Tetragrammaton

thumb|right|The Tetragrammaton. The Tetragrammaton is the four-letter Hebrew theonym יהוה, the name of God in the Hebrew Bible. It is usually transliterated as YHWH. The four letters, written and read from right to left, are yodh, he, waw, and he. The pronunciation of the name is unknown. In English versions of the Bible, it is conventionally translated as "Lord". Observant Jews may use the terms "Adonai" ("my Lord") or "HaShem" ("the Name"), where the latter may be denoted in writing by the abbreviation ה׳. A short form of the name, ־יה, occurs at the end of the word "Hallelujah" (הַלְּלוּ־יָהּ), which means "praise יה" (or "praise the Lord"). Quotes Hebrew Bible Genesis thumb|right|The Digrammaton, יָהּ (YH), and the Tetragrammaton, יהוה (YHWH). thumb|right| The Tetragrammaton in Phoenician (12th century BCE to 150 BCE), Paleo-Hebrew (10th century BCE to 135 CE), and square Hebrew (3rd century BCE to present) scripts. right אֵלֶּה תוֹלְדוֹת הַשָּׁמַיִם וְהָאָרֶץ בְּהִבָּרְאָם בְּיוֹם עֲשׂוֹת יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים אֶרֶץ וְשָׁמָיִם׃ וְכֹל  שִׂיחַ הַשָּׂדֶה טֶרֶם יִהְיֶה בָאָרֶץ וְכׇל־עֵשֶׂב הַשָּׂדֶה טֶרֶם יִצְמָח כִּי לֹא הִמְטִיר יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים עַל־הָאָרֶץ וְאָדָם אַיִן לַעֲבֹד אֶת־הָאֲדָמָה׃ וְאֵד יַעֲלֶה מִן־הָאָרֶץ וְהִשְׁקָה אֶת־כׇּל־פְּנֵי הָאֲדָמָה׃ וַיִּיצֶר יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים אֶת־הָאָדָם עָפָר מִן־הָאֲדָמָה וַיִּפַּח בְּאַפָּיו נִשְׁמַת חַיִּים וַיְהִי הָאָדָם לְנֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה׃ Genesis 2:4–7 (MT) Translations: Such is the story of heaven and earth when they were created. When God יהוה made earth and heaven—when no shrub of the field was yet on earth and no grasses of the field had yet sprouted, because God יהוה had not sent rain upon the earth and there were no human beings to till the soil, but a flow would well up from the ground and water the whole surface of the earth—God יהוה formed the Human from the soil's humus, blowing into his nostrils the breath of life: the Human became a living being. JPS translation These are the generations of the heavens and of the earth when they were created, in the day that the Lord God made the earth and the heavens, and every plant of the field before it was in the earth, and every herb of the field before it grew: for the Lord God had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was not a man to till the ground. But there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the whole face of the ground. And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul. KJV translation Comments: Genesis 2:4 contains the first occurrence of the name יהוה in the Bible. In previous verses, God is referred to as Elohim (אלהים). right אָז הוּחַל לִקְרֹא בְּשֵׁם יְהֹוָה׃ Genesis 4:26 (MT) Translation: It was then that יהוה began to be invoked by name. JPS translation Exodus thumb|right|The Tetragrammaton as painted by Francisco Goya. Detail from the fresco Adoration of the Name of God, 1772. right אֲנִי יְהֹוָה׃ וָאֵרָא אֶל־אַבְרָהָם אֶל־יִצְחָק וְאֶל־יַעֲקֹב בְּאֵל שַׁדָּי וּשְׁמִי יְהֹוָה לֹא נוֹדַעְתִּי לָהֶם׃ Exodus 6:2–3 (MT) Translations: I am יהוה. I appeared to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as El Shaddai, but I did not make Myself known to them by My name יהוה. JPS translation I am the Lord: And I appeared unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, by the name of God Almighty, but by my name JEHOVAH was I not known to them. KJV translation I am the Lord. I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac and to Jacob as God Almighty, but by my name the Lord I did not make myself fully known to them. NIV translation thumb|right|"I ה׳ am your God." (Exodus 20:2) right אָנֹכִי יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ אֲשֶׁר הוֹצֵאתִיךָ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם מִבֵּית עֲבָדִ͏ים׃ לֹא־יִהְיֶ͏ה־לְךָ אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים עַל־פָּנָ͏ַי׃ Exodus 20:2–3 (MT) Translation: I יהוה am your God who brought you out of the land of Egypt, the house of bondage: You shall have no other gods besides Me. JPS translation Comments: See Ten Commandments. Book of Numbers thumb|right|"The Lord restores sight to the blind; the Lord makes those who are bent stand straight; the Lord loves the righteous." (Psalms 146:8) thumb|right|"You shall set aside all gifts due to יהוה from everything that is donated to you." (Numbers 18:29) right יְבָרֶכְךָ יְהֹוָה וְיִשְׁמְרֶךָ׃יָאֵר יְהֹוָה פָּנָיו אֵלֶיךָ וִיחֻנֶּךָּ׃יִשָּׂא יְהֹוָה פָּנָיו אֵלֶיךָ וְיָשֵׂם לְךָ שָׁלוֹם׃ Numbers 6:24–26 (MT) Translations: יהוה bless you and protect you!יהוה deal kindly and graciously with you!יהוה bestow [divine] favor upon you and grant you peace! JPS translation The Lord bless thee, and keep thee:The Lord make his face shine upon thee, and be gracious unto thee:The Lord lift up his countenance upon thee, and give thee peace. KJV translation Comments: Recited as part of the Priestly Blessing, an important prayer in the Jewish faith. Also recited in Christian services. Book of Deuteronomy Shema Yisrael thumb|right|"Hear, O Israel! יהוה is our God, יהוה alone." (Deuteronomy 6:4) thumb|right|"ה׳ deals death and gives life, casts down into Sheol and raises up." (1 Samuel 2:6) right שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵינוּ יְהֹוָה אֶחָד׃ Deuteronomy 6:4 (MT) Transliteration: Sh'ma Yisra'el, YHWH 'eloheinu, YHWH 'eḥad. Translations: Hear, O Israel! יהוה is our God, יהוה alone. JPS translation Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God is one Lord. KJV translation Psalms thumb|right|Memorial plaque from the Nożyk Synagogue in Warsaw, Poland. The Tetragrammaton is depicted hovering above a menorah. right יְהֹוָה פֹּקֵחַ עִוְרִיםיְהֹוָה זֹקֵף כְּפוּפִיםיְהֹוָה אֹהֵב צַדִּיקִים Psalms 146:8 (MT) Translation: The Lord restores sight to the blind;the Lord makes those who are bent stand straight;the Lord loves the righteous. JPS translation Talmud right הפותח ביו״ד וה״א וחותם ביו״ד וה״א הרי זה חכם באל״ף למ״ד וחותם ביו״ד וה״א ה״ז בינוני באל״ף למ״ד וחותם באל״ף למ״ד הרי זה בור ביו״ד וה״א וחותם באל״ף למ״ד הרי זו דרך אחרת. Tosefta Berakhot 6:26 Translation: He who begins a prayer with the Tetragrammaton and ends with it is a scholar;He who begins with Elohim and ends with the Tetragrammaton, is one of the average men;He who begins with the Tetragrammaton and ends with Elohim, is an ignoramus;He who begins with Elohim and ends with it is under suspicion of being a sectarian. Louis Finkelstein: Pharisaism in the Making: Selected Essays, ch. 11, "The Development of the Amidah", pp. 250–251. Ktav Publishing House (1972). 0-87068-178-8. Quotes about the Tetragrammaton thumb|right|"We thus find that the entire Torah is a tapestry of the Name ..." (Joseph ben Abraham Gikatilla: Sha'are Orah) We thus find that the entire Torah is a tapestry of the Name HaShem-יהו״ה. Because of this it is called, "Purely the Torah of HaShem–Torat HaShem Temimah–תורת יהו״ה תמימה." ... You then will understand how great is the punishment of someone who mentions the name of heaven in vain; how much more so, someone who pronounces the name according to its letters; even more so, someone who makes use of it! Joseph ben Abraham Gikatilla: Sha'are Orah, "Introduction", 14–15. As translated in Gates of Light: A Translation and Adaptation into English of Shaarei Orah. Rabbi Amiram Markel and Rabbi Yehudah S. Markel. The Neirot Foundation (2023). 1-312-37183-8. thumb|right|The Tetragrammaton in stained glass. From the Winchester Cathedral. When a man pronounces the Tetragrammaton, write the Cabalists, the nine heavens are shaken, and all the spirits cry out to each other: "Who thus disturbs the kingdom of heaven?" And then the earth reveals to the first heaven the sins of the foolhardy person who took the eternal one's name in vain, and the accusing Verb is transmitted from circle to circle, from star to star, and from hierarchy to hierarchy. Eliphas Levi: The Doctrine and Ritual of High Magic, ch. 3, "The Triangle of Solomon", p. 53. TarcherPerigee (2017). 0-14-311103-5. thumb|right|Symbol of the sun with the Tetragrammaton in the middle (with vowel points from "Adonai", giving the vocalization Jehovah). From Ulrika Eleonora church in Söderhamn, Sweden. For non-Jews, the most familiar Name derived from the Hebrew Bible is probably Jehovah, a mistransliteration of the four-letter Name, Yud-Hay-Vav-Hay, the Tetragrammaton or, in Hebrew, the Shem Hameforash. This Name is actually never vocalized in Hebrew—it is too sacred, too powerful. ... The Tetragrammaton is frequently shortened to Yah (Yud-Hey), Yahu or Yeho (Yod-Heh-Vav), especially when used in combination within names or phrases, as in Yehoshua (Joshua, meaning "the Lord is my Salvation"), Eliyahu (Elijah, meaning "my God is the Lord"), and Halleluyah ("praise the Lord"). George Robinson: Essential Judaism: A Complete Guide to Beliefs, Customs, and Rituals, ch. 1, "Service of the Heart: Prayer and Ritual". Pocket Books (2000). 0-671-03481-2. It thus becomes possible to determine with a fair degree of certainty the historical pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton, the results agreeing with the statement of Ex. iii. 14, in which Yhwh terms Himself אהיה "I will be", a phrase which is immediately preceded by the fuller term "I will be that I will be", or, as in the English versions, "I am" and "I am that I am". The name יהוה is accordingly derived from the root הוה (= היה), and is regarded as an imperfect. This passage is decisive for the pronunciation "Yahweh"; for the etymology was undoubtedly based on the known word. The oldest exegetes, such as Onḳelos, and the Targumim of Jerusalem and pseudo-Jonathan regard "Ehyeh" and "Ehyeh asher Ehyeh" as the name of the Divinity, and accept the etymology of "hayah" = "to be" (comp. Samuel b. Meïr, commentary on Ex. iii. 14). Crawford Howell Toy and Ludwig Blau: "Tetragrammaton". Jewish Encyclopedia. thumb|right|The Tetragrammaton in stained glass. From St Ann's Church, Manchester. The pronunciation of the Name was forbidden except to priests of the temple during the benediction of the people (Num. 6:22–7) and on the Day of Atonement, when the high priest spoke it ten times before the assembled worshippers (Lev. 16:30). Because unpointed Hebrew is composed entirely of consonants, it was possible to write the name in the books of the Torah and yet still conceal its pronunciation. It appears as יהוה, which is transliterated into the Latin characters IHVH (sometimes YHWH or JHWH). But the name could not be written in Greek without revealing the way of saying it. Josephus was a priest and knew the correct pronunciation of the Name, but states in his Antiquities (II, 12, 4) that religion forbids him to divulge it. Philo calls the Name ineffable and says that it is lawful only for those whose ears and tongues are purified by wisdom to hear and utter it in a holy place—in other words, for priests in the temple. Donald Tyson: Tetragrammaton: The Secret to Evoking Angelic Powers and the Key to the Apocalypse, "Introduction", p. 1. Llewellyn Publications (1995). 1-56718-744-7. The letters יהוה YHVH of the Tetragrammaton are used to imply the whole gamut of the four elements. י Y as the creative function of the Archetypal Realm, is Fire the Chiah; the first ה H represents the Cup, the symbol of the passive character of the Creative World, and is Water the Neschamah; ו V is the Son, the active vice-regent of the Father, and is Air the Ruach; and the final H ה is the Nephesch; the passive receptive Earth, fructifying all things. Israel Regardie: A Garden of Pomegranates (Second Edition), ch. 6, "The Literal Qabalah", p. 113. Llewellyn Publications (1987). 0-87542-690-5. thumb|right|The Tetragrammaton in stained glass. From Grace Episcopal Church in Decorah, Iowa. According to Ricius, world history may be divided into three stages based upon the names of God in the Bible. The first period was the natural period, where God reveals himself through the three-lettered divine name shaddai. Then there is the Torah period, where God reveals to Moses the divine name of four letters, the Tetragrammaton. In the final period of grace and redemption, God reveals the Tetragrammaton plus the letter shin, or the letter of the Logos (Christ), spelling yhswh, or the Kabbalistic name of Jesus. Thus, the name of Jesus, or the miraculous name, became the pronouncable name of the previously unpronouncable yhwh. Robert Wilkinson: Tetragrammaton: Western Christians and the Hebrew Name of God, p. 326. Boston: Brill (2015). 978-90-04-28462-3. See also Digrammaton Ehyeh Asher Ehyeh El El Elyon El Shaddai Elohim Hallelujah Jah Jehovah Judaism Names of God Pentagrammaton Shema Yisrael Tanakh Trigrammaton External links יהוה Tetragrammaton The Tetragrammaton on Sefaria.org Category:Bible Category:God