-est

Appendix:Variations of "est" English Pronunciation ĭst RP,GA, en /ɪst/ en LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--est.wav Southern England əst Australia, en /əst/ Etymology 1 en most :inh enm:-est<id:most> 1 From en enm -est, from en ang -est, ang -ost, from en gmw-pro *-ist, gmw-pro *-ōst, from en gem-pro *-istaz, *-ōstaz, related to comparative en -er. Cognate of af -ste, nl -st, de -st -(e)st, da -est -(e)st, sv -ast -(a)st. Via PIE cognate with grc -ιστος, see en Pleistocene, en protist. Suffix en most Used to form the superlative of adjectives and adverbs. longest, biggest, fastest, motliest Usage notes See en -er for notes on the usage of this suffix to form superlatives. Occasionally, the -est suffix is added to a verbal adjective as a substitute for most. An example is en winningest. Coordinate terms en -er Related terms en -most Translations superlative of adjectives and adverbs Arabic: ar ال اَلـ a superlative pattern of the adjective Armenian: hy ամենա-, hy -գույն Basque: eu -en Breton: br -añ Burmese: my Catalan: ca més before the adjective or adverb, after the definite article Cebuano: ceb kina- -an Chinese: Mandarin: cmn 最 zuì prefix Czech: cs nej- Danish: da -est Dutch: nl -ste Esperanto: eo plej Finnish: for adjectives fi -in French: fr plus before the adjective, after the definite article Georgian: ka German: de -ster m, de -ste f, de am ...-sten adverbs Hungarian: hu leg- Indonesian: id ter-, id paling Japanese: ja 一番 いちばん, ichiban; placed before the adjective, ja 最も もっとも, mottomo, ja 最 さい, sai- Sino-Japanese prefix Jeju: jje ᄀᆞ장, jje 제일, jje 지중 Khmer: km ជាងគេ ...ជាងគេ Korean: ko 가장, ko 제일(第一), ko 최(最)- Sino-Korean prefix Lao: lo ທີ່ສຸດ ...ທີ່ສຸດ Latvian: lv -ākais m, lv -ākā f Malay: ms ter- Mongolian: mn хамгын Norwegian: Bokmål: nb -est, before most long adjectives or adverbs nb mest Nynorsk: nn -ast, before most long adjectives or adverbs nn mest Persian: fa ترین tarin Polish: pl naj-, pl najbardziej (before the adjective or adverb) Portuguese: pt mais used with definite article Romanian: ro mai before the adjective or adverb, after the demonstrative article Russian: ru наи- prefix before comparative forms, ru са́мый before adjectives in the normal form, ru наибо́лее before adjectives in the normal form, ru -е́йший, ru -а́йший suffixes follow an adjective form Serbo-Croatian: Cyrillic: sh нај нај- Latin: sh naj naj- Slovak: sk naj- Spanish: before the adjective or adverb, after the definite article es más Swedish: sv -ast (1), sv mest (before the adjective or adverb) (1) Tagalog: tl pinaka- Thai: th ที่สุด ...ที่สุด Turkish: tr en Vietnamese: vi nhất ... nhất (vi 一) Welsh: cy -af Yoruba: yo jù lọ Etymology 2 en second-person singular :inh enm:-est<id:second-person singular> 1 From en enm -est, -st, from en ang -est, -ast, -st, ultimately from en gem-pro *-zi, from en ine-pro *-si. The -t was by transfer from inverted order where en thou followed the verb, which also occurred in most dialects of Middle Dutch and Middle High German (compare modern de -st). Suffix inflectional suffixes en 2ndPersonSingularInflectionalSuffix en archaic dialectal Used to form the second-person singular present tense and past tense of verbs. (if thou is the subject; not used with you) goest, makest, wentest, madest Alternative forms en -'st -st Translations second-person singular present tense of verbs Czech: cs -eš, cs -íš, cs -áš Dutch: nl -t Finnish: fi -t French: fr -es for regular -er verbs; fr -is for regular -ir verb; fr -s for most -re verbs German: de -st Hungarian: hu -sz, hu -d, hu -l Irish: ga -air broad synthetic form, 1st conjugation, ga -ir slender synthetic form, 1st conjugation, ga -aír broad synthetic form, 2nd conjugation, ga -ír slender synthetic form, 2nd conjugation Italian: it -i for regular it -are and it -ere verbs and for those it -ire verbs that don't take it -isc- Kurdish: Northern Kurdish: kmr -î Latin: la -as, la -es, la -is, la -s Polish: pl -esz, pl -isz, pl -ysz, pl -asz Portuguese: pt -as 1st conjugation, pt -es 2nd and 3rd conjugation Romanian: ro -i most verbs, ro -ezi some 1st conjugation verbs, ro -ești some 4th conjugation verbs Russian: ru -ешь, ru -ёшь, ru -ишь, ru -ашь Spanish: es -as, es -es See also en -eth en thou Anagrams en est tes Tse StE set TSE Set seṭ ETS STE tse ETs TEs Ste Ste. SET Catalan Etymology From Latin la -istī. Suffix ca suffix Used to form the second person plural preterite indicative of ca -re second conjugation verbs Usage notes This form fell out of use, being largely replaced by the analogical ending ca -eres. Hungarian Etymology From hu -es -t adjective-forming suffix adverb-forming suffix y. Pronunciation Suffix hu suffix hu adverb-forming suffix Added to a word to form an adverb. hu öröm joy örömest with joy Usage notes adverb-forming suffix Variants: hu -st hu -est Derived terms hu adverb Middle English Etymology 1 enm second-person singular :inh ang:-ast 1 In the present, enm ang -ast 1 second-person singular class 2 weak second-person singular,-est suf.(3) MED14517 from enm gmw-pro *-ōs with paragogic -t added from when ang þū follows (compare enm-nor -es), from enm gem-pro *-ōsi, from enm ine-pro *-eh₂yési. In the past, enm ang -est 1 second-person singular, from enm gmw-pro *-ēs (with paragogic -t added as above), from enm gem-pro *-ēz (with -s by analogy with present forms), from enm ine-pro *-eh₁s (in ine-pro *dʰédʰeh₁s, form of ine-pro *dʰédʰeh₁ti); this suffix is initially limited to weak verbs, but is extended to strong verbs over the course of the Middle English period (although not yet in Chaucer).10 83 Alternative forms enm -ist -yst enm -st especially late; enm -ost -ust SW WM Pronunciation enm /-əst/ Suffix enm suffix inflectional suffixes enm EM K S WM Used to form the second-person singular present indicative of verbs (other than preterite-presents). Used to form the second-person singular past indicative of weak verbs; see enm -edest enm especially late Used to form the second-person singular past indicative of strong verbs Usage notes After the Early Middle English period, this suffix almost entirely supplants earlier enm -st in strong and class 1 weak verbs in the Central and Southeast Midlands and increasingly becomes an alternative option to that suffix elsewhere. However, a countervailing tendency to syncopate the vowel of this suffix operates, especially in Later Middle English and after vowel-final verb stems; both syncopated and unsyncopated forms coexisted in the Early Modern standard.II 315 886 In Northern Middle English enm -es is found instead of this suffix in the present tense; both forms may be found in North Midland Middle English and to a limited degree, further south (especially in Early Middle English, reflecting ang-ang -as).3 68 70 Contrarily, the second-person singular past indicative of weak verbs usually takes the basic past suffix enm -ed, enm -t without further suffixation in Northern Middle English (i.e. Midland enm þou enm lovedest, but Northern enm þou enm lufed) throughout the period. When this suffix is followed by enm þou, it may function as a clitic attached to the word bearing this suffix; see enm -estou, enm -este. Descendants en -est -st archaic second-person singular gmw-msc -est -ist literary, under Chaucerian influence 1 References Etymology 2 enm most :inh ang:-est<id:most> 1 enm ang -est most, ang -ost, from enm gmw-pro *-ist, gmw-pro *-ōst, from enm gem-pro *-istaz, gem-pro *-ōstaz, from enm ine-pro *-istHos. enm-nor -ast is potentially influenced by non -astr. Alternative forms enm -ist -yst enm -ast especially N Pronunciation enm /-əst/ Suffix enm suffix plural and weak singular -este inflectional suffixes enm adjectival superlative Used to form the superlative degree of adjectives; en more, en -er comparative. enm adverbial superlative Used to form the superlative degree of adverbs; en more, en -er comparative. Usage notes Unlike in the modern English standard, this suffix may be appended to adjectives or adverbs of any length; in fact, periphrastic comparison with enm more more or enm mest, enm most most is rather uncommon. Like in Early Modern English and nonstandard modern English, this periphrastic comparative may be combined with the synthetic comparative to form a pleonastic "double comparative"; enm most enm grettest largest most largest. Irregular comparatives formed with this suffix may induce umlaut or shortening of the vowel of the root it is appended to; most of these compete with regular forms, which increasingly predominate in later Middle English (e.g. enm lengest, en longest, both "longer"; enm deppest, enm depest, both "deeper"). The vowel of this suffix is occasionally syncopated, both continuing ang -st and as a new development in Middle English; this has resulted in assimilation of the final consonant of the root in enm grest, alternative form of enm grettest greatest, largest. Descendants en -est most gmw-msc -ast -est sco -est References -est suf.(1) MED14515 9 115 92 6 220 84 5 183 Adjectives Comparison 279 Old English Pronunciation -est Etymology 1 ang nominal From ang gem-pro *-ustaz, gem-pro *-istaz. Alternative forms ang -ost -ust Suffix f suffix forming feminine nouns, originally from verbs ang eornost earnest ang þēnest service ang ofost haste ang orrest battle, combat Declension -est sg Derived terms ang Etymology 2 ang most :inh gmw-pro:*-ist<id:most> ++ Suffix superlative adverbs 1 ang -ost; forms superlative adjectives and adverbs ang glēaw<t:wise> glēawest<t:wisest> ang late<t:late> latest<t:latest> ang smæl<t:narrow; small> smælest<t:narrowest; smallest> Declension -est weak Descendants enm -est most Etymology 3 ang second-person singular ang gmw-pro *-ēs with paragogic -t added from when ang þū follows (compare ang-ang -es), from ang gem-pro *-ēz (with -s by analogy with present forms), from ang ine-pro *-eh₁si (in ine-pro *dʰédʰeh₁si, form of ine-pro *dʰédʰeh₁ti). Alternative forms ang -es Anglian Suffix verbf 1 marks the second-person singular of class I weak verbs ang fremman<t:to perform> fremest<t:you perform> Descendants enm -est second-person singular Welsh Alternative forms cy -aist Pronunciation cy /ɛsd/ [ɛst] Suffix cy suffix cy colloquial verb suffix for the second-person singular preterite Derived terms cy