Indian summer

English 2018 November 1 Etymology thumb|A period of Indian summer (sense 1) during autumn in Quebec, Canada Of North American origin, exact etymology en 1.Various suggestions are set out in Albert Matthews The Term Indian Summer http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/030/mwr-030-02-0069c.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20170225165458/http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/030/mwr-030-02-0069c.pdf 25 February 2017 Monthly Weather Review Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office 15 December 1901 February 1902 30 69–79 at 73–79 https://web.archive.org/web/20170225165458/http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/030/mwr-030-02-0069c.pdf#page=5 976495963. See also Albert Matthews The Term Indian Summer http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/030/mwr-030-01-0019.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20170303052510/https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/030/mwr-030-01-0019.pdf 3 March 2017 Monthly Weather Review Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office 15 December 1901 January 1902 30 19–28 https://web.archive.org/web/20170303052510/https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/030/mwr-030-01-0019.pdf#page=1 976495963. The most plausible suggestions are that Native Americans (or American Indians) called it a form of “summer” due to harvesting late plants or preparing for winter, or that European settlers coined it due to various Native American activities in this season, or due to the weather phenomenon being associated with regions inhabited by Native Americans.Compare William Deedler Just what is Indian Summer and did Indians Really Have Anything to Do with It? https://www.weather.gov/dtx/indiansummer https://web.archive.org/web/20180906155928/https://www.weather.gov/dtx/indiansummer 6 September 2018 National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration fall 1996. Alternatively, the use of the word en Indian may indicate something deviating from a Eurocentric norm as counterpart: compare terms like en Indian bread, en Indian corn.n 94406 September 2009 Pronunciation en /ˈɪn.dɪ.ən ˈsʌ.mə(ɹ)/ RP en /ˈɪn.di.ən ˈsʌ.mɚ/ GA en en-au-Indian summer.ogg AU en In di an sum mer Noun en possibly offensive A stretch of sunny and warm, often hazy, days during late autumn. from late 18th c., popularized in the early 19th c.Matthews (February 1902), page 73. en J[ohn] Hector St. John de Crèvecœur Letters from an American Farmer:Describing Certain Provincial Situations, Manners, and Customs, Not Generally Known; and Conveying Some Idea of the Late and Present Interior Circumstances of the British Colonies in North America. Written for the Information of a Friend in England London Printed for Thomas Daviesin Russel Street Covent-Garden, and Lockyer Davisin Holborn 17 January 1778 1782 642374780 Albert E. Stone Letters from an American Farmer and Sketches of Eighteenth-century America w:Penguin Classics New York, N.Y. w:Penguin Books 1986 233 https://books.google.com/books?id=kyhUhEZNiL0C&pg=PA233 978-0-14-039006-3 Then a severe frost succeeds which prepares it to receive the voluminous coat of snow which is soon to follow; though it is often preceded by a short interval of smoke and mildness, called the Indian Summer. en Written in Lord Palmerston’s Park near Romsey, Hants The County Magazine Salisbury, Witshire Printed for and sold by B. C. Collins, and by S. Crowder, in London July 1786 1788 VII I 100 https://books.google.com/books?id=2rURAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA100 173729164 And while the bards, before my fancy bring / The Indian ſummer, and Italian ſpring, / Rapt let me mark the different climates found, / In Temple's gardens, and his lawns around. en The Bismarck Moire Frank Leslie’s Pleasant Hours: Devoted to Light and Entertaining Literature New York, N.Y. Frank Leslie,537 Pearl Street February 1869 VI 1 chapter II 381 https://books.google.com/books?id=zF02AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA381 1 1013405177 The gentlemen were still lounging on the gallery, fighting time with newspapers and cigars, for the Indian Summer kept up a charming pretense that Winter had forgotten to cross the water; en Gilbert Parker Shon McGann’s Tobogan Ride Pierre And His People: Tales of the Far North London Methuen & Co.18 Bury Street, London, W.C. 1892 II 158 https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112069646856;view=1up;seq=174 422163677 There is sunshine in the face of all—a kind of Indian summer sunshine, infused with the sadness of a coming winter; and theirs is the winter of parting. en w:August Kleinzahler The Dog, the Family: A Household Tale https://books.google.com/books?id=peHgpcb2WFUC&pg=PT33 Cutty, One Rock: Low Characters and Strange Places, Gently Explained New York, N.Y. w:Farrar, Strauss and Giroux 2004 part 1 978-0-374-13377-1 Truth be told, I enjoyed the earthquake of '89; It was a warm night, Indian summer. The whole city seemed to be out of doors. It was like an enormous block party, all the neighbors sitting on their stoops, drinking beer, listening to their radios. en figuratively The late autumn of life; a late flowering of activity before old age. from early 19th c. en John G[reenleaf] Whittier Memories Lays of My Home, and Other Poems Boston, Mass. William D[avis] Ticknor 1843 110 https://archive.org/stream/laysmyhome00whit#page/110/mode/1up 11938762 Thus, while at times before our eye / The clouds about the present part, / And, smiling through them, round us lie / Soft hues of Memory's evening sky – / The Indian summer of the heart, / In secret sympathies of mind, / In founts of feeling which retain / Their pure fresh flow, we yet may find / Our early dreams not wholly vain! en w:Francis Wheen w:Kenneth Tynan Introduction: The Paranoia Blues Strange Days Indeed: The Golden Age of Paranoia paperback London Fourth Estate, HarperCollins Publishers 9 March 1971 2010 6 https://books.google.com/books?id=HXkbl8kDEVAC&pg=PA6 978-0-00-724428-7 We may come to look back on the Sixties as the Indian summer of the Western imagination, of the last aristocrats of Western taste. Beginning with [John F.] Kennedy, the era ends with [Richard] Nixon and Joe Frazier, his hatchet-man … Cavaliers had better beware. The Roundheads are back in force. en Abigail Trafford Nancy Reagan’s Second Act http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A41586-2004Jun14.html https://web.archive.org/web/20180907072331/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A41586-2004Jun14.html?noredirect=on 7 September 2018 w:The Washington Post Washington, D.C. The Washington Post Company 15 June 2004 HE01 0190-8286 638319713 Instead of focusing on winning the next election for her husband, Nancy Reagan can turn to the broader mission of helping others. She is laying down her own legacy next to her husband's. This kind of activism is often the hallmark of people in their Indian summer season. Their energy is fueled by a sense of urgency that is lacking in youth. en Betty R. Pritchett The Indian Summer of Mary Margaret Masters [Bloomington, Ind.] w:Trafford Publishing 26 November 2012 262 https://books.google.com/books?id=7LOIe4dClhgC&pg=PA262 978-1-4669-6960-5 Here, in what she had begun to think of as the Indian summer of her life, she was claiming a future that held infinite and delicious possibilities; and she would spend the coming years with someone who would bring all the seasons alive. en Indian summer Usage notes In the northeastern region of the United States, the term refers to a phenomenon occurring from late October through November. However, depending on the geographical region to which it is applied, it may occur from as early as September to as late as January in the northern hemisphere. Some people restrict the term to several days of warm weather after there has already been a frost. By the 20th century, the term had displaced earlier ones like en all-hallown summer, en St. Luke's summer, and en St. Martin's summer that had described a similar phenomenon. Due to its supposed use of Indian to mean "abnormal" or "different from the norm", the term has seen controversy as possibly being a racist term against Indians and Native Americans.https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Is-Indian-summer-offensive-politically-correct-13285287.php Synonyms stretch of warm days in autumn en St. Luke's summer (en St. Luke's little summer, en little summer of St. Luke) in October, en all-hallown summer, en St. Martin's summer in November, en Michaelmas summer Coordinate terms en blackberry winter en squaw winter Descendants fr été des Indiens 1, fr été indien Translations stretch of warm days in autumn Arabic: ar صَيْف هِنْدِيّ Basque: eu uda txiki, eu San Martin hegoak, eu San Martinetako uda txiki Belarusian: be бабі́на ле́та Bulgarian: bg циганско лято n Catalan: ca estiuet de Sant Martí Chinese: Cantonese: yue 秋老虎 cau1 lou5 fu2 Mandarin: cmn 秋老虎 qiūlǎohǔ Czech: cs babí léto n, cs indiánské léto n Dutch: nl nazomer m Erzya: myv сово Faroese: fo heystlýkka f Finnish: fi intiaanikesä French: fr été de la Saint-Martin m in November, fr été des Indiens m, fr été indien m Canada; less commonly used in France German: de Altweibersommer m Greek: el γαϊδουροκαλόκαιρο n Hebrew: he קיץ אינדיאני Hindi: hi भारतीय ग्रीष्मकाल m Hungarian: hu vénasszonyok nyara, hu indián nyár Irish: ga samhradh beag m Italian: it estate di San Martino m in November, it estate indiana f Japanese: ja 小春 こはる, koharu, ja 小春日和 こはるびより, koharu-biyori, Kazakh: kk қоңыр күз Korean: ko 인디언 서머 Latvian: lv atvasara f Lithuanian: lt bobų vasara Macedonian: mk ци́ганско ле́то n, mk ѓу́пско ле́то n Norman: nrf p'tit êté m Jersey Norwegian: Bokmål: nb sensommer m, nb husmannssommer m, nb indian summer m Persian: fa گرمای پاییزه Polish: pl babie lato n, pl złota jesień f Portuguese: pt veranico m, pt verão de São Martinho m Romanian: ro vară indiană f Russian: ru ба́бье ле́то n, ru инде́йское ле́то n Serbo-Croatian: Latin: sh bablje ljeto, sh Miholjsko ljeto, sh Martinjsko ljeto Slovak: sk babie leto Spanish: es veranillo m Swedish: sv indiansommar c, sv brittsommar Turkish: tr pastırma yazı Ukrainian: uk бабине літо Welsh: cy haf bach Mihangel m late autumn of life; late flowering of activity before old age Finnish: fi intiaanikesä German: de zweiter Frühling Greek: el γαλήνια γηρατειά n-p Hindi: hi भारतीय ग्रीष्मकाल m Irish: ga fómhar beag na ngéanna m Japanese: ja 返り咲く かえりざく, kaerizaku Polish: pl pogodna jesień życia f Russian: ru ба́бье ле́то n Serbo-Croatian: sh druga mladost Spanish: es veranillo de San Martín m northern hemisphere; es veranillo de San Juan m southern hemisphere See also en fool's spring References Further reading Indian summer https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/indian-summer.html 24 October 2017 en Age Autumn Summer Temperature en offensive terms