P'ing-jang

Pingjang English Etymology From en cmn -en 1975 Pyongyang William H. Harris; Judith S. Levey The New Columbia Encyclopedia https://archive.org/details/newcolumbiaencyc00harr/ Fourth Columbia University Press 0-231-03572-1 74-26686 1103123 2250 https://archive.org/details/newcolumbiaencyc00harr/page/2250/ 1 Chin. P'ing-jang 平壤, en cmn-wadegiles -en 1998 Blunden Caroline Gazetteer Cultural Atlas of China https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofc00blun_0/ Revised Facts on File 0-8160-3814-7 98-34322 43168341 232, 235 https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofc00blun_0/page/235/ Names in italics represent the Wade-Giles equivalent of the preceding Pinyin transcription.Pingrang/P'ing-jang see Pyongyang romanization: Pʻing²-jang³. Proper noun 1 1 en rare en Pingrang (Pyongyang) en 1885 w:Edward P. Vining Julius Klaproth J. Klaproth Researches regarding the Country of Fu-sang, mentioned in Chinese Books, and erroneously supposed to be a Part of America An Inglorious Columbus; or, Evidence that Hwui Shăn and a Party of Buddhist Monks from Afghanistan Discovered America in the Fifth Century, a. d. https://archive.org/details/ingloriouscolum00vini/ w:D. Appleton and Company 1385420 43 https://archive.org/details/ingloriouscolum00vini/page/43/ Next, the Chinese text says that they set forth from the district of Lo-lang, which is situated not in Leao-tung, but in Corea, and of which the capital is the present city of Pʽing-jang (in d’Auville’s map, Ping-yang), situated upon the northern bank of the Ta-tʽung-kiang, or Pʽai-shue, a river of the province of Pʽing-ngan, which, in great part, in the time of the dynasty of Han, formed the district of Lo-lang. en 1890 E. H. Parker On Race Struggles in Corea Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.24044/ XVIII Tokyo The Hakubunsha 760551045 192–193, 218 https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.24044/page/193/ In A.D. 436 we find from the Kang Kien that Fêng Hung (zh 馮弘) the last “Emperor” of Yen⁶² had to take refuge in the Tungusic (zh 東胡) kingdom of Kao-li,—the very first mention of the new name,⁶³—which had been developing quietly at its capital P’ing-jang.“The Emperor visited east-central China (zh 江與京洛), and enlisted 400,000 soldiers and 500 Wu ships to cross the seas and go to P’ing-jang, (the Kao-li capital).” en 1914 Li Ung Bing The Ming Dynasty (Continued) Joseph Whiteside Outlines of Chinese History https://archive.org/details/outlinesofchines00liun/ Shanghai w:The Commercial Press 1687715 251 https://archive.org/details/outlinesofchines00liun/page/251/ Accordingly an army was sent into Corea. It met the Japanese before the walls of Pʻing Jang (ko 平壤), where it was annihilated and its commander, Tsu Chʻêng-hsun, (zh 祖承訓), barely escaped with his life. The next Chinese army under the command of Li Ju-sung (zh 李如松), fresh from a successful campaign against a Mongol rebel in Ning Hsia (zh 甯夏), gained a victory over the Japanese in Pʻing Jang; but, elated by this success, the Chinese general allowed himself to be led into an ambuscade near Seoul and overthrown (1593). on en 1917 Samuel Couling Japanese Relations with China The Encyclopaedia Sinica https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediasi00coul/ 1964 Literature House, Ltd. 9990545 255 https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediasi00coul/page/255/ 2 The Japanese defeated the Ming general Tsu Chʻeng-hsün zh 祖承訓 at Pʻing jang ko 平壤 in 1592, the first year of Bunroku zh 文祿 of Japan, and the fighting continued for some years; but at Hideyoshi's death the Japanese troops left Korea. en 1933 The Korean War and the Closing Years a.d. 645–50 Son of Heaven: A Biography of Li Shimin Li Shih-Min, founder of the T’ang Dynasty https://archive.org/details/sonofheavenabiog0000fitz/ w:Cambridge University Press 1971 0-404-02404-1 74-136382 144496 187 https://archive.org/details/sonofheavenabiog0000fitz/page/187/ It was not merely distaste for court life at Ch’ang An that urged the emperor to make war upon this country. China had substantial grievances against the peninsula kingdom. In the year a.d. 642 P’ing Jang, the Korean capital, had been convulsed by a revolution more sanguinary and more successful than that which had menaced the Chinese court. on en 1934 Tung Chi Lin Chinese Expansion to the Northeast: Methods and Mechanisms https://books.google.com/books?id=c9ol2jlsdpUC w:University of California 1019536057 37 While both the Northeast and the Korean Peninsula were under the jurisdiction of Ho-pei Province, a Protectorate of An-tung was established at P'ing-jang to supervise the Peninsular states and two High Commanders were stationed at You-chou and P'ing-lu en 1943 w:Fang Chao-ying Song Qing (Qing dynasty) SUNG Chʻing :zh:宋慶 宋慶 Arthur W. Hummel Sr. Arthur W. Hummel Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period Eminent Chinese of the Chʻing Period (1644–1912) https://archive.org/details/eminentchineseof0000arth/ Washington, D.C. w:Government Printing Office 1970 174338734 687 https://archive.org/details/eminentchineseof0000arth/page/687/ 2 As the remnants retreated northward to Pengyang (ko 平壤 Pʻing-jang), war was declared and a Chinese contingent from Manchuria went southward to that place. en 1949 w:Karl August Wittfogel; Fêng Chia-Shêng Translation: Tribes History of Chinese Society Liao (907–1125) https://archive.org/details/transactionsofam0036karl/ w:American Philosophical Society 257237549 104 https://archive.org/details/transactionsofam0036karl/page/104/ In ancient times there existed in the region of the Tung-chia River zh 佟佳江 in present Liaoning a people called Kao-chü-li zh 高句驪. In the fifth century they moved their capital to P’ing-jang. The name of the country was simplified to Kao-li zh 高麗 (Korea). en 1952 Suyeji Umehara The Newly Discovered Tombs with Wall Paintings of the Kao-kou-li Dynasty w:Archives of the Chinese Art Society of America https://www.jstor.org/stable/20066943 6 1944-6497 277056016 5 Among investigations of ancient sites made by Japanese scholars in the Korean Peninsula during the past forty yeas, there are some which have attracted the attention of scholars of the world. One of these was the excavation of the Lo-lang sites of the Han dynasty centering about Heijōᵃ (P'ing-jang); the other was the discovery of the Kao-kou-li tombs with wall paintings in the neighborhood of Heijō and in the vicinity of T'ung-kou, Chi-an shêng,ᵇ Manchuria, in the north. en 1968 Hae-jong Chun Sino-Korean Tributary Relations in the Ch’ing Period w:John King Fairbank The Chinese World Order: Traditional China's Foreign Relations https://archive.org/details/chineseworldorde0000john/ Cambridge, Mass. w:Harvard University Press 68-14255 322527 97 https://archive.org/details/chineseworldorde0000john/page/97/ Main places on the route were, with minor changes during the Ch’ing: Seoul, P’yŏngyang (Chinese, P’ing-jang), Ŭiju (I-chou), the Yalu River, Feng-huang ch’eng, Lien-shan kuan, Liao-tung, Shen-yang, Kuang-ning, Sha-ho, Shan-hai kuan, T’ung-chou, and Peking. en 2006 145–86 Ssu-ma Ch’ien Hereditary House 8 Zhenjun Zhang William H. Nienhauser, Jr. William Nienhauser The Grand Scribe's Records https://books.google.com/books?id=xGBYRAIfExsC V.1 w:Indiana University Press 0-253-34025-X 63395974 276 https://books.google.com/books?id=xGBYRAIfExsC&pg=PA276 ⁹⁵For Ch’ao-hsien, "Cheng-yi" says, "K’uo-ti chih zh 括地志 says, 'Kao-li's zh 高麗 P’ing-jang zh 平壤 City, originally the governing site/city of Chien zh 儉, the Prince of Yüeh-lang zh 樂浪 Prefecture of the Han. It was ancient Ch’ao-hsien.'" en References Further reading P'ing-jang, Pingjang, Pingrang