-더-

더 -더 Korean Etymology From ko okm -더〮-, from ko oko 如 *-ta. The Middle Korean suffix (and presumably Old Korean, although data is rather lacking) was quite different in meaning, being closer to a simple imperfective aspect marker; see the Middle Korean entry for more. The shift to the modern nuances is first attested in texts from the late eighteenth century. ko -던 past adnominal marker preserves the original meaning. Pronunciation ko [dʌ̹~də~dɯ] Suffix The retrospective suffix, marking that the speaker (in declaratives) or the addressee (in interrogatives) has personally observed the action/state conveyed by the verb/adjective, or a fact from which the action/state could be inferred; that either this action/state was not taken by the observer, or the observer did not do so purposefully; and that this action/state occurred at a place or time removed from the current conversation. It adds a nuance that one is speaking of the action/state from the subjective viewpoint of an external observer. ko 중국 분위기-는 어떻-더-냐? What was the atmosphere/vibe in China like? (The addressee has personally observed the atmosphere in China, and this observation took place in the past.) ko 어제 기분 좋아 보이-더-라. 무슨 좋은 일 있어? You looked happy yesterday—did something nice happen? (The speaker has personally observed the listener being happy, and this observation took place in the past.) ko 일기예보 보니까 내일-은 또 춥-겠-더-라. I was looking at the weather forecast, and it looks like it's going to be cold again tomorrow. (The speaker has personally observed the fact from which tomorrow being cold can be inferred, and this observation took place in the past.) ko 일어나 보니까 내-가 술 열 병-을 혼자 먹-었--더-라고. When I got up, I realized I had eaten ten bottles of alcohol all by myself. (The speaker did not intend to drink this much, and they are narrating an event which took place in the past.) ko 그 말 듣고 있으니까 너무 화-가 나더-라. When I was listening to what he was saying, I got so angry. (The speaker did not intend to become angry, and they are narrating an event which took place in the past.) ko parts of northern _ Gyeongsang or in the adnominal ko -던 The past imperfective aspect-marking suffix. in conservative literary style, used up to the early 20th century ko 내-가 먹던 빵-을 먹으면 안 되지. You shouldn't have eaten the bread I was eating. ko ko:국어 방언의 시상 체계—그 분화의 역사— The tense and aspect systems of Korean dialects: The history of divergence 1999 Eoneohak 25 185—210 ko:이기갑<t:Yi Ki-gap> 니 어제 어디 갓-더-노? — ^영덕 갓-더-라. Where were you gone yesterday? — I was gone to Yeongdeok. (Gyeongsang dialect, Yeongdeok County Yeongdeok) Usage notes In Standard Seoul Korean, the suffix only appears fused before certain other suffixes (given in the "Derived terms" section below), to the point that some linguists doubt whether this should be analyzed as a discrete morpheme in the standard variety of Korean. The plain declarative ko 더라 is the most common form in which this suffix is encountered. In some dialects of Pyong'an and northern Gyeongsang, the suffix has innovated vowel harmony and appears as ko -다- after yang-vowel stems. Derived terms ko -더라 -더냐 -더니 -더구나 -더구려 -더만 -더면<q:dated> -던데 -더군 -던 -다 Related terms ko -다- -댓- -더랫- -데 -도 -습디다 -습디까 -을라디 -다가 See also ko -으리 conjectural marker ko inflectional suffixes Middle Korean Alternative forms okm -러〮- -lé after certain suffixes; see Usage notes Etymology From okm oko 如 *-ta. Pronunciation okm /tə́/ Suffix okm suffix 더〮 -té A past imperfective aspect marker, denoting an action or state in the past which is perceived as continuous, loosely equivalent to English "was [...]ing". When used together with the conjectural suffix okm -으〮리〮- -으〮리〮/ᄋᆞ〮리〮- -úlí/olí-, it is loosely equivalent to English "would be [...]ing". Sometimes somewhat misleadingly called "retrospective" due to conflation with its modern descendant. okm 14th century? (pub. 1493) ko 정과정 鄭瓜亭 Jeonggwajeong ko 악학궤범 樂學軌範 Akhak Gwebeom 넉시라도 님은 ᄒᆞᆫᄃᆡ 녀져라 아으 벼기더시니 뉘러시니ᅌᅵᆺ가 That even in spirit, I'd walk with my love! Oh, who was [being] the one who had been making that vow? neks-ilatwo nim-un hontoy nyecyela au pyekitesin_i nwu-ylesiningiska okm 1447 Sejo of Joseon Grand Prince Suyang ko:釋譜詳節 / 석보상절<tr:Seokbo sangjeol> 6:1a [龍](료ᇰ)-과〮 [鬼](귕〯)[神](씬)-과〮 위〯ᄒᆞ〮야〮 [說](ᄉᆑᇙ〮)[法](법〮)-ᄒᆞ〮-더〮-시-다〮 [Śākyamuni] was preaching for the sake of dragons and spirits. okm 1447 Sejo of Joseon Grand Prince Suyang ko:釋譜詳節 / 석보상절<tr:Seokbo sangjeol> 6:24b [金](금)으〮로〮 ᄯᅡ해〮 ᄭᆞ〮로ᄆᆞᆯ〮 ᄢᅳᆷ〮 업〯게〮 ᄒᆞ면〮 이〮 [東](도ᇰ)[山](산)ᄋᆞᆯ〮 ᄑᆞ〮로〮리라〮 [須](슝)[達](따ᇙ〮)이〮 닐오〮ᄃᆡ〮 니ᄅᆞ샨〮 야ᇰ〯ᄋᆞ〮로〮 호〮리〮ᅌᅵ다〮 [太](탱〮)[子](ᄌᆞᆼ〯)ㅣ 닐오〮ᄃᆡ〮 내〮 로ᇰ〮담ᄒᆞ〮다라〮 KÙM-úlwó stàh-áy skólwòm-ól pskúm ěpskéy hòmyén TWÒNG.SÀN-ól phólwólìlá SYÙ.TTÁLQ-í nìlGwótóy nìlòsyán yǎng-ólwó hwólíngìtá THÁY.CǑ nìlGwótóy ná-y lwóngtàm-hótàlá "If you carpet the earth in gold without a single gap, I will sell this hill [to you]." "I shall do as you say," said Sudatta. "I was joking," said the prince. Usage notes As in the example above, the suffix could designate a purposeful action taken by the speaker in the very conversation itself. Therefore, there were none of the discourse restraints present in the modern suffix. The suffix shifts to okm -러〮- -lé- after the copula okm 이〮 í- or the conjectural suffix okm -으〮리〮- -으〮리〮/ᄋᆞ〮리〮- -úlí/olí-. The suffix merges with the modulating suffix okm -오〮- -wó- to surface as okm -다〮- -tá-. The suffix triggers a subsequent declarative suffix okm -다〮 -tá to shift to okm -라〮 -lá: okm -더〮라〮 -té-lá, not okm *더〮다〮 *té-tá. Descendants ko -더- See also References ko:전기 근대국어의 시상체계에 관한 연구 2002 A study of the tense and aspect system of early Early Modern Korean 119—152 Eomunhak ko:최동주 ko 박부자 (Park Bu-ja) ko 시상형태 {-더-}의 쟁점과 전망 Points of discussion and prospective developments in the study of the tense/aspect-marking -te- Gugeosa yeon'gu 2018 27 53—79