Oracle Database/SQL

Retrieving Data Using the SQL SELECT Statement List the capabilities of SQL SELECT statements Selection, projection, join Execute a basic SELECT statement Select All Columns: Select * from table_name; Select Specific Columns: Select column1, column2 from tables_name; Use Column Heading Defaults Use Arithmetic Operators: Select 12 salary+100 from emp --sell value is 2. Result: 12 * cell's value + 100 --i.e. 12 * 2 + 100= 124 Understand Operator Precedence Learn the DESCRIBE command to display the table structure Type- DESCRIBE table_name; *NOTE: Your Oracle user and/or schema must have permissions/privaliages or be within the schema to describe the table. You can use the data_dictionary views to get the table info. Restricting and Sorting Data Limit the rows that are retrieved by a query Write queries that contain a WHERE clause to limit the output retrieved List the comparison operators and logical operators that are used in a WHERE clause Describe the rules of precedence for comparison and logical operators Use character string literals in the WHERE clause Sort the rows that are retrieved by a query Write queries that contain an ORDER BY clause sort the output of a SELECT statement Sort output in descending and ascending order Use ampersand substitution to restrict and sort output at runtime the ampersand operator is used to take the input at runtime( ex:-&employeename) and if ampersand is used twice i.e && then it will take the input of single ampersand operator and is used to provide data to the query at runtime. Using Single-Row Functions to Customize Output Describe various types of functions available in SQL Describe the differences between single row and multiple row functions Use character, number, and date functions in SELECT statements Manipulate strings with character function in the SELECT and WHERE clauses Manipulate numbers with the ROUND, TRUNC and MOD functions Perform arithmetic with date data Manipulate dates with the date functions Using Conversion Functions and Conditional Expressions Describe various types of conversion functions that are available in SQL Implicit data type conversion Implicit conversion occurs when Oracle attempts to convert the values, that do not match the defined parameters of functions, into the required data types. Explicit data type conversion Explicit conversion occurs when a function like TO_CHAR is invoked to change the data type of a value. Use the TO_CHAR, TO_NUMBER, and TO_DATE conversion functions Nest multiple functions Apply the NVL, NULLIF, and COALESCE functions to data Apply conditional expressions in a SELECT statement Use conditional IF THEN ELSE logic in a SELECT statement Reporting Aggregated Data Using the Group Functions Identify the available Group Functions Describe the use of group functions Group data by using the GROUP BY clause Include or exclude grouped rows by using the HAVING clause Displaying Data from Multiple Tables Write SELECT statements to access data from more than one table using equijoins and nonequijoins Join a table to itself by using a self-join View data that generally does not meet a join condition by using outer joins Join a table by using a self join Generate a Cartesian product of all rows from two or more tables Using Subqueries to Solve Queries Define subqueries Describe the types of problems that the subqueries can solve List the types of subqueries Write single-row and multiple-row subqueries Using the Set Operators Describe set operators Use a set operator to combine multiple queries into a single query Control the order of rows returned Manipulating Data Describe each data manipulation language (DML) statement Insert rows into a table Oracle Database/Tables Inserting data in database is done through "insert" command in oracle. Syntax: INSERT INTO [table name][column1,column2,.....] values(value1,value2,....); Example: insert into employee values(1,'Rahul','Manager'); By the above query the employee table gets populated by empid:-1 , empname:-'Rahul' and empdesignation:-'Manager'. Delete rows from a table DELETE client1 WHERE ID = 2; Update rows in a table To update rows in a table, write: update [table name] set [column name] = [your value]; It will update all the rows present in the table by the given value in the selected field. We can also add queries to this command to make a real use for example, update [table name] set [column name] = [value] where [column name]>=[value]; You can add your query after the where clause according to your need. Example: UPDATE client1 SET address = 'the middle of nowhere' WHERE id = 1; Using a set operator to combine multiple queries into a single query Controlling the order of rows returned Defining subqueries Describing the types of problems that the subqueries can solve Listing the types of subqueries Writing single-row and multiple-row subqueries Controlling transactions Save and discard changes with the COMMIT and ROLLBACK statements Explain read consistency Using DDL Statements to Create and Manage Tables Categorize the main database objects Review the table structure List the data types that are available for columns Create a simple table "Create table" command is used to create table in database. Syntax: create table employee(empid number,empname varchar2(20),empdesignation(varchar2(20))); The above Query will create a table named employee with which contain columns empid, empname, empdesignation followed by their datatypes. Describe how schema objects work Creating Other Schema Objects Create simple and complex views Retrieve data from views Create, maintain, and use sequences Create and maintain indexes Create private and public synonyms Controlling User Access Differentiate system privileges from object privileges Grant privileges on tables View privileges in the data dictionary Grant roles Distinguish between privileges and roles Managing Objects with Data Dictionary Views Explain the data dictionary Find table information Report on column information View constraint information Find view information Verify sequence information Understand synonyms Add comments Manipulating Large Data Sets Manipulate data using sub-queries Describe the features of multi-table inserts Use the different types of multi-table inserts Merge rows in a table Track the changes to data over a period of time Managing Data in Different Time Zones Use data types similar to DATE that store fractional seconds and track time zones Use data types that store the difference between two date-time values Practice using the multiple data-time functions for globalize applications Retrieving Data Using Sub-queries Write a multiple-column sub-query Use scalar sub-queries in SQL SELECT * FROM TAB Solve problems with correlated sub-queries Update and delete rows using correlated sub-queries Use the EXISTS and NOT EXISTS operators Use the WITH clause Write a multiple-column sub-query Use scalar sub-queries in SQL Solve problems with correlated sub-queries Update and delete rows using correlated sub-queries Use the EXISTS and NOT EXISTS operators Use the WITH clause Hierarchical Query Hierarchical Query allows you the transverse through a self-reference table and display the Hierarchical structure. eg. the employee table contain the manager id the employee. list out the whole hierarchical structure of the employees SELECT LPAD(' ', 4*(level-1))||last_name "Last Name", salary, department_id FROM hr.employees CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id START WITH manager_id is null ORDER SIBLINGS BY last_name; list out all the employees under manager 'Kochhar' SELECT LPAD(' ', 4*(level-1))||last_name "Last Name", salary, department_id, CONNECT_BY_ISLEAF FROM hr.employees CONNECT BY PRIOR employee_id = manager_id START WITH last_name = 'Kochhar' ORDER SIBLINGS BY last_name; list out all the manager that 'Lorentz' report to SELECT LPAD(' ', 4*(level-1))||last_name "Last Name", salary, department_id, SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH(last_name, '/') "Path", CONNECT_BY_ISLEAF FROM hr.employees CONNECT BY employee_id = PRIOR manager_id START WITH last_name = 'Lorentz' ORDER SIBLINGS BY last_name; pseudocolumn LEVEL -> root = 1, next level=2,3,4,5...etc SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH(col, '/') shows the full path, 2nd parameter is seperator (9i) CONNECT_BY_ROOT(col) return the value of the root node in the current hierarchy (10g) pseudocolumn CONNECT_BY_ISLEAF return 1 if the return value is at the last node on the Hierarchy (ie. leaf) (10g) order SIBLINGS by re-order the sequence of the output and preserve the hierarchical relationship (10g) connect by NOCYCLE prior child = parent NOCYCLE means stop tranverse the hierarchy at the level when the child reference back to the root. (10g) pseudocolumn CONNECT_BY_ISCYCLE evaluate to "1" if the current row references a parent. (10g) Regular Expression Support List the benefits of using regular expressions Use regular expressions to search for, match, and replace strings + Regular Expression Class Expression Description Anchoring Character ^ Start of a line -$ End of a line Quantifier Character * Match 0 or more times +Match 1 or more times? Match 0 or 1 time{m} Match exactly m times{m,} Match at least m times{m, n} Match at least m times but no more than n times\n Cause the previous expression to be repeated n times Alternative and Grouping Separates alternates, often used with grouping operator () ( ) Groups subexpression into a unit for alternations, for quantifiers, or for backreferencing (see "Backreferences" section) [char] Indicates a character list; most metacharacters inside a character list are understood as literals, with the exception of character classes, and the ^ and - metacharacters Posix Character [:alnum:] Alphanumeric characters [:alpha:] Alphabetic characters [:blank:] Blank Space Characters [:cntrl:] Control characters (nonprinting) [:digit:] Numeric digits [:graph:] Any [:punct:], [:upper:], [:lower:], and [:digit:] chars [:lower:] Lowercase alphabetic characters [:print:] Printable characters [:punct:] Punctuation characters [:space:] Space characters (nonprinting), such as carriage return, newline, vertical tab, and form feed [:upper:] Uppercase alphabetic characters [:xdigit:] Hexidecimal characters Equivalence class = = An equivalence classes embedded in brackets that matches a base letter and all of its accented versions. eg, equivalence class '[=a=]' matches ä and â. Match Option c Case sensitive matching i Case insensitive matching m Treat source string as multi-line activating Anchor chars n Allow the period (.) to match any newline character