Janus

Januš Januś English 2017 January 1 Etymology right|thumb|A statue of the Roman god Janus (sense 1) in the collection of the Museum of Ferrara Cathedral in Ferrara, Italy. Janus is traditionally depicted as having two faces, one looking to the past and the other the future. right|thumb|Janus (sense 4), one of the planet Saturn’s moons, photographed by the Cassini–Huygens space probe on 7 April 2010 From en la Iānus the Roman god Janus. Pronunciation ˈjā.nəs RP,GA en /ˈd͡ʒeɪnəs/ en /ˈdʒæɪ̯nəs/ AU en LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Janus.wav Southern England en Ja nus en eɪnəs 2 Proper noun en Roman god The god of doorways, gates and transitions, and of beginnings and endings, having two faces looking in opposite directions. 1789, Edward Gibbon, chapter XLI, in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, volume V, London: Printed for A[ndrew] Strahan, and T[homas] Cadell, in the Strand, OCLC 30106274; republished Philadelphia, Pa.: Published by William Y. Birch & Abraham Small, No. 37, South Second Street; printed by Robert Carr, 1805, OCLC 15453273, page 166: In the ages of victory, as often as the senate decreed some distant conquest, the consul denounced hostilities, by unbarring, in solemn pomp, the gates of the temple of Janus. Domestic war now rendered the admonition superfluous, and the ceremony was superseded by the establishment of a new religion. But the brazen temple of Janus was left standing in the forum; of a size sufficient only to contain the statue of the god, five cubits in height, of a human form, but with two faces, directed to the east and west. en Titus Livius [Livy] George Baker The History of Rome, [...] In Six Volumes London Printed for A[ndrew] Strahan, and T[homas] Cadell Jun. and W. Davies (successor to Mr. Cadell) in the Strand 1797 I book I 35 https://books.google.com/books?id=Bdw_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA35 314578224 [K]nowing that the minds of the people, rendered ferocious by a military life, would never accommodate themſelves to the practice of theſe [principles of justice, laws, and morals], during the continuance of war, he [Numa Pompilius] reſolved, by a diſuſe of arms, to mollify the fierceneſs of their temper: with this view, he built a temple to Janus, near the foot of the hill Argiletum, which was to notify a ſtate either of war or of peace: when open, it denoted that the ſtate was engaged in war; when ſhut, that there was peace with all the ſurrounding nations. en anonymous [Susan Edmonstone Ferrier] chapter XVI Marriage, a Novel. In Three Volumes Edinburgh William Blackwood, Prince's-Street: and John Murray, Albemarle-Street, London 1810 1818 II 218 https://books.google.com/books?id=FR0GAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA218 81878524 "I'll tell you what we can do," cried her persevering patroness; "we can go as masks, and Lady Juliana shall know nothing about it. That will save the scandal of an open revolt or a tiresome dispute. Half the company will be masked; so, if you keep your own secret, nobody will find it out. Come, what characters shall we choose?" / "That of Janus, I think, would be the most suitable for me," said Mary. 1879 February 27, A[lexander] M[artin] Sullivan, “On the Zulu War” (speech before the House of Commons of the United Kingdom); quoted in William Jennings Bryan, editor, Irish Orations (The World's Famous Orations), volume VI, New York, N.Y.: Funk & Wagnalls, 1906, OCLC 23127203, and republished on Bartleby.com, 2002, archived from the original on 4 October 2015: We find ourselves once again sitting in Committee of the Whole House to vote a war subsidy. The present occupants of the Treasury Bench are determined that so long as they retain their places the Temple of Janus shall not be closed. en John Lowe Laughin’ up a World: Their Eyes Were Watching God and the (Wo)Man of Words w:Harold Bloom Interpretations: Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God Bloom’s Modern Critical Interpretations new New York, N.Y. Bloom's Literary Criticism, Infobase Publishing 2008 75 https://books.google.com/books?id=WBNuLxTzzwMC&pg=PA75 978-0-7910-9788-5 Janus, with his two heads, his mystery, his depiction as both laughing and serious, and the obvious parallel this forms with the masks of attic tragedy and comedy would make him a double of the two-headed man, the conjurer, and an associate of the trickster in folk comedy as well. en Robert M. Hodapp Preface Robert M. Hodapp International Review of Research in Developmental Disabilities San Diego, Calif. w:Academic Press 2011 41 xi https://books.google.com/books?id=E3cL1-MJyDoC&pg=PR11 978-0-12-386495-6 2211-6095 Good reviews look both backward and forward; an argument could even be made that one must look backward in order to discern the way forward, that backward and forward are two sides of the same research coin. Nowhere is such a Janus-like perspective more apparent than in the current set of reviews. en attributively Used to indicate things with two faces (such as animals with diprosopus) or aspects; or made of two different materials; or having a two-way action. en Janus cat, Janus particle en Scott B. Noegel Introduction to Janus Parallelism Janus Parallelism in the Book of Job Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 223 Sheffield w:Sheffield Academic Press 1996 12 https://books.google.com/books?id=04KtAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 978-1-85075-624-8 But other categories of word-play have not been researched extensively or systematically. Among the latter is the type of word-play known as polysemous parallelism, or more commonly, Janus parallelism. The latter term was coined by Cyrus Gordon to describe a literary device in which a middle stich of poetry parallels in a polysemous manner both the line that precedes it and the line which follows it. en Ad Zuiderent The Historical Pole of the Earth: Time in the Novels of Gerrit Krol Thomas F[rederic] Shannon; Johan P[ieter] Snapper Janus at the Millennium: Perspectives on Time in the Culture of the Netherlands Publications of the American Association for Netherlandic Studies 15 Lanham, Md. w:University Press of America 2004 93 https://books.google.com/books?id=AvMAXUjQ-awC&pg=PA93 978-0-7618-2832-7 The novel seems to be rather autobiographical, but in retrospect one can see about three-quarters through the text there is a turn from an autobiographical into a future novel. De chauffeur verveelt zich is a real Janus-novel, looking into two directions. en Ruby L. Agnir Janus Upward beyond the Brim: Transcending the Limits: Selected Writings [Bloomington, Ind.] w:Xlibris 2012 978-1-4771-5349-9 The ability to look at both sides of a coin before giving a verdict can be both a curse and a blessing. This "Janus effect" (my term) is a curse when it blocks a time sensitive judgment response, or a decision waiting to be made before long. Friendships, sibling harmony, good relationship with associates at work, and especially marriages, could be great and positive recipients of the good that such a Janus effect could bring on. en Riccardo Fantoni What is a Janus Fluid? The Janus Fluid: A Theoretical Perspective Springer Briefs in Physics Cham, Switzerland Springer 2013 1 https://books.google.com/books?id=oEh4VlG4WqIC&pg=PA1 10.1007/978-3-319-00407-5_1 978-3-319-00406-8 2191-5423 A Janus fluid is one made of Janus particles immersed in a solvent. A Janus particle like the Roman God Janus, is one that has two faces with two different functionalities. en chemistry attributively Used to indicate an azo dye with a quaternary ammonium group, frequently with the diazo component being safranine. en Janus green B is a dye used widely in histology to stain cells for microscopic examination. en Textile Colorist New York, N.Y. Howes Publishing Company 1921 43 401 0096-5901 2715803 In order to show that such stains are due to oxycellulose, the fabric should be stripped with titanous chloride solution or sodium hydrosulphite. On redyeing with Janus Blue the oxycellulose patches are more heavily dyed. The writer prefers Janus Blue to the Methylene Blue which is usually recommended. en Edmund Vincent Cowdry Microscopic Technique in Biology and Medicine Philadelphia, Pa.; Baltimore, Md. w:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 1943 102, column 1 615034302 Janus Dyes. Named after the God, Janus with two faces since they often exhibit two colors. en László Módis Topo-optical Reactions Used in Polarization Microscopic Ultrastructure Research Organization of the Extracellular Matrix: A Polarization Microscopic Approach Boca Raton, Fla. w:CRC Press 1990 40 https://books.google.com/books?id=mP49MV33e-oC&pg=PA40 978-0-8493-5786-2 The significance of the molecular shape of the dyes in induction of the birefringence of polyanions is illustrated with topo-optical reactions of the Janus dyes. Janus red, yellow, green, black, and blue are cationic azo dyes. All of these exhibit a moderate metachromatic effect with sulfated GAGs [glycosaminoglycans]. en David E. Sadava Mitochondria Cell Biology: Organelle Structure and Function Boston, Mass.; London Jones and Bartlett Publishers 1993 93 https://books.google.com/books?id=XBxqUap5IYwC&pg=PA93 978-0-86720-228-1 In 1900, L[eonor] Michaelis (who later became famous for his studies of enzyme kinetics) found that mitochondria in living cells could be specifically stained by the dye Janus Green B. Because this dye must be oxidized to become colored, Michaelis proposed that mitochondria are cellular oxidizing agents. en figuratively A two-faced person, a hypocrite. en w:Selina Davenport The Hypocrite; or, The Modern Janus. A Novel. In Five Volumes London Printed at the Minerva-Press, for A. K. Newman and Co. Leadenhall-Street 1814 I title page https://books.google.com/books?id=Fq8BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 6737585 The hypocrite; or, The modern Janus. A moon of Saturn. en Saturn w:Martin Rees Universe rev. London w:Dorling Kindersley October 2012 192 https://books.google.com/books?id=wzCN8hb4zioC&pg=PA192 978-1-4093-7650-7 Heavily cratered and irregularly shaped, Janus orbits Saturn just beyond the F ring and only 50km (30 miles) farther away than its co-orbital moon, Epimetheus. en Michael [W.] Carroll Ice Dwarfs and Tiny Moons Picture This!: Grasping the Dimensions of Time and Space Cham, Switzerland w:Springer Nature 2016 56 https://books.google.com/books?id=g8ftCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56 10.1007/978-3-319-24907-0 978-3-319-24905-6 Two of Saturn's small moons have the unique distinction of sharing the same orbit. Epimetheus and Janus circle the Lord of the Rings at a distance of just over 151,000 km, about half the distance from Earth to the Moon. Both are irregularly shaped. Janus is 179 km across, while Epimetheus is about 116 km in diameter. en rare en male Latin. Usage notes The doors of the temple of Janus were traditionally open only during the time of war and closed to mark the end of the conflict. Thus, the temple of Janus may be used metaphorically to mean conflict or wartime (see the 1879 quotation above). Derived terms en Janian Janiform Januform Janus cat Janus green B Janus particle Janus word Janus-faced Janus-headed Janusian Related terms en janiceps January Translations Roman god of doorways, gates and transitions Amharic: am ያኑስ Arabic: ar يَانُوس Egyptian Arabic: arz يَانُوس yānūs Aragonese: an Chan Armenian: hy Յանուս Azerbaijani: az Yanus Basque: eu Jano Belarusian: be Янус Bulgarian: bg Янус Catalan: ca Janus Chinese: Mandarin: cmn 杰纳斯 Danish: da Janus Dutch: nl Janus Esperanto: eo Jano Estonian: et Janus Finnish: fi Janus French: fr Janus Galician: gl Xano Georgian: ka იანუსი German: de Janus Alemannic German: gsw Janus Greek: el Ιανός Hebrew: he יאנוס Hindi: hi जेनस m Hungarian: hu Ianus Indonesian: id Yanus Interlingua: ia Jano Inuktitut: iu ᔮᓄᔅ Irish: ga Ianus Italian: it Giano m Japanese: ja ヤヌス Yanusu Kannada: kn ಜೇನಸ್ Korean: ko 야누스 Kurdish: Central Kurdish: ckb جانوس Latin: la Iānus, la Jānus m Lithuanian: lt Janas Luxembourgish: lb Janus Macedonian: mk Јанус m Norwegian: no Janus Persian: fa ژانوس žânus Polish: pl Janus m Portuguese: pt Jano Romanian: ro Ianus m Russian: ru Я́нус m Slovene: sl Janus Spanish: es Jano m Swedish: sv Janus Thai: th เจนัส Turkmen: tk Usanus Ukrainian: uk Я́нус m Urdu: ur جینس Uzbek: uz Yanus moon of Saturn Bulgarian: bg Янус Catalan: ca Janus Chinese: Mandarin: cmn 土衛十 Tǔwèishí Danish: da Janus Dutch: nl Janus Esperanto: eo Jano Finnish: fi Janus French: fr Janus Georgian: ka იანუსი German: de Janus Alemannic German: gsw Janus Greek: el Ιανός Hungarian: hu Janus Inuktitut: iu ᔮᓄᔅ Japanese: ja ヤヌス Yanusu Latin: la Janus Luxembourgish: lb Janus Norwegian: no Janus Polish: pl Janus m Portuguese: pt Jano Russian: ru Я́нус Slovene: sl Janus Spanish: es Jano m Swedish: sv Janus See also two-faced person en Jekyll and Hyde Further reading Janus Janus (moon) Anagrams en ajnsu Sanju Sunja en Moons of Saturn Danish Etymology From da la Iānus. Has been used as a Latinization of the Danish given name da Jens. Proper noun da proper noun da male da Roman god en Janus en Janus da Moons of Saturn Estonian Proper noun et proper noun et Roman god en Janus Faroese Proper noun fo proper noun m fo male, compare Danish Jens Usage notes m Janussson Janusarson Janusdóttir Janusardóttir Declension Janus Janus Janusi Janusar Polish Pronunciation LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-Janus.wav Proper noun m-pr pl m Declension Janusowie Janusów Proper noun f 1 pl f Further reading