Last Supper

thumb|Simon Ushakov's icon of the Mystical Supper, 1685 The Last Supper is the final meal that, in the Gospel accounts, Jesus shared with his apostles in Jerusalem before his crucifixion. The Last Supper is commemorated by Christians especially on Holy Thursday. The Last Supper provides the scriptural basis for the Eucharist, also known as "Holy Communion". Jesus having a final meal with his disciples is almost beyond dispute among scholars, and belongs to the framework of the narrative of Jesus' life. Quotes about New Testament Now the first day of the feast of unleavened bread the disciples came to Jesus, saying unto him, Where wilt thou that we prepare for thee to eat the passover? And he said, Go into the city to such a man, and say unto him, The Master saith, My time is at hand; I will keep the passover at thy house with my disciples. And the disciples did as Jesus had appointed them; and they made ready the passover. Now when the even was come, he sat down with the twelve. And as they did eat, he said, Verily I say unto you, that one of you shall betray me. And they were exceeding sorrowful, and began every one of them to say unto him, Lord, is it I? And he answered and said, He that dippeth his hand with me in the dish, the same shall betray me. The Son of man goeth as it is written of him: but woe unto that man by whom the Son of man is betrayed! it had been good for that man if he had not been born. Then Judas, which betrayed him, answered and said, Master, is it I? He said unto him, Thou hast said. And as they were eating, Jesus took bread, and blessed it, and brake it, and gave it to the disciples, and said, Take, eat; this is my body. And he took the cup, and gave thanks, and gave it to them, saying, Drink ye all of it; for this is my blood of the new testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins. But I say unto you, I will not drink henceforth of this fruit of the vine, until that day when I drink it new with you in my Father's kingdom. Gospel of Matthew 26:17-29 KJV. And the first day of unleavened bread, when they killed the passover, his disciples said unto him, Where wilt thou that we go and prepare that thou mayest eat the passover? And he sendeth forth two of his disciples, and saith unto them, Go ye into the city, and there shall meet you a man bearing a pitcher of water: follow him. And wheresoever he shall go in, say ye to the goodman of the house, The Master saith, Where is the guestchamber, where I shall eat the passover with my disciples? And he will shew you a large upper room furnished and prepared: there make ready for us. And his disciples went forth, and came into the city, and found as he had said unto them: and they made ready the passover. And in the evening he cometh with the twelve. And as they sat and did eat, Jesus said, Verily I say unto you, One of you which eateth with me shall betray me. And they began to be sorrowful, and to say unto him one by one, Is it I? and another said, Is it I? And he answered and said unto them, It is one of the twelve, that dippeth with me in the dish. The Son of man indeed goeth, as it is written of him: but woe to that man by whom the Son of man is betrayed! good were it for that man if he had never been born. And as they did eat, Jesus took bread, and blessed, and brake it, and gave to them, and said, Take, eat: this is my body. And he took the cup, and when he had given thanks, he gave it to them: and they all drank of it. And he said unto them, This is my blood of the new testament, which is shed for many. Verily I say unto you, I will drink no more of the fruit of the vine, until that day that I drink it new in the kingdom of God. Gospel of Mark 14:12-25 KJV. Then came the day of unleavened bread, when the passover must be killed. And he sent Peter and John, saying, Go and prepare us the passover, that we may eat. And they said unto him, Where wilt thou that we prepare? And he said unto them, Behold, when ye are entered into the city, there shall a man meet you, bearing a pitcher of water; follow him into the house where he entereth in. And ye shall say unto the goodman of the house, The Master saith unto thee, Where is the guestchamber, where I shall eat the passover with my disciples? And he shall shew you a large upper room furnished: there make ready. And they went, and found as he had said unto them: and they made ready the passover. And when the hour was come, he sat down, and the twelve apostles with him. And he said unto them, With desire I have desired to eat this passover with you before I suffer: for I say unto you, I will not any more eat thereof, until it be fulfilled in the kingdom of God. And he took the cup, and gave thanks, and said, Take this, and divide it among yourselves: for I say unto you, I will not drink of the fruit of the vine, until the kingdom of God shall come. And he took bread, and gave thanks, and brake it, and gave unto them, saying, This is my body which is given for you: this do in remembrance of me. Likewise also the cup after supper, saying, This cup is the new testament in my blood, which is shed for you. But, behold, the hand of him that betrayeth me is with me on the table. And truly the Son of man goeth, as it was determined: but woe unto that man by whom he is betrayed! And they began to enquire among themselves, which of them it was that should do this thing. And there was also a strife among them, which of them should be accounted the greatest. And he said unto them, The kings of the Gentiles exercise lordship over them; and they that exercise authority upon them are called benefactors. But ye shall not be so: but he that is greatest among you, let him be as the younger; and he that is chief, as he that doth serve. For whether is greater, he that sitteth at meat, or he that serveth? is not he that sitteth at meat? but I am among you as he that serveth. Ye are they which have continued with me in my temptations. And I appoint unto you a kingdom, as my Father hath appointed unto me; that ye may eat and drink at my table in my kingdom, and sit on thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel. And the Lord said, Simon, Simon, behold, Satan hath desired to have you, that he may sift you as wheat: but I have prayed for thee, that thy faith fail not: and when thou art converted, strengthen thy brethren. And he said unto him, Lord, I am ready to go with thee, both into prison, and to death. And he said, I tell thee, Peter, the cock shall not crow this day, before that thou shalt thrice deny that thou knowest me. And he said unto them, When I sent you without purse, and scrip, and shoes, lacked ye any thing? And they said, Nothing. Then said he unto them, But now, he that hath a purse, let him take it, and likewise his scrip: and he that hath no sword, let him sell his garment, and buy one. For I say unto you, that this that is written must yet be accomplished in me, And he was reckoned among the transgressors: for the things concerning me have an end. And they said, Lord, behold, here are two swords. And he said unto them, It is enough. Gospel of Luke 22:7-38 KJV. ...and those members of the body, which we think to be less honourable, upon these we bestow more abundant honour; and our uncomely parts have more abundant comeliness. For our comely parts have no need: but God hath tempered the body together, having given more abundant honour to that part which lacked: that there should be no schism in the body; but that the members should have the same care one for another. Paul of Tarsus in the First Epistle to the Corinthians 12:23-25 KJV. Others Let us commence here, accordingly, with the notice presented by Matthew, [which runs thus]: And as they were eating, Jesus took bread, and blessed it, and broke it, and gave it to His disciples, and said, Take, eat; this is my body. Both Mark and Luke also gave this section. It is true that Luke has made mention of the cup twice over: first before He gave the bread; and, secondly, after the bread has been given. But the fact is, that what is stated in that earlier connection has been introduced, according to this writer's habit, by anticipation, while the words which he has inserted here in their proper order are left unrecorded in those previous verses, and the two passages when put together make up exactly what stands expressed by those other evangelists. John, on the other hand, has said nothing about the body and blood of the Lord in this context; but he plainly certifies that the Lord spoke to that effect on another occasion, with much greater fullness than here. At present, however, after recording how the Lord rose from supper and washed the disciples' feet, and after telling us also the reason why the Lord dealt thus with them, in expressing which He had intimated, although still obscurely, and by the use of a testimony of Scripture, the fact that He was being betrayed by the man who was to eat of His bread, at this point John comes to the section in question, which the other three evangelists also unite in introducing. He presents it thus: When Jesus had thus said, He was troubled in spirit, and testified, and said, Verily, verily, I say unto you, That one of you shall betray me. Then the disciples looked (as the same John subjoins) one on another, doubting of whom He spoke. And (as Matthew and Mark tell us) they were exceeding sorrowful, and began every one of them to say unto Him, Is it I? And He answered and said (as Matthew proceeds to state), He that dips his hand with me in the dish, the same shall betray me. Matthew also goes on to make the following addition to the preceding: The Son of man indeed goes, as it is written of Him; but woe unto that man by whom the Son of man shall be betrayed! It had been good for that man if he had not been born. Mark, too, is at one with him here as regards both the words themselves and the order of narration. Then Matthew continues thus: Then Judas, which betrayed Him, answered and said, Master, is it I? He said to him, You have said. Even these words did not say explicitly whether he was himself the man. For the sentence still admits of being understood as if its point was this, I am not the person who has said so. All this, too, may quite easily have been uttered by Judas and answered by the Lord without its being noticed by all the others. Saint Augustine of Hippo, Harmony of the Gospels, Book III, Ch. I - Of the Method in Which the Four Evangelists are Shown to Be at One in the Accounts Given of the Lord's Supper and the Indication of His Betrayer, n°. 2, as Translated by S.D.F. Salmond. From Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, First Series, Vol. 6. Edited by Philip Schaff. (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1888.) Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. Reported in newadvent.org. Prima delle parole dell'istituzione vengono i gesti: quello dello spezzare il pane e quello dell'offrire il vino. Chi spezza il pane e passa il calice è anzitutto il capofamiglia, che accoglie alla sua mensa i familiari, ma questi gesti sono anche quelli dell'ospitalità, dell'accoglienza alla comunione conviviale dello straniero, che non fa parte della casa. Questi stessi gesti, nella cena con la quale Gesù si congeda dai suoi, acquistano una profondità del tutto nuova: Egli dà un segno visibile dell'accoglienza alla mensa in cui Dio si dona. Gesù nel pane e nel vino offre e comunica Se stesso. Ma come può realizzarsi tutto questo? Come può Gesù dare, in quel momento, Se stesso? Gesù sa che la vita sta per essergli tolta attraverso il supplizio della croce, la pena capitale degli uomini non liberi, quella che Cicerone definiva la mors turpissima crucis. Con il dono del pane e del vino che offre nell'Ultima Cena, Gesù anticipa la sua morte e la sua risurrezione realizzando ciò che aveva detto nel discorso del Buon Pastore: «Io do la mia vita, per poi riprenderla di nuovo. Nessuno me la toglie: io la do da me stesso. Ho il potere di darla e il potere di riprenderla di nuovo. Questo è il comando che ho ricevuto dal Padre mio» (Gv 10,17-18). Egli quindi offre in anticipo la vita che gli sarà tolta e in questo modo trasforma la sua morte violenta in un atto libero di donazione di sé per gli altri e agli altri. La violenza subita si trasforma in un sacrificio attivo, libero e redentivo. Ancora una volta nella preghiera, iniziata secondo le forme rituali della tradizione biblica, Gesù mostra la sua identità e la determinazione a compiere fino in fondo la sua missione di amore totale, di offerta in obbedienza alla volontà del Padre. La profonda originalità del dono di Sé ai suoi, attraverso il memoriale eucaristico, è il culmine della preghiera che contrassegna la cena di addio con i suoi. Before the words of the institution come the gestures: that of breaking bread and that of offering wine. The one who breaks the bread and passes the cup is first and foremost the head of the family, who welcomes the family members to his table, but these gestures are also those of hospitality, of welcoming the foreigner, who is not part of the home, into convivial communion. These same gestures, in the supper with which Jesus takes leave of his own, acquire a completely new depth: He gives a visible sign of the welcome to the table in which God gives himself. Jesus in bread and wine offers and communicates Himself. But how can all this happen? How can Jesus give, at that moment, Himself? Jesus knows that life is about to be taken from him through the torture of the cross, the capital punishment of unfree men, what Cicero called the mors turpissima crucis. With the gift of bread and wine he offers at the Last Supper, Jesus anticipates his death and resurrection by realizing what he said in the Good Shepherd's speech: «I give my life, and then take it again. No one takes it away from me: I give it to myself. I have the power to give it and the power to take it back again. This is the command I received from my Father» (Jn 10:17-18). He then offers in advance the life that will be taken from him and in this way transforms his violent death into a free act of self-giving for others and to others. The violence suffered is transformed into an active, free and redemptive sacrifice. Once again in prayer, begun according to the ritual forms of biblical tradition, Jesus shows his identity and determination to fully fulfill his mission of total love, of offering in obedience to the will of the Father. The profound originality of Self's gift to his, through the Eucharistic memorial, is the culmination of the prayer that marks the farewell dinner with his loved ones. Pope Benedict XVI, General Audience, 12 January 2012. See also Eucharist Blood of Christ Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist Maundy (foot washing) External links Category:Biblical episodes Category:Jesus Category:Christian theology