Stephen J. Lee

Stephen J. Lee was Head of History at Bromsgrove School in Birmingham, United Kingdom. Quotes During the 1930s Romanian fascism was highly complex: it consisted of several movements and layers which varied in intensity from proto-fascism to the genuine article. By far the most important, however, was the Legion and Iron Guard, Codreanu providing the sort of charismatic leadership which was more commonly associated with Hitler and Mussolini. His ideas also had much in common with Nazism. [...] Most of this cut little ice with those in power: the monarchy, the army officers and traditionalist politicians. They were less concerned about mobilization of opinion that about the accumulation of power and about dealing with opponents; increasingly, Condreanu came to be seen as dangerous radical who would destabilize the regime. Although some observers claim that Carol was a 'monarcho-fascist', this term is not particularly appropriate. Carol was never inclined to any systematic ideology and remained traditional and conservative in his policies. This also applied to Michael and the Conducator, Antonescu. Yet, when the latter did finally succeeded in destroying the Legion, he ruled, in Payne's words as 'a right radical nationalist dictator with the support of the military'. Strangely, this was preferred by Hitler since Antonescu offered more security as a Romanian satellite. This was understandable because Hitler's main concern in 1941 was the military use of Romania rather than its complete ideological conversion. Hence, a conservative regime which had been radicalized by its contact with fascism was an ideal balance. In any case this radicalized conservationism proved to be one of the most extreme of all the European states in its policies toward the Jews. European Dictatorships, 1918-1945 2000 Psychology Press 978-0-415-23045-2 288 https://books.google.com/books?id=_eeqfWOo_L8C&pg=PA288 External links Martin Pugh, Review of Aspects of British Political History, 1914-1995 The English Historical Review 1998 113 453 1034–1035 https://www.jstor.org/stable/578744 0013-8266 Thomas Lekan, Review of Imperial Germany 1871-1918 German Studies Review 2001 24 1 176–177 10.2307/1433173 https://www.jstor.org/stable/1433173?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=Stephen&searchText=J.&searchText=Lee&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoAdvancedSearch%3Fq0%3DStephen%2BJ.%2BLee%26amp%3Bf0%3Dau%26amp%3Bc1%3DAND%26amp%3Bq1%3D%26amp%3Bf1%3Dall%26amp%3Bc2%3DAND%26amp%3Bq2%3D%26amp%3Bf2%3Dall%26amp%3Bc3%3DAND%26amp%3Bq3%3D%26amp%3Bf3%3Dall%26amp%3Bc4%3DAND%26amp%3Bq4%3D%26amp%3Bf4%3Dall%26amp%3Bc5%3DAND%26amp%3Bq5%3D%26amp%3Bf5%3Dall%26amp%3Bc6%3DAND%26amp%3Bq6%3D%26amp%3Bf6%3Dall%26amp%3Bacc%3Doff%26amp%3Bla%3D%26amp%3Bsd%3D%26amp%3Bed%3D%26amp%3Bpt%3D%26amp%3Bisbn%3D%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_SYC-5187%2Ftest&refreqid=search%3A43c321d567841f520e872800771fc744&seq=1 0149-7952 P.M. Hayes, Review of The 'Hitler Myth'. Image and Reality in the Third Reich, ; The Social Basis of European Fascist Movements, ; The European Dictatorships, 1918-1945 History 1989 74 240 175–177 https://www.jstor.org/stable/24414269?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=Stephen&searchText=J.&searchText=Lee&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoAdvancedSearch%3Fq0%3DStephen%2BJ.%2BLee%26amp%3Bf0%3Dau%26amp%3Bc1%3DAND%26amp%3Bq1%3D%26amp%3Bf1%3Dall%26amp%3Bc2%3DAND%26amp%3Bq2%3D%26amp%3Bf2%3Dall%26amp%3Bc3%3DAND%26amp%3Bq3%3D%26amp%3Bf3%3Dall%26amp%3Bc4%3DAND%26amp%3Bq4%3D%26amp%3Bf4%3Dall%26amp%3Bc5%3DAND%26amp%3Bq5%3D%26amp%3Bf5%3Dall%26amp%3Bc6%3DAND%26amp%3Bq6%3D%26amp%3Bf6%3Dall%26amp%3Bacc%3Doff%26amp%3Bla%3D%26amp%3Bsd%3D%26amp%3Bed%3D%26amp%3Bpt%3D%26amp%3Bisbn%3D%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_SYC-5187%2Ftest&refreqid=search%3A43c321d567841f520e872800771fc744&seq=1 0018-2648 Andrew R. Carlson, Review of Hitler and Nazi Germany: Questions and Analysis in History German Studies Review 2000 23 2 365–366 10.2307/1432704 https://www.jstor.org/stable/1432704?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=Stephen&searchText=J.&searchText=Lee&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoAdvancedSearch%3Fq0%3DStephen%2BJ.%2BLee%26amp%3Bf0%3Dau%26amp%3Bc1%3DAND%26amp%3Bq1%3D%26amp%3Bf1%3Dall%26amp%3Bc2%3DAND%26amp%3Bq2%3D%26amp%3Bf2%3Dall%26amp%3Bc3%3DAND%26amp%3Bq3%3D%26amp%3Bf3%3Dall%26amp%3Bc4%3DAND%26amp%3Bq4%3D%26amp%3Bf4%3Dall%26amp%3Bc5%3DAND%26amp%3Bq5%3D%26amp%3Bf5%3Dall%26amp%3Bc6%3DAND%26amp%3Bq6%3D%26amp%3Bf6%3Dall%26amp%3Bacc%3Doff%26amp%3Bla%3D%26amp%3Bsd%3D%26amp%3Bed%3D%26amp%3Bpt%3D%26amp%3Bisbn%3D%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_SYC-5187%2Ftest&refreqid=search%3A43c321d567841f520e872800771fc744 0149-7952 Francis R. Nicosia, Review of The Weimar Republic German Studies Review 2000 23 3 603–604 10.2307/1432852 https://www.jstor.org/stable/1432852?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=Stephen&searchText=J.&searchText=Lee&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoAdvancedSearch%3Fq0%3DStephen%2BJ.%2BLee%26amp%3Bf0%3Dau%26amp%3Bc1%3DAND%26amp%3Bq1%3D%26amp%3Bf1%3Dall%26amp%3Bc2%3DAND%26amp%3Bq2%3D%26amp%3Bf2%3Dall%26amp%3Bc3%3DAND%26amp%3Bq3%3D%26amp%3Bf3%3Dall%26amp%3Bc4%3DAND%26amp%3Bq4%3D%26amp%3Bf4%3Dall%26amp%3Bc5%3DAND%26amp%3Bq5%3D%26amp%3Bf5%3Dall%26amp%3Bc6%3DAND%26amp%3Bq6%3D%26amp%3Bf6%3Dall%26amp%3Bacc%3Doff%26amp%3Bla%3D%26amp%3Bsd%3D%26amp%3Bed%3D%26amp%3Bpt%3D%26amp%3Bisbn%3D%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_SYC-5187%2Ftest&refreqid=search%3A43c321d567841f520e872800771fc744 0149-7952 Robert I. Frost, Robert I. Frost Review of The Thirty Years War History Workshop 1992 33 259–260 https://www.jstor.org/stable/4289154?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=Stephen&searchText=J.&searchText=Lee&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoAdvancedSearch%3Fq0%3DStephen%2BJ.%2BLee%26amp%3Bf0%3Dau%26amp%3Bc1%3DAND%26amp%3Bq1%3D%26amp%3Bf1%3Dall%26amp%3Bc2%3DAND%26amp%3Bq2%3D%26amp%3Bf2%3Dall%26amp%3Bc3%3DAND%26amp%3Bq3%3D%26amp%3Bf3%3Dall%26amp%3Bc4%3DAND%26amp%3Bq4%3D%26amp%3Bf4%3Dall%26amp%3Bc5%3DAND%26amp%3Bq5%3D%26amp%3Bf5%3Dall%26amp%3Bc6%3DAND%26amp%3Bq6%3D%26amp%3Bf6%3Dall%26amp%3Bacc%3Doff%26amp%3Bla%3D%26amp%3Bsd%3D%26amp%3Bed%3D%26amp%3Bpt%3D%26amp%3Bisbn%3D%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_SYC-5187%2Ftest&refreqid=search%3A43c321d567841f520e872800771fc744 0309-2984 Category:Academics from the United Kingdom Category:Historians from the United Kingdom Category:Non-fiction authors from the United Kingdom Category:Articles with no corresponding English Wikipedia article