-o

Appendix:Variations of "o" English Pronunciation en /əʊ/ UK en /əʉ/ [æ̠ʉ~ɐʉ] AU en /oʊ/ GenAm en o owe oh Etymology 1 en vocative O<id:vocative> oh<id:surprise> 1 Originally a special use of the interjection en O or en oh appended to street cries and nautical calls to project a hail or shout (as in en milk-oh, en smoke-oh, and en sail-ho). Its later use as a colloquializing noun suffix, particularly prominent in Australian English, developed from the substantivation of these cries (e.g., en smoko), reinforced by early nautical adaptations of Mediterranean Lingua Franca or pseudo‐Spanish words (such as en guardo). As noted by the Australian National Dictionary, this vocative “hailing” origin naturally led to its frequent attachment to personal names to form nicknames (e.g., John‐o, Jacko). Some senses may also derive from en o one, from en enm o, enm oo, a variant of en a, enm on, enm oon, enm an one. See en one and en -y. Alternative forms en -oh Suffix s es en street cry en historical A vocative or exclamative particle appended to street cries, nautical calls, or names to project a hail or shout. en smoke smoko en milk milko en colloquializing A colloquializing suffix, typically appended to names, abbreviations of long words, or substantive uses of adjectives. en kid kiddo en sick sicko en ugly uggo en w:Stephen Fry III The Liar London William Heinemann 1991 26 https://archive.org/details/liar0000frys_j2c4/page/26/mode/1up 978-0-434-27191-7 Adrian thought it worth while to try out his new slang. ‘I say, you fellows, here’s a rum go. Old Biffo was jolly odd this morning. He gave me a lot of pi‐jaw about slacking and then invited me to tea. No rotting! He did really.’ Usage notes Occasionally, the terminal consonant of the clipped form is doubled for clarity of pronunciation, as with en uggo and en doggo. It sometimes does change the meaning of words, usually by being applied to adjectives to indicate a person with a pronounced trait, as with en weirdo weird person, or to nouns used metonymously to indicate a person with a pronounced connection to the other object, as with en wino poor or vagrant alcoholic. Especially in American English, some uses of this suffix are understood as dated slang, as with en bucko and en neato. The suffix is most frequently and widely encountered in Australian English, which has additional uses (such as en rego for en registration and en nasho for en national service) that are never or only extremely rarely encountered in other dialects. Its meaning is very similar to some uses of en -y and its use is particularly common where use of en -y might cause misunderstanding, as with en randy and en rando, en journey and en journo, en whiny and en wino. However, unlike en -y, the en -o suffix typically lacks a diminutive connotation, conveying instead a robust, rowdy, or familiar tone owing to its origins as a shouted hail. Derived terms en agro,aggro ambo ammo beano beardo boyo bucko cheapo combo commo convo daddy-o Davo distro doggo friendo hundo inspo journo kiddo lameo lardo lesbo litro neato parmo pinko posho preggo preso psycho rando resto righto sicko stinko thicko thingo uggo wacko weirdo whammo wino,wine-o yobbo en Australianisms arvo biffo bizzo bottlo compo deffo dero,derro doco druggo favo fisho Freo garbo goodo gyno kero lezzo metho milko muso nasho,Nasho rabbito reffo rego relo sammo sando the Salvos seppo,Seppo servo smoko veggo See also en -ie, en -y Etymology 2 en SpanishFrom many en es - or en it - words that end in en o. This ending in such Spanish or Italian words generally derives from la -um, the accusative singular inflectional ending for masculine and neuter nouns in Latin. Suffix en jocular Converts certain words to faux Italian or Spanish. Can be used with es el for expressions such as el stinko. en no problemo Derived terms en problemo en stinko en enduro Etymology 3 en typo. Suffix s Added to verb stems to create a noun describing an error relating to the action described by the verb. Derived terms en clicko copy-pasto hearo mouso printo scanno speako spello thinko writo Derived terms en Afar Pronunciation -ó Suffix aa suffix -ó Used to form feminine nouns from verbs. Derived terms aa References Alabama Etymology 1 akz suffix determinative akz Suffix akz suffix A determinative suffix, appended to nouns to mark relevance to the conversation. Etymology 2 akz suffix negative akz Suffix akz suffix verb-forming suffixes A negative suffix; produces verbs which state the opposite of their base forms; not. Usage notes Most commonly found in set suffixes for certain verb classes, e.g. akz -ko, akz -tíkko, and akz -ókko. Etymology 3 akz suffix perfective akz Alternative forms akz -bi following o Suffix akz suffix verb-forming suffixes A perfective verb suffix. Etymology 4 akz suffix rhematic akz Alternative forms akz -oo Suffix akz suffix A rhematic suffix, applied to both nouns and verbs. References Albanian Etymology 1 sq Pronunciation sq /ɔ/ Suffix sq suffix -ó Creates a second-person singular active imperative verb form from a non-verb. sq áfër close, nearby adverb/preposition afró! bring closer sq báraz equal adv barazó! eqalize! sq kráhas arm in arm, side by side adverb/preposition krahasó! compare! sq pástër clean adjective/adverb pastró! cleanse sq zhúrmë noise n zhurmó! make a noise, scream! Etymology 2 Particle sq suffixed particle -o sq vocativesq o vocative Blackfoot Suffix bla suffix verb-forming suffixes animate transitive verbaliser inanimate intransitive verbaliser benefactive verbal suffix Derived terms bla inanimate intransitive References Dutch Etymology nl Suffix nl suffix noun-forming suffixes -o suffix forming colloquial nouns, generally referring to persons nl Brabant Brabo Brabant (province) person from Brabant nl positief positivo positive person with a positive disposition Derived terms nl Esperanto L291790 Etymology eo :der<conj:and/or> it:-o es:-o<id:masculine> grc:-οι 1 [1] Common to the masculine singular of the Romance languages, such as Italian (it amico), the neuter singular common to all Slavic languages (ru окно), and the vowel of the Greek second declension syllabic nucleus -ο, from which Greek and Esperanto plural eo -j -oj is also derived. [2] Perhaps from [1]; cf. Italian it quello 'that', Russian ru то 'then' Pronunciation LL-Q143 (epo)-Lepticed7--o.wav Suffix eo suffix Nominal suffix. Most Esperanto nouns end in -o. (A few nouns end in eo -aŭ, and with some writers some feminine names end in eo -a.) The default vowel ending on the first element of a compound word, regardless of part of speech. eo amiko friend eo patro father eo vorto word -thing. (correlative ending.) eo kio what?, what eo tio that eo ĉio everything eo io something eo nenio nothing Further reading 1 Finnish Etymology Conflated: from fi urj-fin-pro *-o (forms action/result nouns), from fi urj-pro *-w (originally as applied to stems ending in -a). from fi urj-fin-pro *-oi (variant/diminutive), from fi urj-pro *-j (diminutive ending), Originally, the -j labialized the preceding -a- when appended to an a-stem, resulting in urj-pro *...a-j > urj-pro *...oj; the entire part was then reanalyzed as an suffix urj-fin-pro *-oi, and the final *-i was subsequently lost. Suffix noun ö Forms result or action nouns from verbs. fi huutaa shout huuto shout fi keittää boil, cook keitto cooking; soup fi nähdä see -ö näkö vision, sight, ability to see Forms variants or diminutives from a few nominal roots. fi hilla cloudberry hillo jam fi lehti leaf lehto grove fi tasa level taso plane Usage notes Used deverbally especially with those verbs whose dictionary form (first infinitive) ends with fi -aa or fi -ää. Somewhat unusually, in words with few syllables, the front-vowel form fi -ö is used only with stems that contain what is considered a front vowel under harmony, i.e. -ä-, -ö- or -y-; if it only contains neutral vowels (e, i), the back-vocalic form fi -o is used, even though such words or stems have front vowel harmony by default. However, polysyllabic words containing only neutral vowels (e, i) still tend to use fi -ö. Declension - o a Note that if the stem has gradation, it is (almost always) preserved. Derived terms fi fi -oinen -onen -os See also fi -u fi -uu Further reading Franco-Provençal Pronoun frp pronoun form frp postpositive form o French Etymology Analogically extended from various clippings with etymological o, such as fr vélo, fr resto < fr vélocipède, fr restaurant. Its pronunciation perhaps had input from fr -aud. Pronunciation Suffix mfbysense,m<q:for nouns referring to objects and sometimes to people> fr informal added to a clipped noun fr intell(igent)<t:intelligent> intello<t:intellectual; nerd><g:mfbysense> fr social(iste)<t:socialist> socialo<t:socialist><g:mfbysense> fr propri(étaire)<t:landlord> proprio<t:male landlord><g:m><qq:female equivalent is fr propriote> fr proj(ecteur)<t:projector> projo<t:projector><g:m> fr dic(tionnaire)<t:dictionary> dico<t:dictionary><g:m> See also fr hosto fr resto Suffix mf m -ote less commonly fr informal added to a clipped adjective fr dingue<t:crazy, nuts><ll:slang> dingo<t:crazy, nuts; obsessed> fr intell(igent)<t:intelligent> intello<t:intellectual, highbrow> fr règle<t:rule> réglo<t:correct; stand-up, honest, loyal> fr rigoler<t:to laugh; to joke> rigolo<t:funny, comical><qq:feminine fr rigolote> Derived terms fr Garo Etymology grt Suffix grt suffix grt inflectional suffix forms the locative case Synonyms grt -no forms locative See also grt -na forms dative grt -ko forms accusative grt -chi forms instrumental grt -ni forms genitive Gothic Romanization got -𐍉 Ido Etymology From io eo -o, from io roa languages. Suffix n Nominal suffix. All Ido nouns end in -o. Ingrian Etymology 1 From izh urj-fin-pro *-o. Cognates include fi -o. Pronunciation Suffix -ö izh deverbal Used to form result or action nouns from verbs. izh deverbal izh rare Used to form nouns denoting something related to the suffixed noun. Declension - - Derived terms izh deverbal Etymology 2 From izh urj-fin-pro *-oi. Cognates include fi -o. Pronunciation -o/i Suffix -ö izh denominal Used to form diminutives. Declension - - Derived terms izh denominal Italian Etymology 1 it deverbal :inh la:-us<alt:-um><id:second declension> it la -us -um, from it ine-pro *-os creates action nouns from verbs. Suffix m it deverbal it productive suffix used with a stem to form a masculine singular noun, usually a deverbal it -a Derived terms it -o (deverbal) Etymology 2 it Suffix it participle it unproductive suffix used with a verb stem to form a past participle Derived terms it -o (participle) Etymology 3 From it la -ō. Suffix verb used with a stem to form the first-person singular present of regular it are and it ere verbs and those it -ire verbs that do not take -isc- Kapampangan Alternative forms pam -u Pronunciation pam -ó Suffix pam suffix indicates question and exclamation replacing the final vowel -u pam Mamasang libru → Mamasang libro? Reading a book → Are you reading a book? pam Mete ya ing pawu → Mete ya ing pawo? The turtle died → Did the turtle die? pam Ay nuku → Ay nuko. Oh, god → Oh, god!! pam Aru → Aro. Oh, my → Oh, my!! Usage notes There are instances where the vowel -o is often disregarded and remains -u when an interrogative pronoun is present. The last vowel and the form it took depend on whether or not a question is being asked. Related terms pam -e Kashubian Etymology csb adverbial :inh sla-pro:*-o<id:neuter> 1 + Pronunciation - - Suffix csb suffix forms adverbs from adjectives csb całi cało Derived terms csb Latin Pronunciation -ō Etymology 1 la noun :der ine-pro:*-ō<id:individualizing nouns> ine-pro:*-Hō<unc> From la ine-pro *-ō *-ō, *-on-, perhaps (controversially) merged with "Hoffmann's suffix" ine-pro *-Hō *-h₃ō, *-h₃onh₂-; in Latin, the vowel length of nominative ō was made common to all cases. Etymologically, it forms part of the abstract noun suffixes la -iō f, la -tiō f. Non-abstract nouns ending in the suffix -ō, -ōnis are typically masculine. Alternative forms la -iō m Suffix -ō<3.M> Used to form masculine nouns with various meanings: forms nouns, often colloquial or pejorative, designating a type of person. la cōci- -ō cōciō broker m la centuria century -ō centuriō centurion m attached to verb stems, forms agent nouns la -a -tor -a¹ agent noun la combibō combibere to drink together -ō combibō drinking buddy m la vāpulō vāpulāre to get beaten -ō vāpulō who gets frequently flogged m la errō errāre to wander, roam -ō errō wanderer, vagabond m attached to noun stems, forms nicknames meaning "one who has a prominent (or overly large)" la caput head -ō capitō one who has a (too) large head m attached to noun stems, forms nouns meaning "dealer in" or "worker in" la -ārius la linteum linen -ō linteō one who deals in or works with linen m la restis rope -ō restiō one who makes or sells rope m also forms names, especially cognomina. la aquila eagle -ō Aquilō the North wind la incubō incubāre -ō to lie on top Incubō a spirit that watches over buried treasures la cūria curia -ō Cūriō la cicer chickpea -ō Cicerō la vārus bow-legged -ō Varrō la catus clever, shrewd -ō Catō la conger sea-eel -ō Congriō name of a cook in Plautus la Late Latin also added as an ending to some inanimate nouns. la cōleus testicle -ō cōleō testicle m Declension -ō<3> Derived terms la -o (noun) Descendants frp -on fr -on it -one pt -ão ro -oi -oni scn -uni -una es -ón References 1 -ō¹ 1,210/1 Etymology 2 la in-stem noun From a Proto-Indo-European n-stem suffix (or suffixes), as in Etymology 1, but without leveling of the vowel length alternations from ablaut. The ending -ō, -inis, with short -i- in the oblique stem because of ablaut, is not a productive suffix by itself in historical Latin. However, it appears as the final component of various productive feminine noun suffixes: la -āgō f, la -īgō f, la -ūgō f, la -tūdō f, la -ēdō f (e.g. la dulcēdō dulcēdō, dulcēdinis f). There are also a handful of nouns where -ō, -inis is directly attached to a verbal root. Finally, -ō, -inis appears as an ending in some nouns, masculine and feminine, that effectively function as simple, underived words in Latin: e.g. la margō margō, marginis m f; la virgō virgō, virginis f; la cardō cardō, cardinis m. It is usually preceded by either the consonant la -d- or la -g-. Suffix -ō/-in<3> f m la rare unproductive suffix used as an ending of a few nouns derived from verbs la prōpāgō<id:verb><t:to propagate> -ō<alt:-ō, -inis> prōpāgō<id:noun><alt:prōpāgō, prōpāginis><g:f><t:offspring> la compingō<t:to attach, bind> -ō<alt:-ō, -inis> compāgō<alt:compāgō, compāginis><g:f><t:fastening> la aspergō<id:verb><t:to scatter, sprinkle, strew> -ō<alt:-ō, -inis> aspergō<id:noun><alt:aspergō, asperginis><g:f><t:a sprinkling, besprinkling> la offendō<id:verb><t:to hit; commit an offence> -ō<alt:-ō, -inis> offendō<alt:offendō, offendinis><g:f><t:an offence> Declension -ō/-in<3> Derived terms la -o in-stem noun Etymology 3 la adverb :inh itc-pro:*-ōd<ety:inh<ine-pro:<alt:*-(e)-od>>> From la itc-pro *-ōd, an ablative suffix, derived from la ine-pro *-o(H)d or ine-pro *-o-ad.ine-pro Suffix -ō -issimē/-issimō forms adverbs la prīmus + la -ō → la prīmō la tūtus + la -ō → la tūtō Derived terms la -o (adverb) References 1 -ō² 1,210/1 Etymology 4 la denominative :inh itc-pro:*-āō<id:suf> suffix From la itc-pro *-āō, from denominative verbs with ine-pro *-eh₂yéti *-eh₂-yé-ti, in which the first person singular ends in *-eh₂-yóh₂ > intermediate phase **-ājō with accent shift > Proto-Italic *-āō (e.g., la laudō, la dōnō, la pugnō, la cūrō). Cognates of the whole first conjugation in the present in Latin and Proto-Italic include gem-pro *-ōną (referring to the whole conjugation in which the infinitive is *-ōną), grc -άω contracted verb, sa -अयति (for the causative in Sanskrit), cel-pro *-āti and ine-bsl-pro *-ā́ˀtei (whence the infinite sla-pro *-ati, referring again to the whole conjugation). Etymologically, this denominative suffix was not used to form all first-conjugation verbs. It can be distinguished in origin from the following types that happened to fall together with it phonetically: Verbs from roots in ine-pro *-h₁- (e.g. la flō). Verbs from roots in ine-pro *-h₂- (e.g. la for, la nō, la hiō, la domō, la iuvō). Verbs from roots in ine-pro *-h₃- (e.g. la dō, la lavō, la arō). In one exceptional case, by sound laws acting on ine-pro *-h₂ + stative suffix ine-pro *-éh₁yeti *-éh₁-ye-ti, whence *-h₂-éh₁-ye-ti. This case is the verb la stō: *sth₂-éh₁-ye-ti > *staēō > la stō). Suffix 1+ -ō suffixed to nouns or adjectives. Originally a-stem nouns. Later extended to nouns with other stems. Forms regular first-conjugation verbs la cūra -ō cūrō la dōnum -ō dōnō la laus<pos:oblique stem in la laud-> -ō laudō la multa -ō multō la nūndinae nūndinor<ll:deponent> -or Conjugation 1+.poetsyncperf.suffix.sigmpasv -ō - - 1+.poetsyncperf.suffix.sigmpasv -ō verbs with the perfect infix la -āv- - 1+.suffix.sigmpasv -ō -u verbs with the perfect infix la -u- p3inf poetsyncperf Attested Archaic Latin forms are the third-person singular perfect active indicative la -ed and the third-person singular future active imperative la -ātōd. Derived terms la -o (denominative) Descendants from infinitive -āre: an -ar rup -au -ari ast -ar ca -ar co -à egl -èr frp -ar fur -â it -are el -άρω 1 ist -à lij -ar lmo -à nap -à -are oc -ar fro -er, fro -ier 1 roa-opt -ar gl -ar pt -ar rgn -êr ro -a -are rm -ar -er sc sc-sro -ai sc-src -are scn -ari es -ar vec -ar Borrowings: en -ate 1 io -ar 1 References 1 -ō³ 1,210/1 Etymology 5 la compound verb Some third-conjugation verbs show a shift to the first declension in composition, such as la pellō pellō, pellere vs. la -pellō, -pellāre (in la compellō compellō, compellāre and la interpellō interpellō, interpellāre) or la sternō sternō, sternere vs. la cōnsternō cōnsternō, cōnsternāre. Schrijver (1991) derives the simplex third-conjugation versions from nasal presents in *-n-H-ti of the type *tl-n-h₂-ti > *tl̥năti > tollit (arguing that Proto-Indo-European present forms in *-né-H-ti, showing the full grade of the suffix, were replaced by paradigmatic leveling) and proposes that the compounds were derived by addition of the thematic suffix *-ye-/-yo- to *-nă-, forming *-năye-/-năyo-. In this case, the Proto-Italic form would be *-aō. Traditionally, these compound verbs in -āre were explained as "intensive" forms alongside cases like la occupō occupō, occupāre, but Schrijver argues that the latter are clearly denominative while the former are clearly not.411 Suffix 1+ -ō la compound verb suffixed to third-conjugation verbs in composition, forms regular first-conjugation verbs la con- com- + la pellō pres. act. inf.: la pellere + la -ō → la compellō pres. act. inf.: la compellāre la prō- + la flīgō pres. act. inf.: la flīgere + la -ō → la prōflīgō pres. act. inf.: la prōflīgāre Derived terms la -o (compound verb) References Etymology 6 la third conjugation :inh itc-pro:*-ō From la itc-pro *-ō, from at least two sources: la ine-pro - thematic ine-pro *-eti *-e-ti in which the first person singular ends in ine-pro *-oh₂ (e.g., la agō < ine-pro *h₂éǵeti; la coquō < ine-pro *pékʷeti; la discō < ine-pro *deḱ- *di-dḱ-ské-ti) la ine-pro - athematic ine-pro *-ti, in which the first person singular ends in ine-pro *-mi (e.g., la dūcō < ine-pro *déwkti; la edō < ine-pro *h₁édti; la linquō < ine-pro *linékʷti) Alternative forms la -iō<id:third conjugation> Suffix 3 -ō -t la unproductive suffix ending of most third conjugation verbs Conjugation 3.suffix.sigmpasv -ō -t Etymology 7 la :der itc-ola:-ōi dative + Dative from la itc-ola -ōi, from la itc-pro *-ōi, from la ine-pro *-oey. Ablative from la itc-ola -ōd. Suffix la suffix form -ō la -us dat//abl m//n s Etymology 8 la feminine given name la qsb-bal. Compare sq -ónjë, rup -oanje, rup -oanji, rup -onje and ro -oaie, all forming feminine equivalent of nouns. Suffix -ō<3> f form feminine equivalents of given names of central Dalmatia la Aplis<g:m> Aplo<g:f> la Baezus<g:m> Baezo<g:f> la Dasant- m Dasto<g:f> la Ditus<g:m> Dito<g:f> la Paius<g:m> Paio<g:f> la Vendes<g:m> Vendo<g:f> References 180 See also :Category:Latin terms suffixed with -o Lithuanian Etymology 1 From lt ine-bsl-pro *-ā; compare lv -a, sla-pro *-a id. From the lt ine-pro - thematic masculine ablative ending ine-pro *-ōd, with regular Balto-Slavic loss of final d. Compare sa -आत्, la -ō and grc ὄπω ὄπ-ω whence. In Balto-Slavic, the genitive merged with the ablative. The original genitive was retained, however, in West Baltic; compare prg -as, presumably from ine-pro *-os; compare hit 𒀸 -as. Pronunciation -õ Suffix lt suffix -õ Used to form genitive singulars of masculine a-stem nouns. Used to form genitive singulars of masculine a-stem adjectives. Etymology 2 Pronunciation -o Suffix lt suffix -o Used to form third person present tense forms in third declension verbs. Used to form third person past tense forms in first declension verbs. Etymology 3 Pronunciation -õ Suffix lt suffix -õ An illative suffix. lt namas namo Synonyms lt -op lt -on, lt -yn, lt -ėn Lower Sorbian Suffix dsb suffix adverb-forming suffixes -ly used to turn an adjective into an adverb of manner Synonyms dsb -je Derived terms dsb Mokilese Suffix mkj suffix Third person singular demonstrative suffix, equivalent to yon or that (specifically, an object far from both the speaker and listener) mkj rais rice raisso that rice over there, yon rice Usage notes This suffix typically triggers gemination of the final consonant of the noun to which it is applied, if there is one. References 30 Murui Huitoto Etymology Cognate with hto -o and hux -o. Pronunciation Classifier huu classifier Classifier for long, flexible objects. Derived terms huu References 194 Northern Kurdish Etymology From earlier *ûy, cognate with fa ـویه, pal Latn *-ōē, from kmr ira-old und *-avya- /au̯i̯a/. Originally was a suffix only for pet names. Compare also hy -ո. Pronoun ﯚ، ـە kmr suffix Masculine singular vocative suffix kmr mêr > mêro man! kmr ker > kero jackass! Forms familiar or pet names kmr Birahîm > Biro Abraham > Abe kmr Ûsiv > Ûso Joseph > Joe Gives the definitive sense to a familiar subject kmr Camêro nizane çi bike jî The chap doesn't even know what to do kmr Kero em xapandin The dumbass deceived us Intensifies curses and cusswords kmr Malxerabo! Goddamn! kmr Min kîrê keran di quzê diya te kiro! May I put a donkey dick in your mother's cunt Derived terms -ok Norwegian Nynorsk Etymology 1 From nn non -u and non -un, neuter nominative/accusative plural ending for indefinite and definite nouns respectively. Compare is -u, is -un, fo -u/fo -ur, fo -uni and sv -on, sv -onen. Suffix nn suffix Used to make plural indefinite and definite forms of strong neuter nouns, i.e. those ending in -a nn auga<t:eye> augo<t:(the) eyes> nn hjarta<t:heart> hjarto<t:(the) hearts> nn øyra<t:ear> øyro<t:(the) ears> Usage notes Strong neuter nouns, i.e. neuter nouns ending in -a, can optionally be declined as weak neuter nouns, i.e. neuter nouns ending in -e or a consonant. Weak neuter nouns form their definite plural with nn -a. Etymology 2 From nn non -an definite feminine nominative singular. Alternative forms nn -a standard ending nn -ù Voss, Hordland nn -ò Ryfylke, Møre og Romsdal Suffix nn suffix nn pre-1917 dialectal Used to make the singular definite form of weak feminine nouns, i.e. those ending in -a nn kyrkja<t:church> kyrkjo<t:the church> nn gjenta<t:girl> gjento<t:the girl> nn visa<t:song> viso<t:the song> See also nn -i singular definite ending for strong feminine nouns, nonstandard since 2012 Etymology 3 From nn non -u, ending for the third person indicative plural of strong verbs Compare is -u, fo -u and archaic sv -o. Suffix nn suffix nn pre-1901 Used to mark the plural form of strong verbs in the past tense, usually with a change in the stem nn ganga<t:walk (pl)> gingo<t:walked (pl)> nn finna<t:find (pl)> funno<t:found (pl)> nn brjota<t:break (pl)> bruto<t:broke (pl)> Etymology 4 Inherited in fossilised adverbial expressions from older nominal and adjectival case endings, especially Old Norse dative endings such as singular non -u and plural non -um. Compare is -u, is -um, fo -u, fo -um and sv -o. Suffix nn suffix nn no longer productive suffix used in various fossilised adverbial phrases Usage notes Pronounced with the second tone. Derived terms nn Nynorsk dative phrases drogo alt med eino i eino med eino halvo i heilo litlo longo longo etter longo før longo sidan alt longo for longo lengsto i lengsto mesto i minsto nogo av nyo frå nyo frå nyo av i nyo på nyo å nyo tummo veslo i visso med visso See also nn -e suffix in fossilised adverbial phrases Old Dutch Etymology 1 From odt gmw-pro *-ō, from odt gem-pro *-ô. Suffix odt suffix adverb-forming suffixes odt adverb Forms adverbs from adjectives. Inflection m - Derived terms odt adverb Descendants dum -e Etymology 2 From odt gmw-pro *-jō, from odt gem-pro *-jô. Suffix odt suffix noun-forming suffixes odt agent noun Forms agent nouns from verbs. Inflection m - Derived terms odt agent noun Old English Pronunciation -o Etymology 1 Suffix f ang -u; forms abstract nouns Etymology 2 Suffix verbf 1 ang Anglian Kentish ang -u; forms the first person singular present indicative of strong verbs and class I weak verbs Etymology 3 Suffix nounf 1 f ang -u; forms the nominative singular of short ō-stem nouns Etymology 4 Suffix nounf 1 ang -u; forms the nominative and accusative singular of short u-stem nouns Etymology 5 From ang gmw-pro *-u, from ang gem-pro *-ō Suffix nounf 1 n ang -u; forms the nominative and accusative plural of short a-stem and all ija-stem neuter nouns Etymology 6 Suffix adjf 1 n ang -u; forms the strong nominative feminine singular and strong nominative/accusative neuter plural of adjectives Old Galician-Portuguese Etymology 1 roa-opt la -us -um, from roa-opt ine-pro *-os. Suffix roa-opt suffix forms the masculine of nouns and adjectives Derived terms roa-opt Descendants gl -o pt -o Etymology 2 roa-opt la -ō denominative. Suffix roa-opt suffix a suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of verbs roa-opt amar to love amo [I] love roa-opt querer to want quero [I] want Descendants gl -o pt -o Old High German Etymology 1 goh adverb :inh gmw-pro:*-ō<id:adverb> From goh gmw-pro *-ō<id:adverb>. Suffix goh suffix adverb-forming suffixes Forms adverbs from adjectives. Descendants gmh -e Etymology 2 goh agent noun :inh gmw-pro:*-ō<id:agent noun> From goh gmw-pro *-ō<id:agent noun>. Cognate to ang -a, in ang ǣta eater, non -i, got -𐌰, in got 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 fisher. In some cases, the root appears in the zero-grade as in goh boto (from goh biotan). Suffix goh suffix noun-forming suffixes m used to form masculine agents from verbs goh geban to give gëbo giver goh sprehhan to speak sprëhho speaker goh biotan to offer, send, command boto messenger goh ziohan to pull, lead herizogo army leader goh sagēn to say fora-sago prophet used to form attributive nouns from adjectives goh perht bright Perhto given name goh snel quick Snello given name used to form proper nouns from nouns goh haim home Haimo given name goh liuti people Liutto given name goh walt authority Uualto given name goh hūs house hūso place name goh in compounds Declension Most nouns with this suffix follow the n-declension, like goh hano cock, goh namo name, goh gomo man. Descendants gmh -e de -e In Middle High German, the suffix is often replaced by gmh -er (whence German de -er), as in Middle High German gmh gëber instead of Old High German goh gëbo. Only a few German words still have a final -e that results from Old High German -o, while place names often have -en leveled out from the accusative or dative cases. Old Polish Etymology zlw-opl adverbial :inh sla-pro:*-o<id:neuter> 1 zlw-opl sla-pro *-o neuter suffix. In Proto-Slavic, indefinite neuter adjectives were used as adverbs, but because Polish neuter adjectives descend from the definite neuter, the indefinite neuter suffix was fossilized as the adverbial suffix. Compare zlw-opl -e. Pronunciation Suffix zlw-opl suffix forms adverbs from adjectives zlw-opl barzy barzo Derived terms zlw-opl Descendants pl -o See also zlw-opl -ie Old Saxon Etymology 1 From osx gem-pro *-ô. Suffix osx suffix Forms adverbs from adjectives. Etymology 2 From osx gem-pro *-ô. Cognate to ang -a, in ang ǣta eater, got -𐌰, in got 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 fisher. Suffix osx suffix m used to form masculine agents from verbs and nouns osx gevan to give gevo giver osx beddi bed gibeddio bedfellow Descendants gml -e Polish Pronunciation LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf--o.wav o,o-,-o- Etymology 1 pl adverbial :inh zlw-opl:-o<id:adverbial> + 1 Suffix pl suffix forms adverbs from adjectives pl beztroski beztrosko forms diminutives, softening the previous consonant pl dziad dziadzio See also pl -ie Etymology 2 pl humorous verbial -ą<id:verbal> 1 Humorous alteration of pl -ą. Suffix pl suffix pl nonstandard grammatically incorrect or dialectal humorous forms third person plural of verbs; -ą pl być so pl znać znajo pl chcieć chco Portuguese Pronunciation +<q:stressed on the penultimate syllable> Etymology 1 pt masculine suffix :inh roa-opt:-o<ety:inh<la:-um>> 2 1 Suffix m forms masculine singular nouns and adjectives Derived terms pt Etymology 2 pt roa-opt -o, from pt la -ō, la -eō, la -iō. Compare gl,es -o. Suffix verb a suffix indicating the -ar pt amar to love amo [I] love a suffix indicating the -er pt comer to eat como [I] eat a suffix indicating the -ir pt unir to unite uno [I] unite Romani Suffix rom suffix inflectional suffixes Forms the nominative singular of vocalic oikoclitic masculine nouns Forms the nominative masculine singular of vocalic oikoclitic adjectives Attaches to the perfective stem to form the third-person singular masculine past tense of intransitive verbs Romanian Etymology ro sla-pro *-a *-o, from ro ine-bsl-pro *-a, ultimately from ro ine-pro *-eh₂. Suffix ro suffix Vocative singular feminine ro mamă mother mamo ro focă seal foco Usage notes This form of the vocative is informal, especially when referring to a person. The nominative/accusative ending is preferred. Related terms ro -e (vocative used for masculine and neuter adjectives or nouns) Serbo-Croatian Suffix sh suffix forms adverbs from adjectives sh primjeran primjerno sh naporan naporno sh budan budno sh dobar dobro Derived terms sh Somali Alternative forms so dialectal ― so -oh Etymology 1 Apparently from earlier so *-tah,Kraska, I. (1992). From verb to clitic and nominal suffix: The Somali -e, -o nouns. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 22(1), pages 89-106 a compound of cus-som-pro *-t feminine marker + cus-som-pro *ʔax to be (whence so ah). Cognate with tqq -to, dbr -etə, bob -tə, rel -o, jii -dhé, om -ota. Suffix so -ó suffix f Used to form regular plurals of nouns. so geed geedo Suffix so suffix f plural -oyin Feminine ending so -e Derived terms so aayo so abeeso so ayeeyo so barwaaqo so caaro so dhooqo so eeddo so hooyo so kaneeco so magaalo so qaanso so taallo Etymology 2 so afa-pro *-t middle voice affix. Cognate with jii -dh, byn -t-. Suffix so suffix Middle voice suffix Derived terms so soco walk so yumbo immerge References Spanish Etymology 1 es :inh la:-um<id:accusative singular> masculine es la -um, accusative of la -us. Suffix m Used with a stem to form a masculine singular noun. es azafata azafato female flight attendant male flight attendant Etymology 2 es first-person present indicative :inh la:-ō + 1 Suffix verb suffix indicating the first-person singular present indicative of verbs Etymology 3 es -ó third-person preterite indicative From the first conjugation third person singular preterite marker es -ó, itself from Late Latin *-āut, from es la -āvit, with loss of stress. Suffix verb suffix indicating the third-person singular preterite indicative of most irregular verbs Swahili Etymology 1 ـوُ sw nominal :inh bnt-sab-pro:*-o 1 ++ In Sabaki, cognate with zdj -o and nyf -o. Other Bantu cognates include zu -o and ny -o. Suffix sw suffix suffix used in nominal forms of verbs in the absence of a more specific suffix (such as sw -aji), in conjunction with a noun class prefix sw penda<alt:-penda><t:to love> upendo<t:love> sw enda<alt:-enda><t:to go> mwendo<t:motion> 2, 3, and 11 relative marker sw archaic Northern Swahili poetry relative marker for any noun class 13 اَوُرَكِيْبُوُ جُوَ نِمَاسِ ، كَكُلَ خَسَرَ اُخَسِرِيِ Aurakibuo jua ni-mwasi, kwa-kula khasara ukhasiriye. The one who rides it, know you are a rebel; you harm yourself. Derived terms sw nominal See also Etymology 2 sw nonce Suffix sw suffix nonce suffix added for rhyming and scansion purposes sw K. Amri Abedi Ukitaka moyo wangu Ukitaka moyo wangu, ni tayari kukupao If you want my heart, I am ready to give it to you References Thilo C. Schadeberg The three relative constructions in Swahili (Kisanifu) Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations 1989 33–40 https://hdl.handle.net/1887/8822 The concordless morpheme -o- frequently replaces the [relative concord] in old/northern/poetic Swahili[.] Swedish Etymology 1 sv gmq-osw -u, gmq-osw -o, from sv non -u. Suffix sv suffix sv archaic dative suffix Derived terms sv allo blindo borto däro förevaro godo häro kvaro medo närvaro ondo sammo sammanvaro samvaro sutto tillvaro utevaro varo vedervaro åsido äro Etymology 2 Possibly from sv rmu -o, a masculine ending for nouns, cf. rmu buro non-Traveller, farmer, rmu bölo bull. Compare is -ó. Pronunciation sv /ʊ/ When combined the stress is always on the first syllable. Suffix sv suffix o sv colloquial Combines with an (often clipped) word to create a noun referring to a person with a related property. Gives a familiar and to some extent diminutive nuance. sv fylla drunkenness fyllo drunkard sv fet fat fetto a fatty sv snygg handsome snyggo handsome (noun) sv puckad stupid pucko a stupid person sv lycklig lucky, fortunate lyllo a fortunate person Turkish Etymology tr kmr -o (masculine vocative suffix). Doesn't appear in common Turkish speech until the last few decades. Pronunciation tr /o/ Suffix tr suffix tr internet slang added arbitrarily to words to form slang words tr aşk -o aşko tr erkek -o erko tr günaydın -o güno tr şaka -o şako tr sik sikko used to form shortened nicknames tr Abdullah -o Apo tr İbrahim -o İbo tr Mukaddes -o Muko Usage notes When used on a word with more than one syllable, the word is first clipped before the suffix is added. tr günaydın -o güno rather than und *günaydıno Derived terms tr Volapük Suffix vo suffix adverb ending -wise in the matter of; with regard to Derived terms vo Welsh Pronunciation cy /ɔ/ Etymology 1 Suffix cy suffix used to form pet names cy Dai Deio cy Gwen Gwenno cy Iorwerth Iolo Etymology 2 Suffix cy suffix cy literary verb suffix for the third-person singular present subjunctive Etymology 3 From cy wlm -aw, from cy cel-bry-pro *-ọβ̃. Suffix cy suffix Forms verbnouns from verb stems. cy -i -u Usage notes This suffix is mostly used for verbs where the stem ends in the consonant i (though for some such verbs, such as cy cynnig, the verbnoun is given by dropping the i from the stem) or the vowel in the last syllable is i, u, eu, or wy.202 iv Derived terms cy Related terms cy -io Forms verbnouns from verbs and other parts of speech References