-ly

Appendix:Variations of "ly" English Pronunciation -lē; en /-li/ en en-us--ly.ogg US en [liː] UK en [lɪ] RP en [li] US en [ɫiː] NZ Etymology 1 en adjectival :inh enm:-ly<id:adjectival> From en enm -ly, enm -li, enm -lik, enm -lich, enm -like, from en ang -līċ, from en gmw-pro *-līk, from en gem-pro *-līkaz having the body or form of, from gem-pro *līką body (whence en lich). In form, probably influenced by non -ligr -ly (Norwegian Bokmål -lig, Faroese -ligur, Icelandic -legur). Cognate with nl -lijk, de -lich, da -lig and sv -lig. en -like, more at en like. Suffix more er Used to form adjectives from nouns, the adjectives having the sense of "behaving like, or having a nature typical of what is denoted by the noun" Similar in meaning to -like but most often paired with animate nouns. en man manly en comrade comradely Used to form adjectives from nouns, the adjectives having the sense of "appearing like, resembling, or having the likeness of what is denoted by the noun". en bloom bloomly en muscle muscly Used to form adjectives from nouns specifying time intervals, the adjectives having the sense of "occurring at such intervals". en month monthly en day daily Synonyms en -ish en -like en -y suggesting degree en -ous suggesting degree en -some likeness or resemblance en -oid, en quasi-, en para-, en -form/en -iform, en -esque, en -some, en restricted to casual registers en -ass resembling, en -like forms adjectives from nouns only Derived terms en typical of a noun beastly friendly manly en resembling a noun bloomly priestly en occurring at intervals bimonthly biweekly daily fortnightly hourly monthly weekly yearly en adjectival Translations forming adjectives from nouns, in the sense "similar to, like, characteristic of" Chinese: Mandarin: cmn 地 di; cmn 的 de somewhat similar Danish: da -lig, da -agtig Dutch: nl -achtig, nl -lijk, nl -ig Esperanto: eo -a Faroese: fo -ligur Finnish: fi -mainen French: fr -ment Galician: gl -oso m, gl -mente Georgian: ka -ური, ka -ული German: de -lich, de -ig, de -isch, de -haft Hungarian: hu -s/hu -os/hu -as/hu -es/hu -ös, hu -i, hu -ias/hu -ies Icelandic: is -legur Ido: io -atra Kurdish: Northern Kurdish: kmr -ane Middle English: enm -ly Old English: ang -līċ Persian: fa مآبانه -me-âbâne Polish: pl -owy, pl -ny Portuguese: pt -oso, pt -ento, pt -mente Russian: ru -ский adjective, phonetic changes and additions occur, ru -ски adverb Serbo-Croatian: sh -ně Spanish: es -oso Swedish: sv -aktig, sv -artad, sv -lig, sv -isk Turkish: tr -ca, tr -ça, tr -ce, tr -çe, tr -cıl, tr -çıl, tr -cil, tr -çil Urdu: ur -ی Welsh: cy -us forming adjectives from nouns, in the sense "occurring at such intervals" Azerbaijani: az -lik Danish: da -lig Dutch: nl -lijks Finnish: fi -ttainen combination of two suffixes for adjectives; only the first suffix for adverbs German: de -lich Hungarian: hu -i, hu -nkénti/hu -onkénti/hu -ankénti/hu -enkénti/hu -önkénti Kurdish: Northern Kurdish: kmr -ane Polish: pl co- Russian: ru еже- Swedish: sv -lig Turkish: tr -lik Ukrainian: uk що- -ний Etymology 2 en adverbial :inh enm:-ly<id:adverbial> 1 From en enm -ly, enm -li, enm -liche, from en ang -līċe. Suffix en adverbial Used to form adverbs from adjectives and nouns. en sudden suddenly en eerie eerily en year yearly en gluey gluily en docile docilely en irretrievable irretrievably en sly slyly en whole wholly en ugly uglily en ill illy en subtle subtly en disheartening dishearteningly Used to form company or brand names. en book Bookly en musical w:Musical.ly en clue w:Cluely Usage notes Various sound changes and spelling changes occur for -ly: If an adjective ends with a consonant followed by y, it changes into i before adding the suffix (e.g. en ready > en readily, en easy > en easily). Speakers who pronounce final unstressed -y as /i/ replace this vowel sound with /ɪ/ or /ə/ before -ly. If an adjective ends with en -ary, the stress is often moved to the -a- in the derived adjective in -arily. If an adjective ends with ll, one l drops out to avoid a triple letter (e.g. en full > en fully, en shrill > en shrilly). The pronunciation may or may not be simplified to have a single /l/ sound: single /l/ is normal in frequent words such as en fully, but less frequent words such as en shrilly may be pronounced with double /ll/. If an adjective ends with a syllabic /l̩/ (spelled -le after a consonant), euphony causes the -le to drop out. Examples include en -ably and en -ibly, but also en noble > en nobly, en ample > en amply, and en idle > en idly, among others. For many speakers of non-rhotic accents, if this suffix is appended to words in -lar /lə/, the resulting sequence /ləli/~/ləlɪ/ may be haplology haplologically simplified to /li/~/lɪ/, resulting in pronunciations of words like en particularly and en regularly such as /pəˈtɪkjəli/ /ˈɹɛɡjəli/ (as if spelt en *particuly and en *reguly). This is especially common in colloquial speech and for frequently-used words, so en specularly is usually something like /ˈspɛkjələli/, not */ˈspɛkjəli/. Adjectives ending in -ic generally take en -ally (en public > en publicly being an exception). If an adjective ends with -ed, the pronunciation is sometimes changed from /d/ or /t/ to /ɪd/ before -ly. For example, en deserved /dɪˈzɜː(ɹ)vd/ and en deservedly /dɪˈzɜː(ɹ)vɪdli/. In prescriptive usage, derived adverbs in -ly are often preferred to those which are identical in form to the base adjective (e.g., en badly instead of en bad), despite the fact that the latter have been in continuous use since the earliest stages of the language. On the other hand, prescriptive usage prefers en bad with en feel and condemns the use of en badly in sentences like I feel badly, based on the argument that en feel is a copular verb that ought to take an adjective rather than an adverb as its complement. Derived terms en -ally en adverbial Translations used to form adverbs from adjectives Ainu: ain no Aragonese: an -mén Armenian: hy -բար, hy -որեն Asturian: ast -mente Azerbaijani: az -cə Basque: eu -eki Burmese: my စွာ Catalan: ca -ment Chinese: Mandarin: cmn 地 de similar function, but used in different ways Czech: cs -ě Danish: da -t or, with some adjectives, no suffix at all Dutch: the adverb is usually the same as the adjective: no change in form, nl -erwijs, nl -lijk, nl -jes, nl genoeg following the adjective Esperanto: eo -e Estonian: et -lt Faroese: fo -liga Finnish: fi -sti manner, fi -n extent: the genitive form of the adjective French: fr -ment Galician: gl -mente Georgian: ka -ად, ka -დ, ka -ურად, ka -ულად German: normal adverbs are the same in form as the respective adjectives; de -erweise forms adverbs that modify phrases or sentences, de -lich Greek: el -α, el -ως each replacing the final syllable of the adjective - unlike a suffix, which is appended Hebrew: he ב- be-/bi- adverbs are formed from nouns, rather than adjectives Hungarian: hu -an/hu -en, hu -lag/hu -leg, hu -l/hu -ul/hu -ül Icelandic: is -lega Ido: io -e Igbo: ig na Italian: it -mente Japanese: ja く -ku ...く ja い-adjectives drop ja い, add ja く, ja に -ni ...に ja な-adjectives drop ja な, add ja に Latin: la -ē, la -iter Latvian: lv -i Lithuanian: lt -i Macedonian: mk -о Middle English: enm -ly Mongolian: mn -хан Navajo: nv -go Neapolitan: nap -mente Norman: nrf -ment Norwegian: Bokmål: normal adverbs are the same in form as the respective adjectives Nynorsk: normal adverbs are the same in form as the respective adjectives Occitan: oc -ment Ojibwe: oj -a Old English: ang -e, ang -līċe Persian: fa ـانه -âne; fa ـیها -ihâ Polish: pl -o, pl -ie Portuguese: pt -mente Russian: ru -о, ru -е, ru по-...-ски forming adverbs from ru -ский adjectives, ru -ски Sanskrit: sa Spanish: es -mente, es de manera​/​forma​/​modo, es a lo, es en clave, es con carácter​/​tono Swedish: sv -t Turkish: tr bir şekilde, tr -ce, tr -ca, tr -çe, tr -ça Walloon: wa -mint See also en Anagrams en ly -yl YL en productive suffixes Middle English Etymology 1 enm adjectival :inh ang:-līċ From enm ang -līċ. Related to enm lich. Alternative forms enm -lich -liche -lyche -lych -li -lie -lye -like -lik -lyke -lyk -le -lei -lice -lic -liȝ -lece -luch -lig Pronunciation enm /-liː/ /-liːt͡ʃ/ /-lit͡ʃ/ Suffix enm suffix comparative -lyere superlative -lyest adjective-forming suffixes Used to form adjectives from nouns, the adjectives having the sense of "like or characteristic of what is denoted by the noun". Appended to adjectives in order to render meaning of the adjective either more intense or more approximate. E.g. enm ded no longer alive, enm dedly causing, resembling or subject to death; enm schort not long, enm shortly momentary; very brief Usage notes -ly is generally the most common variant of this suffix, though in some words, other variants may be more common, such as -lich(e). Derived terms enm adjectival enm aerly armlich bigly bodily craftly fayrely frely freschely gladly greefly graythely gromelich groundly hedly heighly hertely idafenlic lefly maydenly orgonly throly yerly Descendants en -ly adjectival sco -lie adjectival yol -ly adjectival References -lī suf.(1) MED25367 7 April 2018 Etymology 2 enm adverbial :inh ang:-līċe From enm ang -līċe, itself a combination of the adjective-forming suffix ang -līċ (see etymology 1 above) and the adverbial suffix ang -e. Alternative forms enm -lich -liche -lyche -lych -li -lie -lye -like -lik -licke -lyke -lyk -lycke -leche -le -lei -loche -lice -liȝ -luche Pronunciation enm /-liː/ /-liːt͡ʃ(ə)/ /-lit͡ʃ(ə)/ Suffix enm suffix comparative -lyere superlative -lyest adverb-forming suffixes Used to form adverbs from adjectives, and nouns; the adverbs having the sense of "in the manner of what is denoted by the adjective/noun". Optionally appended to adverbs without suffixes with no change to the meaning. Usage notes As with its adjectival equivalent, -ly is generally the most common variant of this suffix, though in some words, other variants may be more common, such as -lich(e). Derived terms enm adverbial enm atterluche bigly bodily boldely craftily diȝelliche eadiliche fakenliche fayrely frely freschely gidiliche gladly greefly graythely gromelich groundly ȝewislice hagherlych hedly heighly hertely justislich throly wisly yerly Descendants en -ly adverbial sco -lie adverbial -ly yol -ly adverbial References -lī suf.(2) MED25368 7 April 2018 See also enm Yola Alternative forms yol -lee Pronunciation yol /-ˈliː/ yol iː 1 yol -ly Etymology 1 yol adjectival :inh enm:-ly<id:adjectival> From yol enm -ly, enm -li, enm -lik, enm -lich, enm -like, from yol ang -līċ, from yol gmw-pro *-līk. Suffix yol suffix used to form adjectives from nouns Derived terms yol adjectival Etymology 2 yol adverbial :inh enm:-ly<id:adverbial> From yol enm -ly, enm -li, enm -liche, from yol ang -līċe. Suffix yol suffix used to form adverbs from adjectives and nouns Derived terms yol adverbial See also yol