-sa

Appendix:Variations of "sa" Estonian Suffix et suffix form et -s acc//gen s Finnish Etymology 1 fi derivational Probably originally from a dialectal variant of fi -isa (compare, for example, dialectal fi joutsa for fi joutuisa). The slang usage is probably an extension of the original use as an adjectival suffix. Suffix adjective noun sä Forms some adjectives. Forms slang nouns and adjectives, usually with clipping. Derived terms fi derivational fi -sakka -su Etymology 2 fi possessive See fi -nsa. Suffix adjective sä fi dialectal fi -nsa Irish Alternative forms ga -se used after palatalized consonants and front vowels Etymology From ga sga -sa 1st person singular, sga -su 2nd person singular and sga -si 3rd person singular feminine/2nd person plural. Pronunciation ga /sˠə/ Suffix e emphatic suffix of the following persons; used after velarized consonants and back vowels: first-person singular second-person singular third-person singular feminine second-person plural Usage notes Spelled with a hyphen after -s, otherwise without a hyphen. Added to nouns (or adjectives modifying a noun) in the presence of the possessive adjective to emphasize the possessor rather than the thing possessed: ga mo chos-sa my foot 1 ga do charr deargsa your s red car 1 Added to pronouns (both simple and prepositional) to add emphasis (not to create a reflexive pronoun): ga aistise out of her 1 ga sibhse you p 1 Added to synthetic verb forms to add emphasis to the subject: ga cloisimse I hear 1 ga chloisteása you s used to hear 1 ga chualabhairse you p heard 1 Derived terms ga See also Japanese Romanization さ Latin Suffix la suffix form la -sus nom//voc f s ; nom//acc//voc n p Suffix la suffix form -sā la -sus abl f s Norwegian Nynorsk Alternative forms nn -se Etymology From nn non -sa denominative verb suffix, from nn gem-pro *-isōną denominative verb suffix. Compare is -sa, fo -sa, sv -sa, da -se and nb -se. Related to de -sen, nl -zen and en -se, en -ce. Pronunciation nn /sɑ/ Suffix nn suffix nn no longer productive Used to form verbs from nouns and adjectives nn rein<t:clean> reinsa<t:to clean> nn heil<t:whole, healthy> helsa<t:to greet> nn hug<t:mind> hugsa<t:to remember> nn no longer productive Used to form verbs from other verbs, often with an intensive force nn draga<t:to drag> dragsa<t:to drag something wearily> nn driva<t:to move> drifsa<t:to move forcefully> nn klipa<t:to pinch> klipsa<t:to snap one's fingers> nn no longer productive Used to form verbs from other verbs, often with a diminutive or iterative force nn triva<t:to grab, yank> trivsa<t:to stumble> nn mjåka<t:to get nowhere, struggle> mjaksa<t:to be uncoordinated> nn drabba<t:to overflow> drapsa<t:to splash> Usage notes The suffix is not productive in the standard language; its role has been superseded by nn -e, nn -a infinitive ending. Most verbs formed with -sa are conjugated as a-verbs: å reinsa, reinsar, reinsa, har reinsa å dragsa, dragsar, dragsa, har dragsa å drapsa, drapsar, drapsa, har drapsa Most verbal nouns are formed by dropping the -a. The gender may vary: å hugsa → ein nn hugs å dragsa → eit nn drags å drapsa → eit nn draps In the diminutive and iterative sense, -sa is usually interchangeable with nn -la. This is often a dialectal difference: å nn mjaksa or nn mjakla å nn trivsa or nn trivla å nn bangsa or nn bangla See also nn -ja causative verb suffix nn -na inchoative verb suffix nn -ka causative, inchoative and iterative verb suffix nn -la diminutive and iterative verb suffix nn -ta deadverbial verb suffix nn -ra iterative verb suffix nn -ga transitivising verb suffix References %sa trivsa mjaksa bangsa nn verb-forming suffixes Old English Pronunciation -sa Suffix ang suffix form ang -s nom//acc//gen pl Old Irish Alternative forms sga -se slender form Suffix e emphatic first-person singular suffix Wb 14 c 23 sga co beid .i. co mbed a ndéde sin im labrad-sa .i. gáu la et fír .i. combad sain a n‑as·berin ó bélib la et aní imme·rádin ó chridiu so that there may be, i.e. so that those two things might be in my (emphatic) speaking, namely false and true, i.e. so that what I might say with [my] lips and what I might think with [my] heart might be different Wb 16 d 8 sga Bíuu-sa oc irbáig dar far cenn-si fri Maccidóndu. I (emphatic) am boasting about you to the Macedonians. Wb 20 c 25 sga Níta chumme-se friusom. I (emphatic) am not like them (emphatic). Derived terms sga Descendants ga -sa gv -s gd -sa See also Quechua Suffix qu suffix qu -chka Romani Suffix rom suffix rom -ça Scottish Gaelic Alternative forms gd -se slender form Etymology From gd sga -sa 1st person singular and gd sga -su 2nd person singular. Suffix gd suffix emphatic suffixes -self emphatic Usage notes Added to prepositional pronouns (ending in a broad consonant) to add emphasis (not to create a reflexive pronoun): Used in first-person singular: (e.g., gd agamsa). Used in second-person singular: (e.g., gd ortsa). Derived terms gd See also gd -ne gd -san Somali Suffix so suffix Usually placed at the end of verbs containing questions maxa samay-sa? - what do you do? Turkish sa se Pronunciation tr /sa/ tr /se/ Etymology 1 From tr ota ـسا -sa, ota ـس -se, evolved from the verb tr trk-pro *sā- or trk-pro *sā(j)- to count, to consider, to desire something, to count something among one's wishes.Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), "+sA" - in Nişanyan Sözlük*sā(j)- https://starlingdb.org/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=%2fdata%2falt%2fturcet&text_number=654&root=configBulak, Şahap. "TÜRKÇEDE +sA- İSİMDEN FİİL YAPMA EKİ." Electronic Turkish Studies 7.3 (2012). Compare tr saymak. Cognates with az -sa, az -sə, xqa ـسا, xqa ـسه. Suffix tr suffix Derives verbs of wish, desire, inclination towards the noun it is derived from. tr su<gloss:water> -sa susamak<gloss:to thirst, to feel the need to drink water> tr durak<gloss:stop, pause> -sa duraksamak<gloss:to pause, to seem to pause> tr kap<gloss:a container, receptacle> -sa kapsamak<gloss:to contain, to encompass> tr umur<gloss:caring, minding, paying attention> -sa umursamak<gloss:to care, to mind, to pay attention> Derives verbs from nouns or adjectives in the sense "to regard as, to consider to be." tr çok<gloss:much, a lot> -sa çoksamak<gloss:to regard as a lot> tr hafif<gloss:light, easy, ineffective, unimportant> -se hafifsemek<gloss:to regard as easy or unimportant, to disregard> tr garip<gloss:strange, weird> -se garipsemek<gloss:to regard as or find strange> Forms a compound suffix with tr -im derives nouns from verbsNişanyan, Sevan (2002–), "+Im" - in Nişanyan Sözlük before it and derives verbs.) tr gülmek<gloss:to smile, to laugh><alt:gül-> -ümse gülümsemek<gloss:to smile> tr ben<gloss:I, me> -imse benimsemek<gloss:to internalize, to embrace, to adopt> tr küçük<gloss:small, little> -ümse küçümsemek<gloss:to belittle, to underestimate> Forms a compound suffix with tr -im derives nouns from verbs before it and tr -ar participle suffixNişanyan, Sevan (2002–), "+()r" - in Nişanyan Sözlük after it and derives adjectives. tr iyi<gloss:good> -mser iyimser<gloss:optimistic> tr kötü<gloss:bad> -mser kötümser<gloss:pessimistic> tr kara<gloss:black, dark> -msar karamsar<gloss:pessimistic> tr çekmek<gloss:to pull, to draw><alt:çek-> -imser çekimser<gloss:abstaining (e.g from casting a vote)> Forms a compound suffix with tr -il derives nouns or adjectives from verbs or nounsNişanyan, Sevan (2002–), "+Il" - in Nişanyan Sözlük after it and derives adjectives. tr bitki<gloss:plant, herb> -sel bitkisel<gloss:herbal, vegetable> tr kut<gloss:happiness, good fortune> -sal kutsal<gloss:holy, sacred> tr görmek<gloss:to see><alt:gör-> -sel görsel<gloss:visual> tr işitmek<gloss:to hear><alt:işit-> -sel işitsel<gloss:auditory> sa se Etymology 2 tr mood From tr ota ـسه -sa, -se, from tr otk *-sar, from tr trk-pro *-sar or trk-pro *-sa, where the "r" was gradually omitted over time.Benzer, Ahmet. "-sA Ekinin İşlevleri ve Dilek-Şart Ayrımı." Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 28 (2010): 131-140. Cognate with oui *-sar. Suffix tr suffix Denotes the Conditional mood conditional mood in sentences within a conditional sub-clause; if. tr Parası olsa, düşünmeden alır. If he had money, he would buy it without thinking. tr Sabah erken kalksa, okula geç kalmaz. If she got up early in the morning, she wouldn't be late to school. tr Birine sorsak daha kolay bulabiliriz. We could find it more easily if we asked someone. tr Beğense de beğenmese de, bu onun görevi. Whether he likes it or not, this is his duty. Denotes the Optative mood#Turkish optative mood to the main verb in simple sentences; can be used with modals. tr Ah, benim de senin kadar zamanım olsa. Oh, if only I had as much time as you do. tr Yarın sen de bizimle gelsen. (Why don't you) Come with us tomorrow. tr Keşke artık okula dönebilsem, arkadaşlarımı çok özledim. I wish I could go back to school, I miss my friends a lot. (Two simple sentences connected with a comma.) tr İnsanlar el ele tutuşsa. Birlik olsa. Uzansak sonsuza. If only people held hands. If only they united. If only we could reach eternity. tr Keşke erken yatmak zorunda olmasak. If only we didn't have to go to bed early. tr colloquial Denotes a reprimanding tone with past moods of the copula. tr İyi bir üniversite kazanmak istiyordun madem, daha çok çalışsaydın. Well, if you wanted to enter a good university, you should have studied more. tr Ne yapayım, babasını dinleseymiş de satmasaymış arabasını. What shall I do, he should have listened to his father and not sell his car. Denotes conditional mood of the copula, affixed to nouns or noun-based words to turn them into verbs; can be written separately as the "tr ise" conjunction with personal inflections affixed onto the conjunction. If it is affixed to a word that ends in a vowel, "y" acts as buffer consonant in between. tr İnsansan (İnsan isen) çöpünü buraya atma! If you are a human being, don't throw your garbage here! tr Çok pahalıysa (pahalı ise), almam. I won't buy it if it's too expensive. tr Eğer şanslıysanız (şanslı iseniz), hayatınızı "öncesi" ve "sonrası" olarak ayırabilecek biriyle tanışırsınız. If you're lucky, you'll meet someone that can divide your life into "before" and "after." tr Hava soğuksa (soğuk ise) dışarı çıkmayalım. If the weather is cold, let's not go outside. The conditional mood of the copula can be used to denote contrast or introducing a new idea that follows from the first; can be written separately as the "ise" conjunction. tr Ben gitar çalarım, kız kardeşimse (kız kardeşim ise) piyano çalar. I play the guitar, whereas my sister plays the piano. tr Tansiyonu yüksek, ateşiyse (ateşi ise) normalin üstünde. Her blood pressure is high, (and) her temperature is above normal. Time conjunctions and modals can be used with the conditional mood of the copula to form complex verbs; can be written separately as the "ise" conjunction, however it is rarely used in modern Turkish. tr Babam işten erken gelirse, sinemaya gidebiliriz. We can go to the movies if dad comes home early. tr Kopyalama işlemi bitmişse, sürücüyü çıkarabilirsiniz. You may remove the driver, if the copying process has ended. tr Bu kağıtları kullanmayacaksan çöpe atacağım. If you're not going to use these papers, I'll throw them away. tr Kişiyi mutluluk öldürebilirse, benim çoktan ölmem gerekirdi! If happiness could kill a person, I would have died long ago! Forms a compound imperative structure in colloquial usage with the interjection "tr a"Gedizli, Mehmet. "TÜRKÇEDE ÜNLEMLER VE TEMEL İŞLEVİ." Journal of International Social Research 8.36 (2015). (complies with Vowel Harmony#Turkish vowel harmony), denoting an insistent request or command. In the 3rd person, the interjection "tr ya" replaces it and is written separately. tr yemek<gloss:to eat><alt:ye-> -sa<alt:-se> -n yesen (Con/Opt mood 2nd Sg.) + a (interj.) → Yesene! (“Go ahead, eat!”) tr bakmak<gloss:to look><alt:bak-> -ma -sa -nız bakmasanız (Con/Opt mood 2nd Pl. neg.) + a (interj.) → Bakmasanıza! (“Stop looking!”) tr Bu akşam bize gelsenize! (Why don't you) Come to our place tonight! tr Annesine ev işlerinde yardım etse ya! Why doesn't he help his mother with the house chores! When repeated and suffixed to a verb, forms an adverbial phrase denoting a certainty for the action to be fulfilled only in a particular way or by a particular person. tr Bu açıdan atsa atsa Alex gol atar. Only Alex could score a goal from this angle. tr Bizim mesele çözülse çözülse mahkemede çözülür. Our affair could only be resolved at court. Forms sub-clauses with question words, denoting an expansion or generalization of the scope of the verb. Depending on the question word, the sub-clause can act as the subject, object or adverbial phrase in the sentence. tr Elimi neye atsam bozuluyor. Whatever I touch breaks. tr Kim olsa bu şartlara isyan ederdi. Anybody would protest these conditions. tr Kimi görsem sen sanıyorum. Whomever I see I think is you. tr Buraya ne zaman gelsem eski günleri hatırlarım. I remember the old days whenever I come here. tr Nereye gitse elinde mutlaka bir kitap olur. Wherever she goes, she always has a book in her hands. Forms formulaic adverbs with certain question words. tr ne<gloss:what> -(y)se neyse<gloss:whatever, anyways> tr nasıl<gloss:how> -sa nasılsa<gloss:somehow, someway> tr nerede<gloss:where> -(y)se neredeyse<gloss:almost, nearly, before long> tr neden<gloss:why> -se nedense<gloss:for some reason> tr niye<gloss:why> -(y)se niyeyse<gloss:for some reason> Forms an indefinite pronoun with the question word "tr kim". tr kim<gloss:who> -se kimse<gloss:anybody, nobody> Usage notes The conjunction tr ise is derived from the auxiliary verb tr imek with this suffix and in many cases they are interchangeable, despite sources classifying the two as separate entities. The sub-clause formed with the optative mood can act as the subject of the verb.Develi, Hayati. "-sA eki nedir? Kip mi?, Zarf-fill mi?." (1995). tr Sen de bizimle gelsen olmaz mı? Wouldn't it be good if you came with us, too? Would your coming with us not be good? tr Bu öneriye ne kadar itiraz etsen yeridir. You couldn't object to this proposal enough. Any amount of objection of yours to this proposal would be justified. Conditional and optative moods can be used with past moods of the Turkish copula copula to form complex verbs. tr Daha çok çalışsaydık kazanırdık. If we had practiced more, we would have won. tr Keşke o son baklavayı yemeseydim. I wish I hadn't eaten that last baklava. In the negative when suffixed to nouns and adjectives, the suffix is affixed to the negation particle tr değil. tr Hava soğuk değilse (soğuk değil ise) dışarı çıkalım. If the weather is not cold, let's go outside. References Ye'kwana Pronunciation Suffix mch suffix diminutive suffix for postpositions and adverbs. Usage notes This suffix triggers lengthening of the preceding vowel. References 136 -:sa