Mary Whiton Calkins

Mary Whiton Calkins (30 March 1863 – 26 February 1930) was an American philosopher and psychologist. She pioneered equal educational and career opportunities for women psychologists. She was the first woman to become president of the American Psychological Association. Quotes The phenomenon of dreaming has rarely been discussed or investigated in a thorough and in an experimental manner; of description, of theory, of discussion, of poetic analogy and illustration there has been no end; of accurate observation almost nothing. ... The most scientific books—those of Louis Ferdinand Alfred Maury Maury and of Philippe Tissié Tissié—have been wholly or chiefly the result of the observations of abnormal subjects and in the interest, more or less distinctly, of pathology. The fullest discussion of the subject—the works of Radestock and of Spitta—are largely compilations of the recorded dreams of other people. 10.2307/1410996 1410996 Calkins Mary Whiton Statistics of Dreams The American Journal of Psychology 1893 5 3 311–343 All psychologists would agree to define their subject, at least in an introductory way, as the science of consciousness. But this definition is not enlightening unless its terms are thoroughly understood, and we must at once, therefore, proceed to discuss the nature of a science. https://books.google.com/books?id=0aSmWIKCQtEC&pg=PA3 3 An Introduction to Psychology 1908 2nd New York Macmillan (1st edition, 1901) Any serious attempt to define and to classify forms of consciousness will act as a "red flag" waved in the face of many critics. The effort to define accurately and to classify in any detail is bound, they will urge, to result in a conservative clinging to conclusions once reached and in a love of schedules and schemes for their own sake. The system maker, they will insist, is likely to subordinate the facts to his classification and to cut down the truth to the measure of his framework. 10.2307/2011639 2011639 Psychology: What is it About? The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods 1907 4 25 673–683 Calkins Mary Whiton Psychology has most often been defined as science of consciousness, but this definition does not go far enough. For consciousness does not occur impersonally. Consciousness, on the contrary, always is a somebody-being-conscious. There is never perception without a somebody who perceives, and there never is thinking unless some one thinks. And this somebody is not an isolated self but a self which is affected from without and which expresses itself in its behavior. In view of these facts psychology is more exactly defined as science of the self in relation to, or conscious of, its environment. https://books.google.com/books?id=wH8BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1 1 A First Book in Psychology 1917 3rd New York Macmillan (1st edition, 1909) External links Category:1863 births Category:1930 deaths Category:Non-fiction authors from the United States Category:Philosophers from the United States Category:Women authors from the United States Category:Women scientists from the United States