-tis

Appendix:Variations of "tis" Latin Etymology 1 From la itc-pro *-tis, from la ine-pro *-tis, suffix forming nouns from verbal roots. Pronunciation -tis Suffix -tis<3.F.acc-em-im.abl-e-i> la unproductive suffixed to a verb stem to form a noun, usually denoting an action or result Usage notes This suffix appears as part of some inherited nouns, but is not productively used to derive new nouns in Latin. Its function was taken over by other synonymous suffixes; in particular, the extended form la -tiō f. Words formed with this suffix are generally feminine, but there are a few masculine exceptions such as la fūstis cudgel m, la vectis bar; lever, crowbar; bolt m. Many nouns that originally ended in itc-pro *-tis lost the vowel itc-pro *-i- in their nominative singular, making the ending into itc-pro *-ts, which was simplified to la -s. For example, ine-pro *méntis thought became pre-Latin la *ments, yielding historical la mēns mind, oblique stem la ment(i)- (as in genitive singular la mentis, genitive plural la mentium): the same root is found in the Latin verb la meminī to remember, bear in mind. Other similarly formed nouns include la mors death, oblique stem la mort(i)-, from the root of la morior to die, and la fors chance, oblique stem la fort(i)-. However, this loss of itc-pro *-i- was prevented in certain nouns, e.g. la vestis, la restis, la messis, la tussis, probably to avoid creating awkward word-final clusters such as la *-sts or la *-sss. As usual in Latin, suffix-initial la -t- was regularly replaced with la -s- after a verb root ending in a dental plosive (la -t- or la -d-), and the resulting cluster was regularly assimilated to la -ss-: hence la metō to reap, harvest + la -tis > la *met-tis > la messis harvest, crops, harvest time. Etymologically, this suffix inflected with i-stem endings, but as with other i-stem nouns, certain case endings were altered by analogy with consonant-stem nouns. Different nouns varied in the extent to which they adopted consonant-stem endings in the oblique cases: for example, la tussis almost always uses the i-stem accusative singular la tussim, whereas la vestis uses the accusative singular la vestem, and la messis is attested in the accusative singular both as la messim and (more often) as la messem. (Based on la quem and la autem, Sihler supposes that la -em as in la mentem is actually the regular phonetic outcome of original ine-pro *-im in Latin, and considers Latin accusative singular forms ending in la -im to be analogical creations; Sihler suggests the adverb ending la -tim developed phonetically from earlier la -tīm.65) Based on old i-stem adverbial accusatives such as la partim, the ending la -tim gained an independent use as a productive suffix forming adverbs. Declension -tis<3.F.acc-em-im.abl-e-i> -tis/-s -tis/-s Derived terms la Etymology 2 Pronunciation -tīs Suffix la suffix form -tīs la -tus m//f//n dat//abl p References Vowles Guy Richard 1928 Classical Philology 23 Studies in Greek Noun Formation 35 https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqMSAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 Lindsay W. M. The Latin Language 1894 340-342 https://archive.org/details/latinlanguagehis00linduoft/page/340 234 51-55 https://books.google.com/books?id=OdsyMkUL-_QC&pg=RA2-PA51 Greek and Latin Adverbs and Their Value in the Reconstruction of the Prehistoric Declensions Knight Clara M. 1921 Transactions of the Cambridge Philological Society volume 6, part 3