-ien

Appendix:Variations of "ien" Breton Etymology From br obt -ion, obt -on, br cel-bry-pro *-onos, cel-bry-pro *-onā. Cognate to cy -ion, kw -yon. Suffix br suffix plural suffixes Noun pluralization suffix; sometimes with vocalic ablaut in the pluralized noun br lenner reader lennerien readers br mab son mibien sons Derived terms br French Etymology fr :inh frm:-ien<id:-ian> -ian fr frm -ien, from fr fro -ien, from fr la -iānus, from la -ānus. fr -ain -an. Pronunciation fr LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00--ien.wav <<France>> (<<Lyon>>) Suffix m + forms nouns denoting where something or someone is from; -ian fr Paris Parisien a Parisian fr Californie Californien a Californian Suffix forms adjectives indicating relation to; -ian fr Paris parisien Parisian fr Californie californien Californian fr Vadim vadimien of Roger Vadim Plemiannikov, French screenwriter, film director and producer Usage notes When the name's last syllable contains ‹e› or ‹è› followed by a single consonant, that vowel is normally raised to ‹é›: e.g. fr barrésien, fr beethovénien, fr mussétien, fr turnérien, fr wagnérien, etc. Derived terms fr Descendants 1 ht -yen German Pronunciation de /i̯ən/ [i.ən] [jən] de LL-Q188 (deu)-Frank C. Müller--ien.wav Etymology 1 From de gmh -ie, gmh -je, from de la -ia feminine singular. Nouns with this Latinate suffix were originally strong (i.e. invariable) feminines, but inflected forms in gmh -ien arose when the distinction between strong and weak feminines collapsed in later Middle High German. These were then treated by analogy with local names like de Böhmen, de Franken, de Sachsen etc. (all originally dative plural of a tribe name). Suffix de suffix n Used to form country names; -ia de Tscheche Czech person Tschechien Czechia de Jordan Jordan river Jordanien Jordan country Derived terms de Etymology 2 From de la -ia neuter plural. In some cases, analysable within German as a regular plural of an earlier form in de -ium; e.g. de Principium as an obsolete variant of de Prinzip. The singular ending was sometimes lost, leaving de -ien as a new, irregular plural suffix. In other cases, simply following the Latin i-declension (singular in la -e, plural in la -ia). Suffix de suffix p Used to form the plurals of some neuter nouns of Latin descent whose original plural ends in la -ia. de Material Materialien Materialien de Prinzip Prinzipien Prinzipien de Konzil Konzilien Konzilien Usage notes Not all nouns whose Latin plural is la -ia necessarily take this ending. Some take a regular plural in de -e, or have both forms alongside (for example, de Konzile). Middle English Etymology 1 enm ian enm fro -ien, from enm la -iānus. Alternative forms enm -ian -ion -ione -ioun -yen -yone -youn Pronunciation enm /-iˈɛːn/ /-i.ɛn/ /-i.ən/ /-jɛn/ /-jən/ Suffix enm suffix noun-forming suffixes Forms nouns and adjectives denoting origin, association, or residence; -ian. Usage notes Before this ending, /k/ becomes /s/; for instance, enm musike /miu̯ˈziːk(ə)/ + -ien becomes enm musicien /miu̯ˌzisiˈɛːn/. Derived terms enm Descendants en -ian sco -ian References -ien suf.(1) MED21742 Etymology 2 enm infinitival :inh ang:-ian ang:-ian A conflation of two originally distinct suffixes: The Old English weak class 2 suffix ang -ian, enm ang -iġan, by syncope from earlier gmw-pro *-ōjan, North Sea Germanic form of enm gmw-pro *-ōn, from enm gem-pro *-ōną. The suffix ang -ian, ang -ġan in Old English verbs of weak class 1 with roots ending in -r (and exceptionally in ang swerian, a verb of strong class 6 with a j-present and root ending in -r), from enm gmw-pro *-jan, gmw-pro *-ijan, from enm gem-pro *-janą, gem-pro *-ijaną. Alternative forms enm -ey -i -ie -y -ye -yen -yȝe enm -eȝe -eȝen -iæn -iȝe -iȝen -in early Pronunciation enm /-i.ən/ /-jən/ /-iːn/ originally especially after heavy stems enm /-jə/ /-iː/ with loss of final /n/ originally especially after heavy stems Suffix enm suffix inflectional suffixes enm infinitival enm Early ME later _ Kentish!Kent Southern and SWM Denotes the infinitive when attached to verbs. Usage notes enm -en infinitival is often used in place of this suffix in the North and East Midlands already in Early Middle English; this is perhaps due to syncope, but Old Norse influence (the cognates of Old English verbs with ang -ian had non -a) or analogy with strong and class 1 weak verbs is also possible. In the varieties where it remained in use in Early Middle English, this suffix was employed with those verbs where it was etymologically justified (see above); like its weak class 2 predecessor in Old English, it was also the productive method for forming new verbs and thus was added to most verbs borrowed from Old French and Old Norse. After the Early Middle English period, this suffix is no longer found in East Midland or Northern Middle English and begins to be replaced with enm -en infinitival/enm -e in both new borrowings or formations and existing verbs with this suffix in the West Midlands, mostly disappearing by the end of the Middle English period. Although some loss of this suffix occurs in Southern Middle English, it retains more vitality and even starts to be applied indiscriminately to intransitive verbs by the Late Middle English period; much of this apparent loss is presumably an artifact of the East Midland norm's increasing influence upon the written language given the persistence of en -y infinitival in modern West Country traditional dialects. This process of loss is presumably attributable both to the influence of dialects where it was lost and the reduction of the prevocalic form enm -in/enm -ien to enm -en infinitival, though it remains more common in some verbs than others (particularly adaptations of Old French verbs in fro -ir). Due to a change of /i.ə/ to /iː/ after heavy syllables (those with a long vowel or two or more final consonants), some varieties (e.g. the West Midlands dialect of the Ancrene Wisse and the Kentish one of the Ayenbite of Inwit) come to distinguish between enm -ie/enm -ien in heavy syllables and enm -in/enm -i/enm -y in light syllables. However, this distinction is effaced in the later language, which adopts en -y (or en -en) in all circumstances. In some later varieties, there is a tendency to use enm -i/enm -y before consonants, but enm -in/enm -ien, or later, enm -en infinitival before vowels; this may be compared to the alternation between e.g. enm a and enm an. Derived terms enm -iere Descendants en -y 1 infinitival dialectal, West Country References -ien suf.(1) MED21742 7 237 114 70 81 138 141 5 190 55 118 enm terms inherited from Old English Middle French Etymology frm :inh fro:-ien<id:-ian> -ian From frm fro -ien, from frm la -iānus. Suffix frm suffix feminine equivalent -ienne -ian frm patricien patrician Derived terms frm Descendants fr -ien Mohawk Suffix wátien has References 95 Old French SurgienCiteien Etymology fro :inh la:-iānus<id:-ian> -ian From fro la -iānus, from la -ānus. Suffix fro suffix feminine equivalent -iene or -ienne -ian Derived terms fro Descendants frm -ien enm -ien 1