-'s

's Appendix:Variations of "s" English For the contracted (clitic) uses of ’s, see 's. 's English 's and -'s Alternative forms en -’s en -s now nonstandard en -s- genitival interfix Pronunciation after voiceless consonants except /s/, /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ/ s, en /s/ after a sibilant or affricate ĭz UK, en /ɪz/ ĭz əz US, en /ɪz/ /əz/ əz AU, en /əz/ elsewhere z, en /z/ en -s en Etymology 1 From en enm -s possessive, enm -es possessive, from en ang -es -'s masculine and neuter genitive singular ending possessive, from en gem-pro *-as, gem-pro *-is masculine and neuter genitive singular ending. The apostrophe was added under the false belief that it was a contraction of en his, and retained to distinguish it from the plural. Cognate with nl -s, nl -es -'s, de -s, de -es -'s, da -s, da -es -'s, sv -s -'s, no -s -'s, is -s -'s. Suffix inflectional suffixes unproductive suffixes enclitic en enclitic en possessive A possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the noun or noun phrase bearing the marker. en Jane's house is bigger than Sarah's. en The cat bit the dog's tail. (the dog + 's) en The cat bit the dog with the shaggy fur's tail. (the dog with the shaggy fur + 's) en women's contributions to science en April 15, 2012 Phil McNulty Tottenham 1-5 Chelsea BBC http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17649443 Before kick-off, a section of Chelsea's support sadly let themselves and their club down by noisily interrupting the silence held in memory of the Hillsborough disaster and for Livorno midfielder Piermario Morosini, who collapsed and died after suffering a heart attack during a Serie B game on Saturday. https://web.archive.org/web/20140422130340/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17649443 22 April 2014 In the absence of a specified object, used to indicate “the house/place/establishment of”. en We'll arrive at Jose and María's in time for dinner. en I'm going to the butcher's for a steak. en I bought it at Tesco's. see s-form en greengrocer's greengrocer's Indicates a purpose or a user. en You need a driver's license. en Alex can be a girl's name. en That's a girl's toy. (A toy intended for use by girls.) — Homographic to: That's a girl's toy. (The toy of a specific girl.) en people's people's Used to indicate a quantity of something, especially of time. en I took three weeks' holiday. en The rocks lay at about a mile's distance from the shore. Used to indicate various other kinds of relationship, such as source or origin, object of an action, subject depicted, etc. en She got angry at my niece's trying to lie to us. en the doctor's help (help provided by the doctor) en the King's capture (event of the King being captured) en my father's portrait (portrait depicting my father) en in Dublin's fair city (in the fair city of Dublin) en JFK Airport is among America's busiest. en see usage notes Attached to a noun or noun phrase linked to a genitive en of, forming a double genitive (Compare of mine, etc.) en a friend of Sarah's en Have you heard this new idea of our boss's? I i 340 1 NAy, but this dotage of our GeneralsOre-flowes the meaſure: Usage notes Irregular plurals with endings other than ‘s’ (e.g. children) always take ’s: the children’s voices. Words ending in s are made possessive in various ways. Consider:William Strunk & E. B. White, The Elements of Style (1972), page 1 With regular plurals, the apostrophe is placed at the end, i.e. en -s' is used (the dogen s’ tails, whereas for singular ‘dog’, the dog’s tail). The possessives of names which end in s may be formed using either this suffix (-'s) or {{l|en|-'|bare -}} (which see for more). Hence: en St James's St. James’s or St. James’, Chris's or Chris', Jesus's or Jesus'. The American Heritage Dictionary (under the entry "possessive") prescribes restricting this to words or names of at least two syllables, such as witness'; in practice, it is found on names of any length, even one syllable. The suffixes used will alter the word's pronunciation; for example:Learning English: Use of the apostrophe Dickens’ novel /dɪkɪnz nɒvəl/ (identically to (a) Dickens novel), Dickens’s novel /dɪkɪnzɪz nɒvəl/. To remedy ambiguity or awkwardness in either speech or print, possessives can generally be recast using of: the tails of the dogs, the paths of St. James. When referring to joint possession by multiple people, the standard, formal way to form the possessive is Jack’s and Jill’s pails. However, it is common to treat the pair of names as a noun phrase and to form the possessive of this whole unit instead, using only one ’s: Jack and Jill’s pails. When the possession is not joint (i.e., each possessor has their own possession), the possessiveness is signaled for each possessor; for example, Jack’s and Jill’s pails were leaky and watertight, respectively. In joint possession, when one of the possessors is represented by a possessive pronoun rather than their name, the possessiveness is standardly signaled for each; for example, Jack’s and her pails were leaky. When the first person or second person is used, although forms such as "John and I’s car" for "John’s and my car" are descriptively not rare, they are nonstandard and are grating to some ears; they are thus prescriptively often avoided. The use of ’s to make nouns or noun phrases genitive that are seemingly already marked thus by en of is widespread in English. It is nearly exclusively used with animate nouns. Its redundancy may often seem unnecessary but sometimes can clarify meaning and in some cases even has no idiomatic alternative; more at Wikipedia at double genitive. Nouns that look and sound identical in the singular and plural still do when this suffix is attached, so “one moose” becomes “one moose’s” and “two moose” becomes “two moose’s”. Synonyms en of Descendants ko -스 1 Translations possessive marker Afrikaans: af se Amami Ōshima: Southern Amami Ōshima: ams な na Arabic: genitive construction is used - the thing owned is followed by the owner in the genitive case - (ar إضافَة iḍāfa) Armenian: hy -ի, hy -յի Bengali: bn -এর if the thing ends with a consonant, bn -র if the thing ends with a vowel Bulgarian: bg на after the thing owned and before the owner Burmese: my ၏ Chinese: Cantonese: yue 嘅 ge3 vernacular, yue 的 dik1 formal, yue 之 zi1 classical Mandarin: cmn 的 de, cmn 之 zhī classical Crimean Tatar: crh -nıñ, crh -niñ Czech: cs -ův, cs -in Dutch: nl -s formal, nl van Esperanto: eo de after the thing owned and before the owner Finnish: fi -n genitive suffix French: fr de after the thing owned and before the owner Frisian: West Frisian: fy fan after the thing owned and before the owner, fy -'s dated German: de -s, de des m n de der f genitive, after the thing owned and before the owner, or before the owner and the thing owned, de von after the thing owned and before the owner with dative Silesian East Central German: gmw-ecg -s, gmw-ecg -sch by words ending with r Greek: el του m n, el της f, el των p after the thing owned and before the owner Hebrew: he שֶׁל shel after the thing owned and before the owner Hindi: hi का m, hi के m-p, hi की f, hi की f-p Hungarian: hu -é predicatively, hu -a/-e/-ja/-je suffix on the thing owned Italian: it di after the thing owned and before the owner Japanese: ja の no, ja が galiterary or Kagoshima, ja つ tsuarchaic or obsolete, ja ん ninformal Khmer: km នៃ after the thing owned and before the owner Korean: ko 의 Lao: lo ຂອງ after the thing owned and before the owner Latin: genitive case of the owner Malay: ms milik optional, after the thing owned and before the owner Neapolitan: nap 'e Norwegian: no -s, no til (after the thing owned and before the owner, his genitive) Ojibwe: leave possessor unchanged and use relevant possessed form of the possessed noun Persian: ezafe (fa اضافه ezâfe) is used, a Persian grammatical construct Portuguese: pt de after the thing owned and before the owner Russian: ru -ов m, ru -ев m, ru -ёв m, ru -ин m, ru -ын m; genitive case of the owner after the thing owned Spanish: es de after the thing owned and before the owner Swedish: sv -s Thai: th ของ after the thing owned and before the owner Turkish: tr -nin, tr -nun, tr -nın tr -nün, tr -in, tr -un, tr -ün, tr -ın Urdu: ur کا m kā, ur کے m-p ke, ur کی f kī, ur کی f-p kī Vietnamese: vi của after the thing owned and before the owner the house/place/establishment of Azerbaijani: az -gil Danish: da hos Dutch: nl bij French: fr chez Hebrew: he אצל Hungarian: hu -ék someone’s family/​house/​place, hu -s/​-os/​-as/​-es/​-ös menders, sellers, and craftspeople like hu órás, újságos, fazekas, zöldséges, pedikűrös Italian: it da Russian: Expressed by dative case Turkish: tr -gil Etymology 2 en plural Equivalent to en -s, with addition of apostrophe. Suffix inflectional suffixes unproductive suffixes en sometimes _ proscribed Used to form the plurals of numerals, letters, some abbreviations and some nouns, usually because the omission of an apostrophe would make the meaning unclear or ambiguous. en There are four 3’s in my phone number. en “Banana” has three a’s and one b. (apostrophe "s" used so that the plural of “a” is not confused with the word “as”) en You can buy CD’s in that shop. en These are the do’s and don’ts. (apostrophe "s" used as “dos” may be misread) en 10's 10’s; en 100's 100’s; en A+'s A+’s; en A.U.'s A.U.’s; en don't's don’t’s; en s's s’s en obsolete Used to form plurals of foreign words, to clarify pronunciation, such as “banana’s” or “pasta’s”.Truss, Lynn. Eats, Shoots & Leaves. pp. 63–65. en index's index’s en proscribed Used to form the plural of nouns that correctly take just an "s" in the plural. See greengrocer’s apostrophe. en Apple’s 50p a pound Usage notes The use of ’s''' to form plurals of initialisms or numerals is not currently recommended by most authorities, except when the meaning would otherwise be unclear. The use in foreign words was common before the 19th century, but is no longer accepted. The use of the apostrophe in any other plural (as in “apple’s”) — the so-called “greengrocer’s apostrophe” — is proscribed. Coordinate terms en -'d Translations -s See also en its, en it's it’s en let's let’s en greengrocer's apostrophe greengrocer’s apostrophe References en clitics contractions Afrikaans Suffix af suffix clitic af is af Julle's almal die selfde. You're all the same. af Hier's wat ek jou kan vertel. Here's what I can tell you. Dutch Pronunciation nl /s/ nl Nl-'s.ogg nl Nl--'s.ogg Suffix nl suffix inflectional suffixes p nl -s, used when a word ends in a long vowel that would turn short if suffixed without the apostrophe forming plurals nl foto foto's forming the genitive nl Anna Anna's German Etymology 1 Alternative forms de -s -' Pronunciation de /s/ Suffix de suffix -’s de archaic Used to form the genitive of proper names Used to form the genitive of proper names under certain circumstances. de Andrea → Andrea’s (to avoid confusion with de Andreas → Andreas’) Usage notes The use of -'s instead of -s is allowed, according to the German spelling reform of 1996, only when bare -s would be ambiguous (as in the example above). In informal writing it is sometimes used even when there is no ambiguity (e.g. Peter's), but this is proscribed. Etymology 2 Alternative forms de -s Article de article -’s (clitic) de chiefly colloquial or poetic de contracted form das Pronoun de pronoun -’s (clitic) de chiefly colloquial or poetic de contracted form das See also de 's Etymology 3 Alternative forms de -s sometimes Pronoun de pronoun -’s (clitic) de chiefly colloquial or poetic de contracted form es with other pronouns mir's, ich's, ... = mir es, ich es, ... with verbs geht's, nimm's, ... = geht es, nimm es, ... with particles wenn's, ob's, ... = wenn es, ob es, ... Etymology 4 Alternative forms de -s sometimes Verb de verb form -’s (clitic) de colloquial de contracted form ist Er's no' nich' gekomm'n = Er ist noch nicht gekommen'' spelled according to colloquial pronunciation See also de is' Old Norse Suffix non suffix clitic non bragarmál non es non Hvat’s með ǫlfum, hvat’s með ǫ́sum What is with the elves? What is with the gods?