farm work"); During the end of the 18th century: used briefly in the form of double particle -i/yka after nouns ending in vowels/semivowels other than -i, e.g. to-yka ("road"), inkwu-yka ("population"), nwongso-yka ("farm work"). Various theories exist regarding its origin: Developed from the interrogative particle ko -가;이숭녕, 주격(主格) '가'의 발달(發達)과 그 해석(解釋), 국어국문학 제19권, 1958.6, 53-57. Developed from the vocative case particle ko -하/ko -아;辛兌鉉, 鷄林類事·華夷譯語의 朝鮮 古語 續考, 한글, 1941.3, 9-2(통권84), pp. 1-2. Developed from the connective ending ko -다가;Ramstedt, G.J., Studies in Korean Etymology, 1949, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. Developed from the verb ko 가다 가- to go;李承旭, 副動詞의 虛辭化, 진단학보, (51), 1981, 183-202. Borrowed from the ko ja - nominative particle ja が ga.鄭光, 主格 ‘가’의 發達에 대하여: 近代國語資料의 解釋을 中心으로, 우리문화, 2. Click for etymological details Particle particle ko -이 nominative case marker used after words ending with a vowel. ko 내-가 말했잖아. I said it. ko 어디-가 좋을까? Which place is best? ko 의자-가 있다. There is a chair. Ko-의자가 있다.ogg Etymology 2 From ko okm - -가〮 -ká, from ko oko 去 *-ka. In Old and Middle Korean, the word was not a suffix but an interrogative particle for yes-no questions, combining directly with nouns and taking the Old Korean nominalized forms of verbs, whence ko -ㄴ가 and ko -ㄹ까. In the standard Seoul dialect of the language, the suffix is no longer used in isolation (nor reserved for yes-no questions); see "Related terms" below. Suffix suffix ko Gyeongsang In the plain style, an interrogative suffix marking yes-no questions. It is only used for the copula ko -이다 to be and ko 아이다 to not be. ko 아이-가? Isn't it? ko 이기 니 이름-이-가? Is this your name? ko 느그-들-이 성제-가? Are you brothers? Usage notes Its wh-word question equivalent is ko -고#interrogative -고. For non-copula stems, ko -나 is used. Related terms ko -는가 -던가 -을까 -나 -습니까 Particle particle ko Gyeongsang See above; sometimes appended directly to the noun, as in older forms of the language. ko 이기 니 이름-가? Is this your name? Etymology 3 Yukjin From ko oko 果 *-kwa. Unlike Middle Korean and most other dialects, Yukjin was apparently unaffected by the lenition to ko -와 in intervocalic environments. Until the early twentieth century, the pronunciation was still ko -과, but it has since shifted. Pronunciation ko [ɡá] Yukjin dialect Yukjin Particle particle ko -과 with, and Yukjin Koryo-mar ko -와 with, and Yukjin Koryo-mar ko 한 동네-에 여자가 남자 살았지. In a neighbourhood lived a lady with a man. Koryo-mar, Shymkent Excerpt of the folk tale, 'The Foolish Husband who Caught a Bear with his Wife's Wisdom'. ko ko:두만강 유역의 조선어 방언 사전 Dictionary of Korean Dialects of the Tumen River Area Taehaksa ko:곽충구<t:Kwak Chung-gu> 2019 II 3717 내-가 너-느 야댜하는 쳐지-다. You and I are in a relationship where we don't use honorifics. 979-11-6395-119-3 Yukjin ko ko:두만강 유역의 조선어 방언 사전 Dictionary of Korean Dialects of the Tumen River Area Taehaksa ko:곽충구<t:Kwak Chung-gu> 2019 II 3717 슬기-가 여끼 따다. A leopard cat and a fox are different. 979-11-6395-119-3 Yukjin ko for a verb of speech to ko ko:두만강 유역의 조선어 방언 사전 Dictionary of Korean Dialects of the Tumen River Area Taehaksa ko:곽충구<t:Kwak Chung-gu> 2019 II 3717 동미-가 말했지. I spoke to my friend. 979-11-6395-119-3 Yukjin ko ko:두만강 유역의 조선어 방언 사전 Dictionary of Korean Dialects of the Tumen River Area Taehaksa ko:곽충구<t:Kwak Chung-gu> 2019 II 3717 네-가 무스거 물어-보더야? What were they asking [to] you? 979-11-6395-119-3 Yukjin Usage notes As mentioned above, the particle does not change depending on whether the noun ends in a vowel or not. There is no potential for confusion with the subject-marking particle ko -가 because it is not used in Yukjin. Some speakers attach ko -가 to both nouns being connected, as in Old or Middle Korean. References