Tanakh

thumb|right|Front page of a 17th-century Hebrew Bible. The Tanakh (Hebrew: תָּנָ״ךְ) or Mikra or Hebrew Bible is the canonical collection of Jewish texts, which is also a textual source for the Christian Old Testament. Torah ~ Law thumb|right|Close-up of a Torah scroll. thumb|right|Close-up of a Hebrew Bible displaying Genesis 1. Bereishit ~ Genesis Genesis thumb|right|"In the beginning ..." (Genesis 1:1) thumb|right|"In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth." (Genesis 1:1) right בְּרֵאשִׁית בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים אֵת הַשָּׁמַיִם וְאֵת הָאָרֶץ׃ Genesis 1:1 (MT) Translations: In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. KJV translation When God began to create heaven and earth— JPS translation thumb|right|"And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters." (Genesis 1:2) right וְהָאָרֶץ הָיְתָה תֹהוּ וָבֹהוּ וְחֹשֶׁךְ עַל־פְּנֵי תְהוֹם וְרוּחַ אֱלֹהִים מְרַחֶפֶת עַל־פְּנֵי הַמָּיִם׃ Genesis 1:2 (MT) Translation: And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. KJV translation thumb|right|"And God said, Let there be light: and there was light." (Genesis 1:3) right וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים יְהִי אוֹר וַיְהִי־אוֹר׃ Genesis 1:3 (MT) Translation: And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. KJV translation right וַתּוֹצֵא הָאָרֶץ דֶּשֶׁא עֵשֶׂב מַזְרִיעַ זֶרַע לְמִינֵהוּ וְעֵץ עֹשֶׂה־פְּרִי אֲשֶׁר זַרְעוֹ־בוֹ לְמִינֵהוּ וַיַּרְא אֱלֹהִים כִּי־טוֹב׃ Genesis 1:12 (MT) Translation: And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was good. KJV translation right Genesis-1-27 וַיִּבְרָא אֱלֹהִים  אֶת־הָאָדָם בְּצַלְמוֹ בְּצֶלֶם אֱלֹהִים בָּרָא אֹתוֹ זָכָר וּנְקֵבָה בָּרָא אֹתָם׃ Genesis 1:27 (MT) Translation: So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them. KJV translation right אֵלֶּה תוֹלְדוֹת הַשָּׁמַיִם וְהָאָרֶץ בְּהִבָּרְאָם בְּיוֹם עֲשׂוֹת יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים אֶרֶץ וְשָׁמָיִם׃ וְכֹל  שִׂיחַ הַשָּׂדֶה טֶרֶם יִהְיֶה בָאָרֶץ וְכׇל־עֵשֶׂב הַשָּׂדֶה טֶרֶם יִצְמָח כִּי לֹא הִמְטִיר יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים עַל־הָאָרֶץ וְאָדָם אַיִן לַעֲבֹד אֶת־הָאֲדָמָה׃ וְאֵד יַעֲלֶה מִן־הָאָרֶץ וְהִשְׁקָה אֶת־כׇּל־פְּנֵי הָאֲדָמָה׃ וַיִּיצֶר יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים אֶת־הָאָדָם עָפָר מִן־הָאֲדָמָה וַיִּפַּח בְּאַפָּיו נִשְׁמַת חַיִּים וַיְהִי הָאָדָם לְנֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה׃ Genesis 2:4–7 (MT) Translation: Such is the story of heaven and earth when they were created. When God יהוה made earth and heaven—when no shrub of the field was yet on earth and no grasses of the field had yet sprouted, because God יהוה had not sent rain upon the earth and there were no human beings to till the soil, but a flow would well up from the ground and water the whole surface of the earth—God יהוה formed the Human from the soil's humus, blowing into his nostrils the breath of life: the Human became a living being. JPS translation right וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִים לֹא־טוֹב הֱיוֹת הָאָדָם לְבַדּוֹ אֶעֱשֶׂה־לּוֹ עֵזֶר כְּנֶגְדּוֹ׃ Genesis 2:18 (MT) Translation: God יהוה said, "It is not good for the Human to be alone; I will make a fitting counterpart for him." JPS translation right וַיִּקְרָא הָאָדָם שֵׁם אִשְׁתּוֹ חַוָּה כִּי הִוא הָיְתָה אֵם כׇּל־חָי׃ Genesis 3:20 (MT) Translation: The Human named his wife Eve, because she was the mother of all the living. JPS translation right אָז הוּחַל לִקְרֹא בְּשֵׁם יְהֹוָה׃ Genesis 4:26 (MT) Translation: It was then that יהוה began to be invoked by name. JPS translation thumb|right|"Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language ..." (Genesis 11:6) right וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה הֵן עַם אֶחָד וְשָׂפָה אַחַת לְכֻלָּם וְזֶה הַחִלָּם לַעֲשׂוֹת וְעַתָּה לֹא־יִבָּצֵר מֵהֶם כֹּל אֲשֶׁר יָזְמוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת׃ הָבָה נֵרְדָה וְנָבְלָה שָׁם שְׂפָתָם אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִשְׁמְעוּ אִישׁ שְׂפַת רֵעֵהוּ׃ Genesis 11:6–7 (MT) Translation: And the Lord said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do. Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another's speech. KJV translation right לֶךְ־לְךָ מֵאַרְצְךָ וּמִמּוֹלַדְתְּךָ וּמִבֵּית אָבִיךָ אֶל־הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר אַרְאֶךָּ׃ Genesis 12:1 (MT) Translation: Go forth from your native land and from your father's house to the land that I will show you. JPS translation right וְאֶעֶשְׂךָ לְגוֹי גָּדוֹל וַאֲבָרֶכְךָ וַאֲגַדְּלָה שְׁמֶךָ וֶהְיֵה בְּרָכָה׃ Genesis 12:2 (MT) Translation: I will make of you a great nation,And I will bless you;I will make your name great,And you shall be a blessing. JPS translation thumb|right|"I am El Shaddai. Walk in My ways and be blameless. I will establish My covenant between Me and you, and I will make you exceedingly numerous." (Genesis 17:1–2) right וַיְהִי אַבְרָם בֶּן־תִּשְׁעִים שָׁנָה וְתֵשַׁע שָׁנִים וַיֵּרָא יְהֹוָה אֶל־אַבְרָם וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו אֲנִי־אֵל שַׁדַּי הִתְהַלֵּךְ לְפָנַי וֶהְיֵה תָמִים׃ וְאֶתְּנָה בְרִיתִי בֵּינִי וּבֵינֶךָ וְאַרְבֶּה אוֹתְךָ בִּמְאֹד מְאֹד׃ Genesis 17:1–2 (MT) Translations: When Abram was ninety-nine years old, יהוה appeared to Abram and said to him, "I am El Shaddai. Walk in My ways and be blameless. I will establish My covenant between Me and you, and I will make you exceedingly numerous." JPS translation And when Abram was ninety years old and nine, the Lord appeared to Abram, and said unto him, I am the Almighty God; walk before me, and be thou perfect. And I will make my covenant between me and thee, and will multiply thee exceedingly. KJV translation When Abram was ninety-nine years old, the Lord appeared to him and said, "I am God Almighty; walk before me faithfully and be blameless. Then I will make my covenant between me and you and will greatly increase your numbers." NIV translation right וַיֹּאמֶר לֹא יַעֲקֹב יֵאָמֵר עוֹד שִׁמְךָ כִּי אִם־יִשְׂרָאֵל כִּי־שָׂרִיתָ עִם־אֱלֹהִים וְעִם־אֲנָשִׁים וַתּוּכָל׃ Genesis 32:29 (MT) Translation: Thy name shall be called no more Jacob, but Israel: for as a prince hast thou power with God and with men, and hast prevailed. KJV translation Shemot ~ Exodus Exodus thumb|right|"And God said unto Moses, I Am That I Am: and he said, Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, I Am hath sent me unto you." (Exodus 3:14) right Exodus-3-13 וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִים הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי בָא אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאָמַרְתִּי לָהֶם אֱלֹהֵי אֲבוֹתֵיכֶם שְׁלָחַנִי אֲלֵיכֶם וְאָמְרוּ־לִי מַה־שְּׁמוֹ מָה אֹמַר אֲלֵהֶם׃ וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים אֶל־מֹשֶׁה אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה וַיֹּאמֶר כֹּה תֹאמַר לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶהְיֶה שְׁלָחַנִי אֲלֵיכֶם׃ Exodus 3:13–14 (MT) Translations: Moses said to God, "When I come to the Israelites and say to them, 'The God of your fathers' [house] has sent me to you,' and they ask me, 'What is [God's] name?' what shall I say to them?" And God said to Moses, "Ehyeh-Asher-Ehyeh," continuing, "Thus shall you say to the Israelites, 'Ehyeh sent me to you.'" JPS translation And Moses said unto God, Behold, when I come unto the children of Israel, and shall say unto them, The God of your fathers hath sent me unto you; and they shall say to me, What is his name? what shall I say unto them? And God said unto Moses, I Am That I Am: and he said, Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, I Am hath sent me unto you. KJV translation right וְאַחַר בָּאוּ מֹשֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֶל־פַּרְעֹה כֹּה־אָמַר יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל שַׁלַּח אֶת־עַמִּי וְיָחֹגּוּ לִי בַּמִּדְבָּר׃ Exodus 5:1 (MT) Translation: Afterward Moses and Aaron went and said to Pharaoh, "Thus says יהוה, the God of Israel: Let My people go that they may celebrate a festival for Me in the wilderness." JPS translation thumb|right|"I am יהוה. I appeared to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as El Shaddai, but I did not make Myself known to them by My name יהוה." (Exodus 6:2–3) right וַיְדַבֵּר אֱלֹהִים אֶל־מֹשֶׁה וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו אֲנִי יְהֹוָה׃ וָאֵרָא אֶל־אַבְרָהָם אֶל־יִצְחָק וְאֶל־יַעֲקֹב בְּאֵל שַׁדָּי וּשְׁמִי יְהֹוָה לֹא נוֹדַעְתִּי לָהֶם׃ Exodus 6:2–3 (MT) Translations: God spoke to Moses and said to him, "I am יהוה. I appeared to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as El Shaddai, but I did not make Myself known to them by My name יהוה." JPS translation And God spake unto Moses, and said unto him, I am the Lord: And I appeared unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, by the name of God Almighty, but by my name JEHOVAH was I not known to them. KJV translation God also said to Moses, "I am the Lord. I appeared to Abraham, to Isaac and to Jacob as God Almighty, but by my name the Lord I did not make myself fully known to them." NIV translation thumb|right|"The Lord is my strength and my might, and he has become my salvation." (Exodus 15:2) right וַיֵּט מֹשֶׁה אֶת־יָדוֹ עַל־הַיָּם וַיּוֹלֶךְ יְהֹוָה אֶת־הַיָּם בְּרוּחַ קָדִים עַזָּה כׇּל־הַלַּיְלָה וַיָּשֶׂם אֶת־הַיָּם לֶחָרָבָה וַיִּבָּקְעוּ הַמָּיִם׃ Exodus 14:21 (MT) Translation: And Moses stretched out his hand over the sea; and the Lord caused the sea to go back by a strong east wind all that night, and made the sea dry land, and the waters were divided. KJV translation right עׇזִּי וְזִמְרָת יָהּ וַיְהִי־לִי לִישׁוּעָה זֶה אֵלִי וְאַנְוֵהוּ אֱלֹהֵי אָבִי וַאֲרֹמְמֶנְהוּ׃ Exodus 15:2 (MT) Translation: The Lord is my strength and my might,  and he has become my salvation;this is my God, and I will praise him;  my father's God, and I will exalt him. NRSVUE translation thumb|right|"I יהוה am your God who brought you out of the land of Egypt, the house of bondage: You shall have no other gods besides Me." (Exodus 20:2–3) right Exodus-20-2 אָנֹכִי יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ אֲשֶׁר הוֹצֵאתִיךָ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם מִבֵּית עֲבָדִ͏ים׃ לֹא־יִהְיֶ͏ה־לְךָ אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים עַל־פָּנָ͏ַי׃ Exodus 20:2–3 (MT) Translation: I יהוה am your God who brought you out of the land of Egypt, the house of bondage: You shall have no other gods besides Me. JPS translation Comments: See Ten Commandments. thumb|right|"You shall not murder. You shall not commit adultery. You shall not steal. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor." (Exodus 20:13) right לֹא תִּרְצָ͏ח׃ לֹא תִּנְאָ͏ף׃ לֹא תִּגְנֹב׃ לֹא־תַעֲנֶה בְרֵעֲךָ עֵד שָׁקֶר׃ לֹא תַחְמֹד בֵּית רֵעֶךָ לֹא־תַחְמֹד אֵשֶׁת רֵעֶךָ וְעַבְדּוֹ וַאֲמָתוֹ וְשׁוֹרוֹ וַחֲמֹרוֹ וְכֹל אֲשֶׁר לְרֵעֶךָ׃ Exodus 20:13–14 (MT) Translation: You shall not murder. You shall not commit adultery. You shall not steal. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor. You shall not covet your neighbor's house: you shall not covet your neighbor's wife, or male or female slave, or ox or ass, or anything that is your neighbor's. JPS translation right וְגֵר לֹא־תוֹנֶה וְלֹא תִלְחָצֶנּוּ כִּי־גֵרִים הֱיִיתֶם בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם׃ Exodus 22:20 (MT) Translation: You shall not wrong a stranger or oppress him, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt. NASB translation right לֹא־תִהְיֶה אַחֲרֵי־רַבִּים לְרָעֹת Exodus 23:2 (MT) Translation: Thou shalt not follow a multitude to do evil. KJV translation right מִדְּבַר־שֶׁקֶר תִּרְחָק Exodus 23:7 (MT) Translation: Keep thee far from a false matter. KJV translation right וְשֹׁחַד לֹא תִקָּח כִּי הַשֹּׁחַד יְעַוֵּר פִּקְחִים וִיסַלֵּף דִּבְרֵי צַדִּיקִים׃ Exodus 23:8 (MT) Translation: Thou shalt take no gift: for the gift blindeth the wise, and perverteth the words of the righteous. KJV translation Vayikra ~ Leviticus thumb|right|"You shall keep My laws and My rules, by the pursuit of which human beings shall live: I am יהוה." (Leviticus 18:5) right אֶת־מִשְׁפָּטַי תַּעֲשׂוּ וְאֶת־חֻקֹּתַי תִּשְׁמְרוּ לָלֶכֶת בָּהֶם אֲנִי יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם׃ וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם אֶת־חֻקֹּתַי וְאֶת־מִשְׁפָּטַי אֲשֶׁר יַעֲשֶׂה אֹתָם הָאָדָם וָחַי בָּהֶם אֲנִי יְהֹוָה׃ Leviticus 18:4–5 (MT) Translation: Ye shall do my judgments, and keep mine ordinances, to walk therein: I am the Lord your God. Ye shall therefore keep my statutes, and my judgments: which if a man do, he shall live in them: I am the Lord. KJV translation right קְדֹשִׁים תִּהְיוּ כִּי קָדוֹשׁ אֲנִי יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם׃ Leviticus 19:2 (MT) Translation: Ye shall be holy: for I the Lord your God am holy. KJV translation right לֹא־תִקֹּם וְלֹא־תִטֹּר אֶת־בְּנֵי עַמֶּךָ וְאָהַבְתָּ לְרֵעֲךָ כָּמוֹךָ אֲנִי יְהֹוָה׃ Leviticus 19:18 (MT) Translations: Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself: I am the Lord. KJV translation right כְּאֶזְרָח מִכֶּם יִהְיֶה לָכֶם הַגֵּר הַגָּר אִתְּכֶם וְאָהַבְתָּ לוֹ כָּמוֹךָ כִּי־גֵרִים הֱיִיתֶם בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם אֲנִי יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם׃ Leviticus 19:34 (MT) Translation: The stranger that dwelleth with you shall be unto you as one born among you, and thou shalt love him as thyself; for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt: I am the Lord your God. KJV translation Devarim ~ Deuteronomy Book of Deuteronomy Shema Yisrael V'ahavta thumb|right|"Hear, O Israel! יהוה is our God, יהוה alone." (Deuteronomy 6:4) right Deuteronomy-6-4 שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵינוּ יְהֹוָה אֶחָד׃ Deuteronomy 6:4 (MT) Transliteration: Sh'ma Yisra'el, YHWH 'eloheinu, YHWH 'eḥad. Translations: Hear, O Israel! יהוה is our God, יהוה alone. NJPS translation Hear, O Israel! The Lord is our God, the Lord alone. JPS translation Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God is one Lord. KJV translation Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one. NIV translation  Hear, O Israel! The Lord is our God, the Lord is one! NASB translation thumb|right|"Take to heart these instructions with which I charge you this day." (Deuteronomy 6:6) right וְאָהַבְתָּ אֵת יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ בְּכׇל־לְבָבְךָ וּבְכׇל־נַפְשְׁךָ וּבְכׇל־מְאֹדֶךָ׃ Deuteronomy 6:5 (MT) Translations: You shall love your God יהוה with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your might. JPS translation And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might. KJV translation thumb|right|"Bind them as a sign on your hand and let them serve as a symbol on your forehead." (Deuteronomy 6:8) thumb|right|"Inscribe them on the doorposts of your house and on your gates." (Deuteronomy 6:9) right וְהָיוּ הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוְּךָ הַיּוֹם עַל־לְבָבֶךָ׃ וְשִׁנַּנְתָּם לְבָנֶיךָ וְדִבַּרְתָּ בָּם בְּשִׁבְתְּךָ בְּבֵיתֶךָ וּבְלֶכְתְּךָ בַדֶּרֶךְ וּבְשׇׁכְבְּךָ וּבְקוּמֶךָ׃ וּקְשַׁרְתָּם לְאוֹת עַל־יָדֶךָ וְהָיוּ לְטֹטָפֹת בֵּין עֵינֶיךָ׃ וּכְתַבְתָּם עַל־מְזֻזוֹת בֵּיתֶךָ וּבִשְׁעָרֶיךָ׃ Deuteronomy 6:6–9 (MT) Translations: Take to heart these instructions with which I charge you this day. Impress them upon your children. Recite them when you stay at home and when you are away, when you lie down and when you get up. Bind them as a sign on your hand and let them serve as a symbol on your forehead; inscribe them on the doorposts of your house and on your gates. JPS translation Keep these words that I am commanding you today in your heart. Recite them to your children and talk about them when you are at home and when you are away, when you lie down and when you rise. Bind them as a sign on your hand, fix them as an emblem on your forehead, and write them on the doorposts of your house and on your gates. NRSVA translation right וְהָיָה אִם־שָׁמֹעַ תִּשְׁמְעוּ אֶל־מִצְוֺתַי אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוֶּה אֶתְכֶם הַיּוֹם לְאַהֲבָה אֶת־יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם וּלְעׇבְדוֹ בְּכׇל־לְבַבְכֶם וּבְכׇל־נַפְשְׁכֶם׃ וְנָתַתִּי מְטַר־אַרְצְכֶם בְּעִתּוֹ יוֹרֶה וּמַלְקוֹשׁ וְאָסַפְתָּ דְגָנֶךָ וְתִירֹשְׁךָ וְיִצְהָרֶךָ׃ וְנָתַתִּי עֵשֶׂב בְּשָׂדְךָ לִבְהֶמְתֶּךָ וְאָכַלְתָּ וְשָׂבָעְתָּ׃ Deuteronomy 11:13–15 (MT) Translation: If, then, you obey the commandments that I enjoin upon you this day, loving your God יהוה and serving [God] with all your heart and soul, I will grant the rain for your land in season, the early rain and the late. You shall gather in your new grain and wine and oil—I will also provide grass in the fields for your cattle—and thus you shall eat your fill. JPS translation right נָתוֹן תִּתֵּן לוֹ וְלֹא־יֵרַע לְבָבְךָ בְּתִתְּךָ לוֹ כִּי בִּגְלַל הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה יְבָרֶכְךָ יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ בְּכׇל־מַעֲשֶׂךָ וּבְכֹל מִשְׁלַח יָדֶךָ׃ Deuteronomy 15:10 (MT) Translation: Give readily and have no regrets when you do so, for in return your God יהוה will bless you in all your efforts and in all your undertakings. JPS translation right צֶדֶק צֶדֶק תִּרְדֹּף לְמַעַן תִּחְיֶה וְיָרַשְׁתָּ אֶת־הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר־יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ נֹתֵן לָךְ׃ Deuteronomy 16:20 (MT) Translation: That which is altogether just shalt thou follow, that thou mayest live, and inherit the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee. KJV translation right תָּמִים תִּהְיֶה עִם יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ׃ Deuteronomy 18:13 (MT) Translation: Thou shalt be perfect with the Lord thy God. KJV translation Nevi'im ~ Prophets Shmuel Aleph ~ 1 Samuel thumb|right|"The Lord deals death and gives life, casts down into Sheol and raises up." (1 Samuel 2:6) right יְהֹוָה מֵמִית וּמְחַיֶּה מוֹרִיד שְׁאוֹל וַיָּעַל׃ 1 Samuel 2:6 (MT) Translations: The Lord deals death and gives life, casts down into Sheol and raises up. JPS translation The Lord killeth, and maketh alive: he bringeth down to the grave, and bringeth up. KJV translation The Lord brings death and makes alive; he brings down to the grave and raises up. NIV translation Divrei Hayamim Aleph ~ 1 Chronicles right לְךָ יְהֹוָה הַגְּדֻלָּה וְהַגְּבוּרָה וְהַתִּפְאֶרֶת וְהַנֵּצַח וְהַהוֹד כִּי־כֹל בַּשָּׁמַיִם וּבָאָרֶץ לְךָ יְהֹוָה הַמַּמְלָכָה וְהַמִּתְנַשֵּׂא לְכֹל  לְרֹאשׁ׃ וְהָעֹשֶׁר וְהַכָּבוֹד מִלְּפָנֶיךָ וְאַתָּה מוֹשֵׁל בַּכֹּל וּבְיָדְךָ כֹּחַ וּגְבוּרָה וּבְיָדְךָ לְגַדֵּל וּלְחַזֵּק לַכֹּל׃ וְעַתָּה אֱלֹהֵינוּ מוֹדִים אֲנַחְנוּ לָךְ וּמְהַלְלִים לְשֵׁם תִּפְאַרְתֶּךָ׃ 1 Chronicles 29:11–13 (MT) Translation: Thine, O Lord is the greatness, and the power, and the glory, and the victory, and the majesty: for all that is in the heaven and in the earth is thine; thine is the kingdom, O Lord, and thou art exalted as head above all. Both riches and honour come of thee, and thou reignest over all; and in thine hand is power and might; and in thine hand it is to make great, and to give strength unto all. Now therefore, our God, we thank thee, and praise thy glorious name. KJV translation Yeshayahu ~ Isaiah Book of Isaiah right וּבְפָרִשְׂכֶם כַּפֵּיכֶם אַעְלִים עֵינַי מִכֶּם גַּם כִּי־תַרְבּוּ תְפִלָּה אֵינֶנִּי שֹׁמֵעַ יְדֵיכֶם דָּמִים מָלֵאוּ׃ רַחֲצוּ הִזַּכּוּ הָסִירוּ רֹעַ מַעַלְלֵיכֶם מִנֶּגֶד עֵינָי חִדְלוּ הָרֵעַ׃ לִמְדוּ הֵיטֵב דִּרְשׁוּ מִשְׁפָּט אַשְּׁרוּ חָמוֹץ שִׁפְטוּ יָתוֹם רִיבוּ אַלְמָנָה׃ Isaiah 1:15–17 (MT) Translation: When you spread out your hands in prayer,  I hide my eyes from you;even when you offer many prayers,  I am not listening.Your hands are full of blood!Wash and make yourselves clean.  Take your evil deeds out of my sight;  stop doing wrong.Learn to do right; seek justice.  Defend the oppressed.Take up the cause of the fatherless;plead the case of the widow. NIV translation right קָדוֹשׁ קָדוֹשׁ קָדוֹשׁ יְהֹוָה צְבָאוֹת מְלֹא כׇל־הָאָרֶץ כְּבוֹדוֹ׃ Isaiah 6:3 (MT) Translation: Holy, holy, holy, is the Lord of hosts: the whole earth is full of his glory. KJV translation right וְהָיָה אֱמוּנַת עִתֶּיךָ חֹסֶן יְשׁוּעֹת חׇכְמַת וָדָעַת יִרְאַת יְהֹוָה הִיא אוֹצָרוֹ׃ Isaiah 33:6 (MT) Translation: And wisdom and knowledge shall be the stability of thy times, and strength of salvation: the fear of the Lord is his treasure. KJV translation right כׇּל־גֶּיא יִנָּשֵׂא וְכׇל־הַר וְגִבְעָה יִשְׁפָּלוּ וְהָיָה הֶעָקֹב לְמִישׁוֹר וְהָרְכָסִים לְבִקְעָה׃ וְנִגְלָה כְּבוֹד יְהֹוָה וְרָאוּ כׇל־בָּשָׂר יַחְדָּו כִּי פִּי יְהֹוָה דִּבֵּר׃ Isaiah 40:4–5 (MT) Translation: Every valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be made low: and the crooked shall be made straight, and the rough places plain: And the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together: for the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it. KJV translation Yirmeyahu ~ Jeremiah Book of Jeremiah right נִצַּחַת הֶחֱזִיקוּ בַּתַּרְמִת מֵאֲנוּ לָשׁוּב׃ הִקְשַׁבְתִּי וָאֶשְׁמָע לוֹא־כֵן יְדַבֵּרוּ אֵין אִישׁ נִחָם עַל־רָעָתוֹ לֵאמֹר מֶה עָשִׂיתִי כֻּלֹּה שָׁב (במרצותם) [בִּמְרוּצָתָם] כְּסוּס שׁוֹטֵף בַּמִּלְחָמָה׃ Jeremiah 8:5–6 (MT) Translation: They cling to deceit;  they refuse to return.I have listened attentively,  but they do not say what is right.None of them repent of their wickedness,  saying, "What have I done?"Each pursues their own course  like a horse charging into battle. NIV translation right כִּי אִם־בְּזֹאת יִתְהַלֵּל הַמִּתְהַלֵּל הַשְׂכֵּל וְיָדֹעַ אוֹתִי כִּי אֲנִי יְהֹוָה עֹשֶׂה חֶסֶד מִשְׁפָּט וּצְדָקָה בָּאָרֶץ כִּי־בְאֵלֶּה חָפַצְתִּי נְאֻם־יְהֹוָה׃ Jeremiah 9:23 (MT) Translation: But let him that glorieth glory in this, that he understandeth and knoweth me, that I am the Lord which exercise lovingkindness, judgment, and righteousness, in the earth: for in these things I delight, saith the Lord. KJV translation right דָּן דִּין־עָנִי וְאֶבְיוֹן אָז טוֹב הֲלוֹא־הִיא הַדַּעַת אֹתִי Jeremiah 22:16 (MT) Translation: He defended the cause of the poor and needy,  and so all went well.Is that not what it means to know me? NIV translation right קְרָא אֵלַי וְאֶעֱנֶךָּ וְאַגִּידָה לְּךָ גְּדֹלוֹת וּבְצֻרוֹת לֹא יְדַעְתָּם׃ Jeremiah 33:3 (MT) Translation: Call unto me, and I will answer thee, and show thee great and mighty things, which thou knowest not. KJV translation Yechezkel ~ Ezekiel Book of Ezekiel right וָאֶתֵּן לָהֶם אֶת־חֻקּוֹתַי וְאֶת־מִשְׁפָּטַי הוֹדַעְתִּי אוֹתָם אֲשֶׁר יַעֲשֶׂה אוֹתָם הָאָדָם וָחַי בָּהֶם׃ Ezekiel 20:11 (MT) Translation: And I gave them my statutes, and shewed them my judgments, which if a man do, he shall even live in them. KJV translation Micha ~ Micah Book of Micah right הִגִּיד לְךָ אָדָם מַה־טּוֹב וּמָה־יְהֹוָה דּוֹרֵשׁ מִמְּךָ כִּי אִם־עֲשׂוֹת מִשְׁפָּט וְאַהֲבַת חֶסֶד וְהַצְנֵעַ לֶכֶת עִם־אֱלֹהֶיךָ׃ Micah 6:8 (MT) Translation: He has told you, O man, what is good;  and what does the Lord require of youbut to do justice, and to love kindness,  and to walk humbly with your God? ESV translation Ketuvim ~ Writings Tehellim ~ Psalms Psalms thumb|right|"Happy is the man who has not followed the counsel of the wicked, or taken the path of sinners, or joined the company of the insolent; rather, the teaching of the Lord is his delight, and he studies that teaching day and night." (Psalms 1:1–2) right אַשְׁרֵי הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר לֹא הָלַךְ בַּעֲצַת רְשָׁעִים וּבְדֶרֶךְ חַטָּאִים לֹא עָמָד וּבְמוֹשַׁב לֵצִים לֹא יָשָׁב׃ כִּי אִם בְּתוֹרַת יְהֹוָה חֶפְצוֹ וּבְתוֹרָתוֹ יֶהְגֶּה יוֹמָם וָלָיְלָה׃ וְהָיָה כְּעֵץ שָׁתוּל עַל־פַּלְגֵי־מָיִם אֲשֶׁר פִּרְיוֹ  יִתֵּן בְּעִתּוֹ וְעָלֵהוּ לֹא־יִבּוֹל וְכֹל אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂה יַצְלִיחַ׃ Psalms 1:1–3 (MT) Translation: Happy is the man who has not followed the counsel of the wicked, or taken the path of sinners, or joined the company of the insolent; rather, the teaching of the Lord is his delight, and he studies that teaching day and night. He is like a tree planted beside streams of water, which yields its fruit in season, whose foliage never fades, and whatever it produces thrives. JPS translation right אִמְרוּ בִלְבַבְכֶם Psalms 4:5 (MT) Translation: Commune with your own heart. KJV translation right הָאֵל תָּמִים דַּרְכּוֹ אִמְרַת־יְהֹוָה צְרוּפָה מָגֵן הוּא לְכֹל  הַחֹסִים בּוֹ׃ Psalms 18:31 (MT) Translation: The way of God is perfect;the word of the Lord is pure;He is a shield to all who seek refuge in Him. JPS translation thumb|right|"The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want." (Psalms 23:1) right יְהֹוָה רֹעִי לֹא אֶחְסָר׃ בִּנְאוֹת דֶּשֶׁא יַרְבִּיצֵנִי עַל־מֵי מְנֻחוֹת יְנַהֲלֵנִי׃ נַפְשִׁי יְשׁוֹבֵב יַנְחֵנִי בְמַעְגְּלֵי־צֶדֶק לְמַעַן שְׁמוֹ׃ גַּם כִּי־אֵלֵךְ בְּגֵיא צַלְמָוֶת לֹא־אִירָא רָע כִּי־אַתָּה עִמָּדִי שִׁבְטְךָ וּמִשְׁעַנְתֶּךָ הֵמָּה יְנַחֲמֻנִי׃ תַּעֲרֹךְ לְפָנַי  שֻׁלְחָן נֶגֶד צֹרְרָי דִּשַּׁנְתָּ בַשֶּׁמֶן רֹאשִׁי כּוֹסִי רְוָיָה׃ אַךְ  טוֹב וָחֶסֶד יִרְדְּפוּנִי כׇּל־יְמֵי חַיָּי וְשַׁבְתִּי בְּבֵית־יְהֹוָה לְאֹרֶךְ יָמִים׃ Psalms 23:1–6 (MT) Translation: The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want.He maketh me to lie down in green pastures: he leadeth me beside the still waters.He restoreth my soul: he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name's sake.Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me.Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies: thou anointest my head with oil; my cup runneth over.Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life: and I will dwell in the house of the Lord for ever. KJV translation right הַרְפּוּ וּדְעוּ כִּי־אָנֹכִי אֱלֹהִים אָרוּם בַּגּוֹיִם אָרוּם בָּאָרֶץ׃ Psalms 46:11 (MT) Translation: Be still, and know that I am God;I will be exalted among the nations,I will be exalted in the earth. NIV translation right לֵב טָהוֹר בְּרָא־לִי אֱלֹהִים וְרוּחַ נָכוֹן חַדֵּשׁ בְּקִרְבִּי׃ Psalms 51:12 (MT) Translation: Create pure thoughts in me and make me faithful again. CEV translation right וּבָרוּךְ שֵׁם כְּבוֹדוֹ לְעוֹלָם וְיִמָּלֵא כְבוֹדוֹ אֶת־כֹּל הָאָרֶץ אָמֵן וְאָמֵן׃ Psalms 72:19 (MT) Translation: Blessed is His glorious name forever;His glory fills the whole world.Amen and Amen. JPS translation Mishlei ~ Proverbs Book of Proverbs thumb|right|"Happy is the man that findeth wisdom, and the man that getteth understanding." (Proverbs 3:13) right כִּי־תָבוֹא חׇכְמָה בְלִבֶּךָ וְדַעַת לְנַפְשְׁךָ יִנְעָם׃ מְזִמָּה תִּשְׁמֹר עָלֶיךָ תְּבוּנָה תִנְצְרֶכָּה׃ Proverbs 2:10–11 (MT) Translation: When wisdom entereth into thine heart, and knowledge is pleasant unto thy soul, discretion shall preserve thee, understanding shall keep thee. KJV translation right חֶסֶד וֶאֱמֶת אַל־יַעַזְבֻךָ קׇשְׁרֵם עַל־גַּרְגְּרוֹתֶיךָ כׇּתְבֵם עַל־לוּחַ לִבֶּךָ׃ Proverbs 3:3 (MT) Translation: Let not mercy and truth forsake thee: bind them about thy neck; write them upon the table of thine heart. KJV translation right אַל־תְּהִי חָכָם בְּעֵינֶיךָ Proverbs 3:7 (MT) Translation: Be not wise in thine own eyes. KJV translation right מוּסַר יְהֹוָה בְּנִי אַל־תִּמְאָס וְאַל־תָּקֹץ בְּתוֹכַחְתּוֹ׃ כִּי אֶת־אֲשֶׁר יֶאֱהַב יְהֹוָה יוֹכִיחַ וּכְאָב אֶת־בֵּן יִרְצֶה׃ Proverbs 3:11–12 (MT) Translation: Do not reject the discipline of the Lord, my son;Do not abhor His rebuke.For whom the Lord loves, He rebukes,As a father the son whom he favors. JPS translation thumb|right|"[Wisdom] is more precious than rubies: and all the things thou canst desire are not to be compared unto her." (Proverbs 3:15) right אַשְׁרֵי אָדָם מָצָא חׇכְמָה וְאָדָם יָפִיק תְּבוּנָה׃ כִּי טוֹב סַחְרָהּ מִסְּחַר־כָּסֶף וּמֵחָרוּץ תְּבוּאָתָהּ׃ יְקָרָה הִיא (מפניים) [מִפְּנִינִים] וְכׇל־חֲפָצֶיךָ לֹא יִשְׁווּ־בָהּ׃ Proverbs 3:13–15 (MT) Translation: Happy is the man that findeth wisdom, and the man that getteth understanding. For the merchandise of it is better than the merchandise of silver, and the gain thereof than fine gold. She is more precious than rubies: and all the things thou canst desire are not to be compared unto her. KJV translation right עֵץ־חַיִּים הִיא לַמַּחֲזִיקִים בָּהּ וְתֹמְכֶיהָ מְאֻשָּׁר׃ Proverbs 3:18 (MT) Translation: She is a tree of life to those who grasp her,And whoever holds on to her is happy. JPS translation right אַל־תְּקַנֵּא בְּאִישׁ חָמָס וְאַל־תִּבְחַר בְּכׇל־דְּרָכָיו׃ Proverbs 3:31 (MT) Translation: Envy thou not the oppressor, and choose none of his ways. KJV translation thumb|right|"With all thy getting get understanding." (Proverbs 4:7) right וּבְכׇל־קִנְיָנְךָ קְנֵה בִינָה׃ Proverbs 4:7 (MT) Translation: With all thy getting get understanding. KJV translation right אַל־תּוֹכַח לֵץ פֶּן־יִשְׂנָאֶךָּ הוֹכַח לְחָכָם וְיֶאֱהָבֶךָּ׃ Proverbs 9:8 (MT) Translation: Reprove not a scorner, lest he hate thee: rebuke a wise man, and he will love thee. KJV translation right אֹהֵב מוּסָר אֹהֵב דָּעַת Proverbs 12:1 (MT) Translation: Whoever loves discipline loves knowledge. NRSV translation right טוֹב פַּת חֲרֵבָה וְשַׁלְוָה־בָהּ מִבַּיִת מָלֵא זִבְחֵי־רִיב׃ Proverbs 17:1 (MT) Translation: Better is a dry morsel, and quietness therewith, than a house full of feasting with strife. ASV translation right תֵּחַת גְּעָרָה בְמֵבִין מֵהַכּוֹת כְּסִיל מֵאָה׃ Proverbs 17:10 (MT) Translation: A reproof entereth more into a wise man than an hundred stripes into a fool. KJV translation right אֶת־פְּנֵי מֵבִין חׇכְמָה וְעֵינֵי כְסִיל בִּקְצֵה־אָרֶץ׃ Proverbs 17:24 (MT) Translations: Wisdom is before him that hath understanding; but the eyes of a fool are in the ends of the earth. KJV translation right חוֹשֵׂךְ אֲמָרָיו יוֹדֵעַ דָּעַת Proverbs 17:27 (MT) Translation: He that hath knowledge spareth his words. KJV translation right גַּם אֱוִיל מַחֲרִישׁ חָכָם יֵחָשֵׁב אֹטֵם שְׂפָתָיו נָבוֹן׃ Proverbs 17:28 (MT) Translation: Even a fool, when he holdeth his peace, is counted wise: and he that shutteth his lips is esteemed a man of understanding. KJV translation Iyov ~ Job Book of Job right עֹשֶׂה גְדֹלוֹת וְאֵין חֵקֶר נִפְלָאוֹת עַד־אֵין מִסְפָּר׃ הַנֹּתֵן מָטָר עַל־פְּנֵי־אָרֶץ וְשֹׁלֵחַ מַיִם עַל־פְּנֵי חוּצוֹת׃ לָשׂוּם שְׁפָלִים לְמָרוֹם וְקֹדְרִים שָׂגְבוּ יֶשַׁע׃ Job 5:9–11 (MT) Translation: He performs wonders that cannot be fathomed,  miracles that cannot be counted.He provides rain for the earth;  he sends water on the countryside.The lowly he sets on high,  and those who mourn are lifted to safety. NIV translation right הִנֵּה אַשְׁרֵי אֱנוֹשׁ יוֹכִחֶנּוּ אֱלוֹהַּ וּמוּסַר שַׁדַּי אַל־תִּמְאָס׃ Job 5:17 (MT) Translation: See how happy is the man whom God reproves;Do not reject the discipline of the Almighty. JPS translation right כִּי רִנְנַת רְשָׁעִים מִקָּרוֹב Job 20:5 (MT) Translation: The mirth of the wicked is brief. NIV translation thumb|right|"But where shall wisdom be found? And where is the place of understanding? Man knoweth not the price thereof; neither is it found in the land of the living ... for the price of wisdom is above rubies." (Job 28:12–18) right וְהַחׇכְמָה מֵאַיִן תִּמָּצֵא וְאֵי זֶה מְקוֹם בִּינָה׃ לֹא־יָדַע אֱנוֹשׁ עֶרְכָּהּ וְלֹא תִמָּצֵא בְּאֶרֶץ הַחַיִּים׃ תְּהוֹם אָמַר לֹא בִי־הִיא וְיָם אָמַר אֵין עִמָּדִי׃ לֹא־יֻתַּן סְגוֹר תַּחְתֶּיהָ וְלֹא יִשָּׁקֵל כֶּסֶף מְחִירָהּ׃ לֹא־תְסֻלֶּה בְּכֶתֶם אוֹפִיר בְּשֹׁהַם יָקָר וְסַפִּיר׃ לֹא־יַעַרְכֶנָּה זָהָב וּזְכוֹכִית וּתְמוּרָתָהּ כְּלִי־פָז׃ רָאמוֹת וְגָבִישׁ לֹא יִזָּכֵר וּמֶשֶׁךְ חׇכְמָה מִפְּנִינִים׃ Job 28:12–18 (MT) Translation: But where shall wisdom be found?And where is the place of understanding?Man knoweth not the price thereof;neither is it found in the land of the living.The depth saith, It is not in me:and the sea saith, It is not with me.It cannot be gotten for gold,neither shall silver be weighed for the price thereof.It cannot be valued with the gold of Ophir,with the precious onyx, or the sapphire.The gold and the crystal cannot equal it:and the exchange of it shall not be for jewels of fine gold.No mention shall be made of coral, or of pearls:for the price of wisdom is above rubies. KJV translation right שַׁדַּי לֹא־מְצָאנֻהוּ שַׂגִּיא־כֹחַ וּמִשְׁפָּט וְרֹב־צְדָקָה לֹא יְעַנֶּה׃ Job 37:23 (MT) Translations: Shaddai—we cannot attain to Him;He is great in power and justiceAnd abundant in righteousness; He does not torment. JPS translation Qoheleth ~ Ecclesiastes Ecclesiastes right וְאָמַרְתִּי אֲנִי בְּלִבִּי כְּמִקְרֵה הַכְּסִיל גַּם־אֲנִי יִקְרֵנִי וְלָמָּה חָכַמְתִּי אֲנִי אָז יֹתֵר וְדִבַּרְתִּי בְלִבִּי שֶׁגַּם־זֶה הָבֶל׃ Ecclesiastes 2:15 (MT) Translation: Then said I in my heart, As it happeneth to the fool, so it happeneth even to me; and why was I then more wise? Then I said in my heart, that this also is vanity. KJV translation right טוֹבָה חׇכְמָה מִגְּבוּרָה וְחׇכְמַת הַמִּסְכֵּן בְּזוּיָה וּדְבָרָיו אֵינָם נִשְׁמָעִים׃ Ecclesiastes 9:16 (MT) Translation: Wisdom is better than strength: nevertheless the poor man's wisdom is despised, and his words are not heard. KJV translation Quotes about the Tanakh thumb|right|"It would be true to say that, in the European tradition at least, the Bible is the book in more senses than one." (Mortimer J. Adler and Charles Van Doren, How to Read a Book) The problem of reading the Holy Book—if you have faith that it is the Word of God—is the most difficult problem in the whole field of reading. There have been more books written about how to read Scripture than about all other aspects of the art of reading together. The Word of God is obviously the most difficult writing men can read; but it is also, if you believe it is the Word of God, the most important to read. The effort of the faithful has been duly proportionate to the difficulty of the task. It would be true to say that, in the European tradition at least, the Bible is the book in more senses than one. It has been not only the most widely read, but also the most carefully read, book of all. Mortimer J. Adler and Charles Van Doren: How to Read a Book, ch. 18, "How to Read Philosophy", pp. 294–295. Simon and Schuster (1972). 0-671-21209-5. In the Old Testament stories, ... the sublime influence of God here reaches so deeply into the everyday that the two realms of the sublime and the everyday are not only actually unseparated but basically inseparable. Erich Auerbach, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature (1946), p. 22 thumb|right|A Hebrew Bible manuscript from 1300. The Christians wrested the Old Testament out of the hands of the Jews and used it as a weapon against them. The belief in their own selection by God was turned into an expression of the absolute and exclusive position of Christianity, and Jewish Messianism was twisted into the doctrine of Christ's return. Karlheinz Deschner. Abermals krähte der Hahn, btb-Taschenbücher im Goldmann Verlag 1996, 3-442-72025-7, s. 505 Biblical scholars maintain that the vast majority of the written materials that comprise the Hebrew Bible began as traditions communicated from generation to generation by word of mouth and by the example of how people lived daily. Only gradually were these stories, ideas, and practices committed to writing in what we know as the Hebrew Bible. Elliot N. Dorff, "Moses, the prophets, and the Rabbis", Christianity and Family Law: An Introduction, edited by John Witte Jr., Gary S. Hauk, Cambridge University (2017), p. 16 Although Orthodox Jews believe that the whole Torah was revealed by God to Moses at Mount Sinai, Conservative and Reform Jews accept the conclusions of biblical scholarship that the Torah consists of documents originating in oral traditions and committed to writing between the eleventh and sixth centuries BC, and edited together by the time of Ezra (mid-fifth century BC). Some later strands of the Torah interpret earlier strands, and this process of creating new interpretations and applications of earlier materials and new traditions altogether in the latter centuries of the biblical period and after the close of the biblical canon constitutes what we know as Rabbinic literature. Elliot N. Dorff, "Moses, the prophets, and the Rabbis", Christianity and Family Law: An Introduction, edited by John Witte Jr., Gary S. Hauk, Cambridge University (2017), p. 18 The Bible is an incomparable book. Millions of people have devoted a major portion of their lives to Bible study. Hundreds of thousands of books have been written about the subject, and we now have ready access to dozens of translations and dozens of commentaries. The Bible is an inexhaustible resource that has been challenging people's minds and hearts for centuries. Donald E. Knuth: 3:16 Bible Texts Illuminated, "Foreword", p. 1. A-R Editions, Inc. (1991). 0-89579-252-4. Whenever it is a question of the eternal truths of reason, it does not say believe, but understand and know. Moses Mendelssohn, Jerusalem, or on Religious Power and Judaism (1783), as translated by Allan Arkush (1983), p. 100 There is scant archaeological or related textual evidence to support any of these putative episodes of genocide described in the Hebrew Bible as historical events. But more important than the historicity of the described destruction of peoples and towns is the fact that the biblical rendition of genocide reveals what men and women of antiquity believed was possible, even likely, in the relations between nations, while at the same time setting precedents, patterns, and norms for the future. The leaders of the Hebrews—Moses, Samuel, Saul, David, and Joshua—implemented the will of God to commit mass murder. Sometimes, the killing was in righteous retribution for alleged acts committed against the Hebrews. But most often, peoples were attacked and eliminated because they lived in the land that God had promised to the Hebrews. Those eliminated were blamed for their own fate, a widespread phenomenon in mass killing that has repeated itself over the centuries. Sometimes, women and children were spared as slaves and concubines, or even taken as wives. Norman Naimark, Genocide: A World History (2015) See also Masoretic Text The Bible Torah study External links Tanakh on Sefaria.org Hebrew–English Bible on Mechon-Mamre.org Interlinear Hebrew Bible on BibleHub.com Category:Jewish texts