-ka

ka- Appendix:Variations of "ka" Azerbaijani Etymology az ru -ка. Popularized during late 2000s and early 2010s, initially gaining prominence during Soviet period. Suffix az suffix az colloquial proscribed Diminutive suffix. az -ş -i -çik<qq:Russianism> az Aynur -ka Ayka az Nuray -ka Nurka az Yusif -ka Yuska az Günay -ka Günka az şirin<t:sweet, cute> -ka şirinka<t:sweetie, cutie> az qlamur<t:glamour> -ka qlamurka<t:a glam girl, diva; a female member of a certain subculture centered around make-up and certain narcissistic attitudes> Usage notes Often added to a diminutive formed with the -ş suffix and/or -i diminutive suffixes: az Əliş -ka Əlişka az xalaş -ka xalaşka az qaqaş -ka qaqaşka az civiş -ka civişka Basque Suffix eu suffix Used to form adverbs from nouns. eu tarte tarteka gap, interval intermittently looking for eu ote oteka gorse, furze looking for gorse divided in, distributed in eu talde taldeka group in groups Derived terms eu Curripaco Suffix kpc suffix progressive tense marker nuiraka : I am drinking References Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, Agreement in two Arawak languages, in The Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, 0199238383), page 398 Czech Etymology cs :inh sla-pro:*-ъka + 1 Pronunciation Suffix f appended to words to create a feminine version of a noun, especially a profession, origin, or proper name cs lékař lékařka Suffix f,m-an appended to words to create a diminutive form of a noun cs vlna vlnka Derived terms cs Further reading Finnish Etymology From fi urj-fin-pro *-ka particle, from fi urj-pro *-ka. Originally probably an emphatic particle. Particle coordinating conjunctions kä fi enclitic particle functionally a conjunction, suffixed to the negation verb to join two main clauses; and (not) (see fi eikä) fi ei → fi eikä eikä fi non-productive Used for emphasis or for prosodic purposes fi saati → fi saatikka saatikka fi non-productive Extends monosyllabic stems to avoid words with only a single light syllable. fi jo- → fi joka joka, fi ku- → fi kuka kuka, fi mi- → fi mikä mikä Usage notes This particle is no longer productive. In some words the particle may appear as fi -kka; this is either due to the previous word incurring gemination, or from an earlier fi -hka (with a preceding fi -h-). Derived terms fi fi -kalainen eikä<qq:the most common usage of this clitic> Further reading Gagauz Alternative forms gag -yka after vowels Etymology gag bg -ка. Pronunciation gag /kɑ/ Always unstressed Suffix gag suffix forms feminine singular nouns from originally masculine or genderless nouns gag başkan başkanka president female president forms nouns from other nouns gag kuş -ka bird birdcage kuşka Usage notes Unlike most suffixes, this suffix is not subject to vowel harmony. Derived terms gag Further reading 622 -ка Hungarian Etymology From hu fiu-pro -. Compare fi -kka and mns-nor -кве. Pronunciation hu kɒ 1 Suffix hu suffix diminutive suffixes hu diminutive hu diminutive suffix Added to a word to express smallness, youth, unimportance, or endearment. When added to present participles, it can also express the instrument or place of the action indicated in the base word. hu cukor sugar cukorka candy hu asztal table asztalka small table hu jár to walk → hu járó walking → hu járóka playpen Usage notes diminutive suffix Variants: hu -ka is added to back-vowel words hu -ke is added to front-vowel words Derived terms hu diminutive adjective hu diminutive noun hu proper noun hu proper noun clipping See also -cska Appendix:Hungarian suffixes Ilocano Etymology ilo :inh poz-pro:*ka + 1 Pronunciation ilo /ka/ Pronoun pronoun 1 Second-person absolutive enclitic personal pronoun; you ilo Napankan? Did you go already? ilo Estudianteka. You are a student. Fused enclitic with first-person singular agent and second-person singular patient; fuses ilo -ko I, my and ilo -ka you ilo Ay-ayatenka. I love you. ilo Estudianteka. You are my student. See also ilo enclitics Ingrian Etymology 1 From izh urj-fin-pro *-ka. Cognates include fi -kä -ka. Pronunciation Particle izh particle clitics front-vowel variant -kä Used to turn a clause interrogative. Used after negative verbs to join two verb clauses: neither, nor, and not Usage notes In the interrogative function, when added to verbs, -ka is only used after the consonant -t. Otherwise, the reduced form izh -k or its alternative form izh -ko/izh -kö is used. In the joining function, an alternative izh -k is (rarely) also used. Suffix -kä izh unproductive Used in some words to introduce an interrogative aspect. izh urj-fin-pro *mi *mi- mikä izh urj-fin-pro *ku *ku- kuka izh unproductive Used in some words to introduce a negative aspect. Derived terms izh Etymology 2 Akin to dialectal fi kaa -kaa and et -ga. Pronunciation -kaa Suffix -kä izh chiefly Ala-Laukaa Used to form the comitative case when added to a genitive of a noun. References 118 Japanese Romanization か Kambera Pronoun xbr pronoun first person singular accusative enclitic Particle xbr particle perfective aspect enclitic xbr Na-mutung-ka. It burned down. See also xbr pronominal clitics Kashubian Etymology csb nominal :inh sla-pro:*-ъka<id:suffix> 1 + Pronunciation - - Suffix csb suffix f forms feminine nouns, sometimes diminutive in nature csb bednôrz bednôrka csb czãsc cząstka Derived terms csb Lower Sorbian Etymology From dsb sla-pro *-ъka. Suffix dsb suffix f diminutive suffixes noun-forming suffixes female equivalent suffixes added to masculine nouns to form a feminine added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive Derived terms dsb Lower Tanana Etymology From taa ath-pro *-qeˑ. Cognate with tfn -qa, nv -ké. Suffix taa suffix Forms the plural of nouns referring to humans and dogs, especially younger relatives. taa -'ina -na -yi Usage notes Typically refers to two to four people. Refers to smaller numbers of people than taa -'ina and taa -yi. Derived terms taa References 234 Norwegian Nynorsk Alternative forms nn -ke Etymology From nn non -ka causative verb suffix, from nn gem-pro *-ukōną intensive, frequentative, or causative verb suffix. Compare is -ka, fo -ka, sv -ka, da -ke and nb -ke. Related to de -chen, nl -ken and en -k. Pronunciation nn /kɑ/ Suffix nn suffix nn no longer productive Used to form causative verbs from adjectives nn grøn<t:green> grønka<t:to greenen> nn blid<t:happy> blidka<t:to cheer up> nn dyr<t:expensive> dyrka<t:to worship, cultivate> nn no longer productive Used to form inchoative verbs from nouns nn træl<t:slave> trælka<t:to subdue> nn id<t:labour> idka<t:to engage in> nn no longer productive Used to form iterative verbs from other verbs nn gnida<t:to rub> gnikka<t:to rub hard and rapidly> nn vrida<t:to twist> vrikka<t:to wriggle> Usage notes The suffix is not productive in the standard language; its role has been superseded by nn -e, nn -a infinitive ending. Most verbs formed with -ka are conjugated as a-verbs: å grønka, grønkar, grønka, har grønka å idka, idkar, idka, har idka å gnikka, gnikkar, gnikka, har gnikka Most verbal nouns are formed with nn -ing f or by dropping the -a: å dyrka → ei nn dyrking å seinka → ei nn seinking å vrikka → eit nn vrikk Derived terms nn See also nn -ja causative verb suffix nn -na inchoative verb suffix nn -sa intensifying verb suffix nn -la diminutive and iterative verb suffix nn -ta deadverbial verb suffix nn -ra iterative verb suffix nn -ga transitivising verb suffix References nn verb-forming suffixes Old Norse Etymology From non gem-pro *-ukōną. Suffix non suffix turns an adjective into a causative verb non víð víðka non þurr þurka turns a noun into a transitive verb non lit litka Descendants is -ka fo -ka nn -ka sv -ka da -ke Old Polish Etymology zlw-opl nominal :inh sla-pro:*-ъka<id:suffix> 1 + Pronunciation Suffix zlw-opl suffix f feminine noun suffix zlw-opl ambroże ambrożka Derived terms zlw-opl Descendants pl -ka szl -ka Suffix zlw-opl suffix form n zlw-opl -ko gen s ; nom//voc p Old Slovak Etymology zlw-osk :inh sla-pro:*-ъka + + Prefix zlw-osk prefix suffix used to form feminine nouns forming feminine counterparts to masculine nouns (motionals): -ess, -er, -ist zlw-osk prať<t:washerman> -ka práčka<t:washerwoman> zlw-osk robotník<t:worker> -ka robotníčka<t:female worker> forming diminutives or expressing endearment: -ie, -let, -y zlw-osk ruka<t:hand> -ka rúčka<t:little hand> zlw-osk dcéra<t:daughter> -ka dcérka<t:little daughter> Derived terms zlw-osk Descendants sk -ka Pipil Suffix ppl suffix Forms nouns from verbs or adjectives Further reading Campbell, L. (1985). The Pipil Language of El Salvador. Mouton De Gruyter. p.48 Polish Etymology pl nominal :inh zlw-opl:-ka<id:nominal> 1 + Pronunciation LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf--ka.wav Suffix pl suffix f diminutive suffixes feminine noun suffix pl -na pl Azjata Azjatka diminutive noun suffix pl część cząstka Declension - k Derived terms pl Suffix pl suffix form n pl -ko gen s ; nom//voc p Further reading Serbo-Croatian Etymology sh :inh sla-pro:*-ъka sh sla-pro *-ъka. Suffix Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, denoting a part, profession, feature, membership, origin, social status, complexion, proper name, abstract noun or animal's name. Derived terms sh See also sh -inka sh -enka sh -ovka Silesian Etymology szl nominal :inh zlw-opl:-ka<id:nominal> 1 + Pronunciation Suffix szl suffix f diminutive suffixes forms feminine nouns, sometimes diminutive in nature szl bednŏrz bednŏrka pl kość kostka Derived terms szl Slovak Etymology sk :inh zlw-osk:-ka + + Pronunciation Suffix sk suffix diminutive suffixes suffix used to form feminine nouns forming feminine counterparts to masculine nouns (motionals): -ess, -er, -ist sk žiak<t:male student> -ka žiačka<t:female student> sk lekár<t:doctor> -ka lekárka<t:female doctor> forming diminutives or expressing endearment: -ie, -let, -y sk ruka<t:hand> -ka rúčka<t:little hand> sk dcéra<t:daughter> -ka dcérka<t:little daughter> forming nouns denoting tools, objects, or results of an action sk písaný<t:written> -ka písanka<t:exercise book/copybook> sk rezaný<t:cut> -ka rezanka<t:chopped straw> sk čítaný<t:read> -ka čítanka<t:reader/reading book> forming colloquial or shortened names for objects or concepts sk občiansky<t:civil/citizen's> -ka občianka<t:ID card (colloquial)> denoting a number or a specific unit: -er sk päť<t:five> -ka päťka<t:number five/the figure 5> sk sto<t:hundred> -ka stovka<t:a hundred/100-euro bill> Declension f -ok -kam -kach Derived terms sk Slovincian Etymology zlw-slv nominal :inh sla-pro:*-ъka<id:suffix> 1 + Pronunciation - - Suffix zlw-slv suffix f forms feminine nouns, sometimes diminutive in nature zlw-slv bednorz bednorka zlw-slv jagôda jagódka Derived terms zlw-slv Somali Article so article feminine -ta Suffixation of so ka. Usage notes This form is used after the consonants -b, -d, -f, -l, -n, -r, -s and -sh. After words ending in -g, -aa, -i, -y and -w, the form so -ga is used. Swahili Suffix sw suffix sw -ika used in some verbs ending in -ia, in all verbs ending in -e, in conversive verbs ending in -oa, or -ua, in all words ending in -i, and in nouns and adjectives ending in -u sw sikia<alt:-sikia><t:to hear> sikika<alt:-sikika><t:to audible> sw fungua<alt:-fungua><t:to open> funguka<alt:-funguka><t:to be opened> sw shughuli<t:occupation, trade> shughulika<alt:-shughulika><t:to be busy> Derived terms Swahili stative verbs Swedish Etymology From sv non -ka, from sv gem-pro *-ukōną, gem-pro *-ikōną. Suffix sv suffix sv no longer productive Used to form nouns from adjectives sv hal halka slippery slipperiness sv no longer productive Used to form verbs from adjectives, nouns or other verbs sv blid blidka mild to placate sv ja jaka a yes to say yes sv stöna stånka to moan to huff and puff References svetym 0046.html -ka Upper Sorbian Etymology hsb :inh sla-pro:*-ъka + 1 Suffix hsb suffix f diminutive suffixes added to masculine nouns to form a feminine added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive Derived terms hsb Votic Etymology From vot kaaz, vot kaa. Compare et -ga, izh -ka. Pronunciation vot /-kɑː/ vot [-kɑ] Luutsa,Liivčülä Suffix vot suffix Forms the comitative case to mean "with" (accompanying, implement, etc.); added to the genitive forms. Usage notes This suffix is not subject to vowel harmony. Ye'kwana Pronunciation Etymology 1 Cognate to car ka to take away, to deprive of verb, tri -ka privative verbalizer. Alternative forms mch -kkwa allomorphsmch also -cha? Suffix mch suffix mch privative forms privative transitive verbs from nouns, with a meaning of ‘to deprive of X’, ‘to extract X from’, ‘to X away’: dis-, ex- Usage notes This suffix exists in related languages but is rare in spontaneous speech and possibly non-productive in Ye'kwana. When it does occur, it can trigger syllable reduction and in some cases become mch -kkwa. Derived terms mch Etymology 2 From mch sai-car-pro *-ka suffix forming allative postpositions. Suffix mch suffix mch allative forms allative or locative postpositions: to, at Derived terms mch -ka (allative) Etymology 3 Suffix mch suffix allomorph of mch -a nonpast or past imperfective suffix used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with mch k References 148 -ka Douglas, Jordan A. G. (2019) A Formal and Semantic Reconstruction of Cariban Postpositions, page 34–36