-j

Appendix:Variations of "j" Albanian Alternative forms sq -nj Tosk Etymology Related to reflexive pronoun sq u I. Pronunciation sq /j/ Suffix sq suffix Attached to o-stem verbs (in active voice). Indicating 1st person singular; indicative, present. Examples of o-stem verbs: • sq afro bring closer! + sq -j → sq afroj I bring closer • sq barazo equalize! + sq -j → sq barazoj I equalize • sq krahaso compare! + sq -j → sq krahasoj I compare • sq shko go! (2nd pers. singular verb form) + sq -j I → sq shkoj I go Egyptian Etymology 1 egy dual Pronunciation aj Suffix y Marks the dual form of nouns and adjectives. Attaches to the singular form if feminine or the plural form if masculine. Sometimes added to suffix pronouns attached to dual nouns. Alternative forms Often this suffix is represented by writing the phonetic or determinative glyph twice, e.g. N16:N16 for egy tꜣwj. Derived terms egy -wj -tj Etymology 2 egy nisba :inh afa-pro:*-i<unc> Hypothesized to be from egy afa-pro *-i genitive-possessive case ending. Compare ar ـِيّ. Pronunciation iː iː ej<q:stressed>,eʔ<q:stressed><note:, unstressed silent, but preserves root-final /t/ or /ɾ/ that would otherwise be lost> Suffix y Converts nouns (including proper nouns and nisbas used nominally), prepositions, independent pronouns, and numerals into masculine adjectives: the masculine nisba adjective ending. Usage notes In Old Egyptian this suffix was still productive. By Late Egyptian this was no longer the case, and adjectives with the suffix were lexicalized. Alternative forms This suffix is sometimes not written; in Old Egyptian, such omission is the usual practice. i -j Old Egyptian i-i -y Old Egyptian Etymology 3 egy i-stem :inh afa-pro:*-u<unc> Hypothesized to be from earlier egy *-iu or egy *-iju, from egy afa-pro *-u nominative case ending attached to a root ending in afa-pro *-i or afa-pro *-ij. Pronunciation ij ij ej<q:stressed>,eʔ<q:stressed><note:, unstressed silent, but preserves root-final /t/ or /ɾ/ that would otherwise be lost> Suffix i Forms i-stem masculine nouns from roots. Etymology 4 egy Suffix y Forms prepositional adverbs from certain prepositions. Etymology 5 egy infinitive -t<id:infinitive> From the earlier infinitival ending egy -t; the consonant of this suffix became silent over time, leaving its remaining vowel to be represented by egy -j. Suffix y Forms the infinitive of anomalous verbs, weak verbs (except for fourth weak verbs with a geminated stem), and causative biliteral verbs. Etymology 6 egy masculine imperfective active participle Suffix y Optionally marks the masculine imperfective active participle, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings. Alternative forms i-i -y Etymology 7 egy masculine geminated perfective passive participle Suffix y Optionally marks the masculine geminated perfective passive participle of strong biliteral verbs, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings. Derived terms egy split egy See also egy .j first-person singular suffix pronoun References 39–40, 51, 61, 91, 95, 165, 328–329 Allen, James P. (2017) A Grammar of the Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, Volume 1: Unis, page 55 65 Esperanto Etymology From the nominative plural in /i/ or /j/ found in many European languages, particularly the original diphthongs eo grc -οι, grc -αι, and eo la -ae. Pronunciation eo /i̯/ Suffix eo suffix -s, -es (marks the plural form of nouns, adjectives, and some pronouns) juna patro (young father) → junaj patroj (young fathers) mia vundita mano (my injured hand) → miaj vunditaj manoj (my injured hands) ĉiu tiu urbo (that whole city) → ĉiuj tiuj urboj (all those cities) Further reading 1 Hungarian Pronunciation Suffix hu suffix hu personal suffix Forms the second-person singular subjunctive/imperative of verbs (indefinite conjugation). It is also part of all subjunctive/imperative suffixes in both indefinite and definite conjugations. hu vár to wait to wait → hu Várj! Wait! hu Várjak? Should I wait? Usage notes See also :Category:Hungarian verb forms Appendix:Hungarian suffixes Northeast Maidu Pronunciation nmu /j/ Suffix nmu suffix A non-productive suffix forming verbs from nouns and other verbs. nmu c̓awá cheek c̓awáj to chew nmu helá game heláj to gamble nmu hadó pack hadój to carry on the back nmu k̓újila necklace k̓újilaj to wear a necklace nmu sedé blood sedéj to bleed nmu ká to do káj to say nmu mé to take méj to give Usage notes There is also a single example of a noun derived from a verb using this suffix: nmu k̓úlaj orphan from nmu k̓úlu to be orphaned. Derived terms nmu References 20