Fractals/Computer graphic techniques/2D/gfile

"Any computer-generated picture is a finite collection of pixels." ( A Dudko, M Yampolsky)Computability of the Feigenbaum Julia set by Artem Dudko, Michael Yampolsky a matrix of color entries (a.k.a. image) Graphic files One can : directly create graphic file open existing graphic file add/read/remove text information to graphic file Types of graphic files : images static images SDR file formats: PNG8, JPG, HDR file formats: FITS, JPEG XR, JPEG XT, Logluv TIFF, exr (OpenEXR), RGBE image format, TIFF, PNG64, AV1 moving images video ( ogg file ) - one needs special program ( viewer) to run it animation ( animated gif file without viewer) non-image files fomula files parameter files gradient files lightning files source code Static images Digital Image Representation raster vector Dynamic range of the image LDR standard LDR LDR tone mapped from HDR Pseudo-HDR or Exposure Blending or Exposure fusion = Images that have been merged from several exposures without creating an intermediate HDR image and without the use of tone mapping HDR data = Unprocessed HDR = floating point framebuffer ( in OpenGl GL_RGB16F, GL_RGBA16F, GL_RGB32F, or GL_RGBA32F ) AV1 Image File Format (AVIF) is an open, royalty-free image file format specification for storing images or image sequences compressed with AV1 in the HEIF container format.[ Comparison of graphics file formats Comparison of graphics file formats in wikipedia File_types in commons Graphic Formatting Guidelines from National Library of Medicine File Formats from National Library of Medicine Allowed file types for Fractal Forum: kfr, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, ufr, upr, uxf, ucl, ufm, map, par, m3a, m3f, m3i, m3p, m3c, frag, m3v, zip, ifp, lua, txt Size and resolution of the image + graphics file formats by precisionadmvfx : file-formats-and-bit-depth by Benjamin Seide Format Supported Bith Depth Use in Animation and VFX JPEG 8 bit sRGBPreview renders. Use 100% quality. Small file size, fast to load in player. Also as background in 3D or plate for Matchmove. Never as intermediate format TARGA (tga) TARGA (tga)8 bit sRGBVery old, but still used in TVC post as intermediate TIFF8 and 16 bit sRGB. 32 bit linear float. Standard if intermediate 16-bit integer is required PNG 8 and 16 bit sRGB. 8 bit Palette-basedStandard Web format. Supports lossless, therefore useful Cineon (dpx, cin)8, 10, 12, 16 sRGB and logarithmicUsed as delivery, intermediate and output format. Standard for telecine and DI grading Photoshop (psd)8 and 16 bit sRGB. 32 bit linear floatPhotoshop work default. Can be used as intermediate delivering layers to next stage Radiance (hdr)32 bit linear floatStandard format to store HDR images used in Image Based LightingOpenEXR (exr)16 bit linear float. 32 bit linear float The standard for rendering and intermediate in VFX pfm four byte IEEE 754 single precision floating point extension PFM is supported by the programs Photoshop,[16] GIMP, and ImageMagick. It is supported by the de facto reference implementation netpbm Raster files farbfeld - the simplest RGB image format, quite minimal, though there is not much software supporting it (at least so far) right|thumb|PGM image file and C++ program by Ilya Voyager AVIF AV1 Image File Format (AVIF) is an open, royalty-free image file format specification for storing images or image sequences compressed with AV1 in the HEIF container format.https://aomediacodec.github.io/av1-avif/ AV1 Image File Format (AVIF) AOMediaCodec.GitHub.io 25 November 2018 29 November 2018 https://web.archive.org/web/20181129220820/https://aomediacodec.github.io/av1-avif/ live It competes with HEIC, which uses the same container format built upon ISOBMFF, but HEVC for compression. Version 1.0.0 of the AVIF specification was finalized in February 2019. In a number of tests by Netflix in 2020, AVIF showed better compression efficiency than JPEG as well as better detail preservation, fewer blocking artifacts and less color bleeding around hard edges in composites of natural images, text and graphics.Mavlankar Aditya De Cock Jan Concolato Cyril Swanson Kyle Moorthy Anush Aaron Anne 2020-02-13 AVIF for Next-Generation Image Coding https://netflixtechblog.com/avif-for-next-generation-image-coding-b1d75675fe4 live https://web.archive.org/web/20200215085057/https://netflixtechblog.com/avif-for-next-generation-image-coding-b1d75675fe4 2020-02-15 2021-11-19 The Netflix Tech Blog AVIF features Multiple color space, including: HDR (with PQ (transfer function)AOMediaCodec / av1-avif https://github.com/AOMediaCodec/av1-avif 2022-02-05 GitHub December 2022 or Hybrid log–gamma (HLG) transfer functions and BT.2020 color primaries, as part of BT.2100) Standard-dynamic-range (SDR) with sRGB / BT.709 / BT.601 or with wide color gamut) Color space signaling via Coding-independent code points(CICP) (ITU-T H.273 and ISO/IEC 23091-2) or ICC profiles Lossless compression and lossy compression 8-, 10-, and 12-bit color depthshttps://aomedia.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/CyrilConcolato_Netflix-AVIF-AOM-Research-Symposium-2019.pdf AV1 Image File Format (AVIF) Concolato Cyril 14 October 2019 AOMedia 6 November 2019 5 November 2019 https://web.archive.org/web/20191105234416/https://aomedia.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/CyrilConcolato_Netflix-AVIF-AOM-Research-Symposium-2019.pdf live Monochrome (alpha/depth) or multi-components 4:2:0, 4:2:2, 4:4:4 chroma subsampling and RGB Film grainFilm Grain Synthesis for AV1 Video Codec https://norkin.org/pdf/DCC_2018_AV1_film_grain.pdf live https://web.archive.org/web/20210107211614/https://norkin.org/pdf/DCC_2018_AV1_film_grain.pdf 7 January 2021 14 December 2020 en Image sequences/animation bmp read and write windows BMP files in c by Tony Cook A 24-bit v.3 BMP Primer Written by Christophe flif HDR High dynamic range file formats AVIF is a file format developed by Alliance for Open Media. It's an open standard which already enjoys fairly broad support in major web browsers for standard images. AVIF offers numerous advantages over JPG PNG has 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16-bit greyscale support and 8 and 16-bit-per-sample (That is, 24 and 48-bit) Truecolour support 16-bit integer ProPhotoRGB PNG: Saturated colours PFM file - floating point image format for HDR images EXR (OpenEXR): 16-bit OpenEXR files can be considered a good colour precision/file size compromise for the general caseBit depth colour precision in raster images (By Denis Kozlov) OpenEXR has support for color depth using: 16-bit floating-point (half), 32-bit floating-point and 32-bit unsigned integer TIFF RGBE image format or Radiance HDR is an image format invented by Gregory Ward Larson for the Radiance rendering system. It stores pixels as one byte each for RGB (Red, green and blue) values with a one byte shared exponent. Thus it stores four bytes per pixel jpeg description by Gertbuschmann Independent JPEG Group JPEGclub.org develops new JPEG features and maintains the Independent JPEG Group's (IJG) software. jpeg-faq compression-faq reference the three major tools of the IJG software: cjpeg (compress JPEG): compresses the named image file, or the standard input if no file is named, and produces a JPEG/JFIF file on the standard output. The currently supported input file formats are: PPM (PBMPLUS color format), PGM (PBMPLUS gray-scale format), BMP, Targa, and RLE (Utah Raster Toolkit format). (RLE is supported only if the URT library is available.). See also New cjpeg features djpeg (decompress JPEG) jpegtran (transcode JPEG - lossless): Command 'cjpeg' not found, but can be installed with: sudo apt install libjpeg-progs # version 1:9d-1, or sudo apt install libjpeg-turbo-progs # version 2.1.2-0ubuntu1 How to use it : ./a.out | cjpeg > temp.jpg && open temp.jpg pgm cprogram_to_read_PGM/PGM.c by Richard Zanibbi in May 1998 PGMB_IO binary Portable Gray Map (PGM) Files Read and Write Utilities by John Burkardt example binary pgm files by John Burkardt // create 1D array iSize = iWidth*iHeight; // size = number of points in array /* create dynamic 1D arrays for colors ( shades of gray ) */ data = malloc( iSize * sizeof(unsigned char) ); if (data == NULL ) { fprintf(stderr," Could not allocate memory\n"); return 1; } // ******************************************************************************************* // ********************************** save A array to pgm file **************************** // ********************************************************************************************* int SaveArray2PGMFile (unsigned char A[], int a, int b, int c, char *comment) { FILE *fp; const unsigned int MaxColorComponentValue = 255; /* color component is coded from 0 to 255 ; it is 8 bit color file */ char name[100]; /* name of file */ snprintf (name, sizeof name, "%d_%d_%d", a, b, c ); /* */ char *filename = strcat (name, ".pgm"); char long_comment[200]; sprintf (long_comment, "fc(z)=z*(1+z)*(1+z)*(C-(2C+1)*z+(3+4*C)*z*z/4) %s", comment); // save image array to the pgm file fp = fopen (filename, "wb"); // create new file,give it a name and open it in binary mode fprintf (fp, "P5\n # %s\n %u %u\n %u\n", long_comment, iWidth, iHeight, MaxColorComponentValue); // write header to the file size_t rSize = fwrite (A, sizeof(A[0]), iSize, fp); // write whole array with image data bytes to the file in one step fclose (fp); // info if ( rSize == iSize) { printf ("File %s saved ", filename); if (long_comment == NULL || strlen (long_comment) == 0) printf ("\n"); else { printf (". Comment = %s \n", long_comment); } } else {printf("wrote %zu elements out of %llu requested\n", rSize, iSize);} return 0; } // free memory free(data); ppm Here are various programs for creating pbm file The Computer Language Benchmarks Game PPM file in c by Mukund ppm files in c by JOSEPH THOMAS PGM file and C++ program by Ilya Voyager Load and draw ppm/pgm files using glut by Lori L Scarlatos Underhanded C: The Leaky Redaction by John Meacham ppm file in Haskell from University of Melbourne PPM in Haskell by Ryan Lothian Image processing in Haskell using PPM by Daniel Díaz P3 #the P3 means colors are in ascii, then 3 columns and 2 rows, then 255 for max color, then RGB triplets 3 2 255 255 0 0 0 255 0 0 0 255 255 255 0 255 255 255 0 0 0 The image (expanded): w:Image:tiny6pixel.png The above image was expanded without interpolation, using the imagemagick command convert -sample %6400 tiny6pixel.ppm tiny6pixel.png The P6 format of the same image will store each color component of each pixel with one byte (thus three bytes per pixel) in the order Red, Green then Blue. The file will be smaller but the color information will not be readable by humans: P6 #any comment string 3 2 255 !@#$%^&*()_+|{}:"< The PPM format is not compressed and thus requires more space and bandwidth than a compressed format would require. For example, the above 192x128 PNG image has a file size of 187 bytes. When converted to a 192x128 PPM image, the file size is 73848 bytes. The PPM format is generally an intermediate format used for image work before converting to a more efficient format, for example the PNG (Portable Network Graphics) format. The PPM format can be converted to PNG without loss of information. The PPM format is certainly simple to write from scratch. The following Python code makes the above example image. It can be adapted to making useful images by reading or constructing an array of numerical data, and programming a conversion of the data to color triplets. #!/usr/bin/python triplets=[ [255, 0, 0], [0, 255, 0], [0, 0, 255], [255, 255, 0], [255, 255, 255], [0, 0, 0] ] width=3; height=2 comment='any comment string' ftype='P6' #use 'P3' for ascii, 'P6' for binary ppmfile=open('testimage.ppm','wb') ppmfile.write("%s\n" % (ftype)) ppmfile.write("#%s\n" % comment ) ppmfile.write("%d %d\n" % (width, height)) ppmfile.write("255\n") if ftype=='P3': for red,green,blue in triplets: ppmfile.write("%d %d %d\n" % (red,green,blue)) elif ftype=='P6': #print 1 byte per color for red,green,blue in triplets: ppmfile.write("%c%c%c" % (red,green,blue)) ppmfile.close() Similar code in C : #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <math.h> #define xor(a, b) (((!a && b)) || (a && !b)) int main (int argc, char * argv[]){ /* Declare the variables */ FILE* ppmFile; int columns, rows, numberOfPixelsInPicture; /* Check the input arguments */ if(argc != 4){ printf("Usage: %s cols rows fname.ppm\n\n", *argv); return 1; } /* Open the file and write the first 4 lines to it */ ppmFile = fopen(argv[3], "w"); columns = atoi(argv[1]); rows = atoi(argv[2]); numberOfPixelsInPicture = rows * columns; fprintf(ppmFile, "P3\n%d\n%d\n255\n", columns, rows); int m, n; for(m=0;m<rows;m++) { for(n=0;n<columns;n++) { /* Set the pixels in the bottom left of the picture a green-yellow color */ if(m>n) { fprintf(ppmFile, "%d 255 %d\n", (256*m)/rows, (256*n)/columns); } else if(xor((m/10)%2,(n/10)%2)) { /* Create a checkerboard pattern in the upper-right of the picture */ /* Create the blue-red pixels in the checkerboard pattern */ fprintf(ppmFile, "%d 0 %d\n", (255*m*n)/numberOfPixelsInPicture, 255 -(255*m*n)/numberOfPixelsInPicture); } else { /* Create the black pixels in the checkerboard pattern */ fprintf(ppmFile, "0 0 0\n"); } } /* Print a blank line between rows */ fprintf(ppmFile, "\n"); } fclose(ppmFile); return 0; } Assembler code ; create a ppmb file by ker2x ; http://www.fractalforums.com/programming/an-absolute-beginner-to-x64-asm-on-linux/ : yasm -f elf64 ppmb.asm ; gcc -o ppmb ppmb.o ; ./ppmb | hexdump segment .data header: db 'P6 4 4 255', 0x0a headerlen: equ $-header image: db 255,0,0, 0,255,0, 0,0,255, 255,255,255 imagelen: equ $-image segment .text global main main: mov eax, 4 mov ebx, 1 mov ecx, header mov edx, headerlen int 0x80 mov eax, 4 mov ebx, 1 mov ecx, image mov edx, imagelen int 0x80 mov eax, 4 int 0x80 mov eax, 4 int 0x80 mov eax, 4 int 0x80 ; Call sys_exit(0) mov eax, 1 xor ebx, ebx int 0x80 C code Static array for one color : code in C for creating pgm text file : #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int iX,iY; const int iXmax = 300; const int iYmax = 300; /* color is coded from 0 to 255 */ /* it is 8 bit color RGB file */ const int MaxColorComponentValue=255; FILE * fp; char *filename="m.pgm"; char *comment="# this is my new text pgm file "; /* comment should start with # */ static unsigned char color; /*create new file,give it a name and open it in text mode */ fp= fopen(filename,"w"); /* text mode */ /*write ASCII header to the file*/ fprintf(fp,"P2\n%s\n%d %d\n%d\n",comment,iXmax,iYmax,MaxColorComponentValue); /*write image data bytes to the file*/ for(iY=0;iY<iYmax;++iY){ for(iX=0;iX<iXmax;++iX){ color=150; /* compute pixel color (8 bit = 1 byte) */ fprintf(fp," %d ", color); /*write color to the file*/ } fprintf(fp," \n "); } fclose(fp); printf("OK\n"); getchar(); return 0; } To compile it : gcc m.c To run it : ./a.out Remember that : fwrite is used for binary files fprintf is used for binary and text files so if you want to use fwrite then you will get binary file ( even if you will open it in text mode ): C code : Static 2D array for whole image #include <stdio.h> int main(){ int iX,iY; const int iXmax = 100; const int iYmax = 100; unsigned char data[iYmax][iXmax]; /* 2D array for colors ( shades of gray ) */ const int MaxColorComponentValue=255; /* color component is coded from 0 to 255 ; it is 8 bit color file */ FILE * fp; char *filename="n.pgm"; char *comment="# this is my new binary pgm file";/* comment should start with # */ /* fill the data array */ for(iY=0;iY<iYmax;++iY){ for(iX=0;iX<iXmax;++iX){ data[iY][iX]=255; } } } /* write the whole data array to ppm file in one step */ fp= fopen(filename,"wb"); /*create new file,give it a name and open it in binary mode */ fprintf(fp,"P5\n %s\n %d %d\n %d\n",comment,iXmax,iYmax,MaxColorComponentValue); /*write header to the file*/ fwrite(data,sizeof data,1,fp); /*write image data bytes to the file*/ fclose(fp); printf("OK - file %s saved\n", filename); return 0; } C code : virtual 2D array and dynamic 1D array Here image is a virtual 2D array, but in program we use 1D array. Relations between indexes : i = ix + iy*iWidth; // index of 1D array ix = i % iWidth; iy = (i- ix) / iWidth; Here is whole program where we only check ranges of array's indexes without using explicit array : #include <stdio.h> /* --------- global variables ----------------- */ // 2D array // Indexes of array starts from 0 not 1 unsigned int ix, iy; unsigned int ixMin = 0; unsigned int ixMax = 3; // unsigned int iWidth ; // = (ixMax -ixMin + 1) = 4 unsigned int iyMin = 0; unsigned int iyMax = 3; // unsigned int iHeight ; //= (iyMax -iyMin + 1) = 4 // The size of array has to be a positive constant integer unsigned int i2Dsize ; // = iWidth*iHeight = 16 // 1D array unsigned int i; // index of 1D array unsigned int iMin = 0; // Indexes of array starts from 0 not 1 so the highest elements of an array is = array_name[size-1]. unsigned int iMax ; // = i2Dsize-1; // = 15 // The size of array has to be a positive constant integer unsigned int i1Dsize ; // = i2Dsize = (iMax -iMin + 1) = 16 ; 1D array with the same size as 2D array /* ---------- functions ----------------*/ /* gives position of 2D point (iX,iY) in 1D array ; uses also global variable iWidth */ unsigned int f(unsigned int ix, unsigned int iy) { return ix + iy*iWidth; } /* ---------------------- main ------------------*/ int main() { iWidth = (ixMax -ixMin + 1); // iHeight = (iyMax -iyMin + 1); // i2Dsize = iWidth*iHeight; // number of points in array iMax = i2Dsize-1; // Indexes of array starts from 0 not 1 so the highest elements of an array is = array_name[size-1]. i1Dsize = i2Dsize; // 1D array with the same size as 2D array // first method using 1D index i for (i=iMin; i<i1Dsize; ++i) printf(" %d \n", i ); // from 0 to 15 // second method using 1D index i for (i=iMin; i<=iMax ; ++i) printf(" %d \n", i ); // from 0 to 15 // check second method using 1D index i for (i=iMin; i<=iMax ; ++i) // i from 0 to 15 { ix = i % iWidth; iy = ( i- ix) / iWidth; // inversion of f function printf(" ix = %d ; iy = %d ; i = %d \n",ix , iy , i );} // using 2D indexes : iy and ix for(iy=iyMin;iy<=iyMax;++iy) for(ix=ixMin;ix<=ixMax;++ix) printf(" ix = %d ; iy = %d ; i = %d \n", ix, iy, f(ix,iy) ); return 0; } Lua code for binary B@W PBM file : -- The Computer Language Shootout -- http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/ -- contributed by Mike Pall local width = tonumber(arg and arg[1]) or 100 local height, wscale = width, 2/width local m, limit2 = 50, 4.0 local write, char = io.write, string.char write("P4\n", width, " ", height, "\n") for y=0,height-1 do local Ci = 2*y / height - 1 for xb=0,width-1,8 do local bits = 0 local xbb = xb+7 for x=xb,xbb < width and xbb or width-1 do bits = bits + bits local Zr, Zi, Zrq, Ziq = 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 local Cr = x * wscale - 1.5 for i=1,m do local Zri = Zr*Zi Zr = Zrq - Ziq + Cr Zi = Zri + Zri + Ci Zrq = Zr*Zr Ziq = Zi*Zi if Zrq + Ziq > limit2 then bits = bits + 1 break end end end if xbb >= width then for x=width,xbb do bits = bits + bits + 1 end end write(char(255-bits)) end end Python code #!/usr/bin/python # -*- coding: utf8 -*- # code by User:Geek3 # https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Geek3/ImageScripting # use the PNM format (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netpbm_format) # no need for external libraries import colorsys from math import * width, height = 800, 600 # create header image = open('pnm-example.ppm', 'w') image.write('P3\n') # color image image.write('{0} {1}\n'.format(width, height)) image.write('255\n') def color(ix, iy): '''return color for specific position''' # create a rainbow ring rx = (ix + 0.5 - width / 2.) / 100. ry = (iy + 0.5 - height / 2.) / 100. angle = pi + atan2(rx, ry) amplitude = (rx**2 + ry**2) * exp(1 - (rx**2 + ry**2)) return colorsys.hsv_to_rgb(angle / (2*pi), amplitude, 1) for iy in range(height): for ix in range(width): c = color(ix, iy) image.write('{0} {1} {2}'.format(*[int(max(0, min(256*i, 255))) for i in c])) if (ix < width - 1): image.write(' ') else: image.write('\n') image.close() pfm PFM (Portable FloatMap) is the unofficial floating point Netpbm image format for HDR imagesportable-floatmap-format-io-java by Nayuki PFM_ReadWrite in c++ by Antoine Toisoul Le Cann and version for OpenCV 3 read and write pfm file, and view it in c++ and opencv by wpfhtl PFM Portable FloatMap Image Format by Paul Debevec pfm format description from netpbm pfm and OpenCV in c++ c++ python code by Patrick Chilton hdri tools imageMagic Check if you have hdri feature : "identify -version" and look for hdriimagemagick : high-dynamic-range display create gimp ( 2.8 not but 2.10 opens) plugin darktable c Unofficial PBM format for HDR images, PFM (Portable Float Map) Written by Paul Bourke C library for reading and writing PNM (PBM/PGM/PPM) and PFM images by Nikolaos Kavvadias Portable Float Map (PFM) formatHDR by Josef Pelikán & Alexander Wilkie Analogous to PPM / PGM / PBM binary file No compression There are no comments in these files Structure text header = 3 lines of text. Each of the three lines of text ends with a 1-byte Unix-style carriage return: 0x0a in hex, not the Windows/DOS CR/LF combination. Files begins with type = ASCII characters "PF" or "Pf". PF means it's a color PFM ( 3-channel RGB color imag). Pf means it's a grayscale PFM ( a monochrome single-channel image). next line is resolution : 2 integers = [xres] [yres]" indicates the x and y resolutions of the image last line is contains sigle floating point value: byte_order. data : Three float per pixel ( series of three 4-byte IEEE 754 single precision floating point numbers for each pixel, specified in left to right, bottom to top order ) The text header of a .pfm file takes the following form: [type] [xres] [yres] [byte_order] Check file using xxd: xxd memorial.pfm|head output : 00000000: 5046 0a35 3132 2037 3638 0a2d 312e 3030 PF.512 768.-1.00 00000010: 3030 3030 0a00 8020 3c00 001e 3b00 0038 0000... <...;..8 png png file format nrrd nrrd: description of the format raw Raw file format:[:w:Raw image format|Raw image format in wikipedia] binary filewikipedia: Binary_file, it means tha you cannot open it in the text editor but only in the special program or a hex editor raster filewikipedia: Image_file_formats - Raster_formats: file "consist of a sequential listing of pixel (data) values, described row by row, beginning with the top row, working left to right. " PARALLEL IMPLEMENTATION OF FRACTAL IMAGE COMPRESSION By Ryan F. UYS not compressed the file contains no image formatting information so to work with raw files one should know its structure and size File size depends only on the image dimensions and pixel data format Types data ( non color data, need processing) static image ( data = color) non photo image = image created by computer photo = image from digital camera.rawpedia - The encyclopedia of RawTherapee, raw shooting and everything raw It need demosaicing DNG HEIC RAW Canon’s CR3 Nikon’s NEF Sony’s ARW video,like Y4M Docs photo SE questions tagged raw Sources camera scaner internet bettertechtips 6 Websites to Download RAW Images for Free By Aliko Sunawang Update: July 12, 2022 Library for raw editing: libraw libvips ImageMagic rgb raw rawtherapee Example Fractal programs using raw format: SuperFractalThing by K I Martin ( Java, cross-platform ) Kalles Fraktaler by Karl Runmo uses kfb map files kf-extras programs for manipulating output from Kalles Fraktaler 2 Mandel Machine by Botond Kósa mandelbulber ( m3p file holds only the parameters, while .m3i holds also the raw image ) Photo editors for raw filesitsfoss : raw-image-tools-linux Photivo RawTherapee git main page digikam darktable dcraw How to work with raw files ? RGBE image format RGBE image format or Radiance HDR is an image format invented by Gregory Ward Larson for the Radiance rendering system. It stores pixels as one byte each for RGB (red, green, and blue) values with a one byte shared exponent. Thus it stores four bytes per pixel. tiff TIFF – Highest Quality Raster Image Format channels in TIFF files can be in any IEEE 754 floating-point format too, including the 128 bit one, for 384 bits (48 bytes) per pixel in the RGB, YCbCr and CIE Lab* formats and 512 bits (64 bytes) per pixel in the CMYK format. Same applies to any alpha channelphoto.stackexchange question: is-tiff-really-of-higher-quality-than-png-24 supports lossless compression, in which no image data is lost during the compression process. One can use also uncompressed TIFF image. supports alpha channel (transparency) It supports YCbCr, RGB, CMYK and CIELab color spaces Not supported by all web services or programs slower to open, larger files libtiff - c library and utilities vector SVG creating SVG files SVG images with src code Dot Dot files are text files describing graphs in dot language. Example file : digraph "BinaryAddingMachine" { a [shape=circle] b [shape=circle] a -> a [label="1/1",color=red]; a -> a [label="2/2",color=blue]; b -> a [label="1/2",color=red]; b -> b [label="2/1",color=blue]; } This file can be converted to other formats using command line program dot. For example, to svg : dot -Tsvg b.dot -o b.svg Mixed Image files with metadata image files : png images with embedded metadata ppm images with embedded metadata gif – FractInt output with embedded metadata http://www.nahee.com/spanky/www/fractint/fractint.html EXR format, OpenEXR, extension .exr DICOM DICOM exr OpenExr - an open and non-proprietary extended and highly dynamic range (HDR) image format, saving both Alpha and Z-depth buffer information. Description Programming openexr in polish wikibooks exr file format standard: OpenExr extension: exr colors are always stored in scene linear color spaces, without any data loss. That makes them suitable to store renders that can later be composited, color graded and converted to different output formats.blender manual: color management Files can also contain data that is not actually a color. For example normal or displacement maps merely contain vectors and offsets. Such images should be marked as Non-Color Data so that no color space conversion happens on them. Programs exrtact - various tools to manipulate EXR images HDR + WCG Image Viewer by Simon Tao eps Moving images Video formats used in Commons GNU ParallelGnu Parallel Converting video list of ffmpeg2theora parameters videos of quadratic Julia sets videos of quadratic Mandelbrot set FFMPEG File Formats Animated gif Convert pgm ( or other ) static files into animated gif using BASH and Image Magic :Moebius transformation animated GIFs by Fritz Mueller #!/bin/bash # script file for BASH # which bash # save this file as g # chmod +x g # ./g # for all pgm files in this directory for file in *.pgm ; do # b is name of file without extension b=$(basename $file .pgm) # convert from pgm to gif and add text ( level ) using ImageMagic convert $file -pointsize 100 -annotate +10+100 $b ${b}.gif echo $file done # convert gif files to animated gif convert -delay 100 -loop 0 %d.gif[0-24] a24.gif echo OK # end or another version by ClaudiusMaximusReCode Project - Topographic Form animated by ClaudiusMaximus for i in ??.svg do rsvg $i ${i%svg}png convert ${i%svg}png ${i%svg}gif done gifsicle --delay 4 --loop --optimize ??.gif > out.gif Don't forget about : 12.5MP limit = 500 x 500 x 50 frames = 600 x 600 x 34 frames = 1000 x 1000 x 12 frames MPEG Steps from pgm to video using Image Magic convert : pgm files to gif files gif files to video convert -delay 100 -loop 0 %d.gif[0-25] a25.mpg Ogv #!/bin/bash # script file for BASH # which bash # save this file as g # chmod +x g # ./g i=0 # for all pgm files in this directory for file in *.pgm ; do # b is name of file without extension b=$(basename $file .pgm) # change file name to integers and count files ((i= i+1)) # convert from pgm to gif and add text ( Cx from name of file ) using ImageMagic convert $file -pointsize 50 -annotate +10+100 $b ${i}.gif echo $file done echo convert all gif files to one ogv file ffmpeg2theora %d.gif --framerate 12 --videoquality 9 -o output129.ogv echo b${i} OK # end WebM One can made a video from images. For examp e creating WebM video files using ffmpeg How this video was made by Mukundmini-fract in Lisp by Yannick Gingras ffmpeg -i x%08d.png -r 24 tifa.webm or ffmpeg2theora: ffmpeg2theora %d.gif --framerate 5 --videoquality 9 -f webm --artist "your name" -o otput.webm If you use files names containing parameter ( here Cx ), then it would be easy to sort files and make video : char name [10]; /* name of file */ i = sprintf(name,"%2.7f",Cx); /* result (is saved in i) but is not used */ char *filename =strcat(name,".pgm"); /* new name thru concatenate of strings */ Y4M video file in YUV4Mpeg format raw video before compressing into other formatsfileinfo : extension y4m Graphic file documentation metadata exif comments chaunk ICC separate file parameter files separate text file ICC how a color profile ( ICC) is stored in an image depends on the image format In PNG, for example, it's contained in a PNG iCCP chunk In JPEG, it's stored in a particular "marker" For other image formats, see http://www.color.org/profile_embedding.xalter Metadata pngmetapngmeta EXIF exif PNG and exif exiv2 exifviewer exiftools Comment Using Image Magic : comment escape Image Magic - escape Image Magic one can add comment to png image using mogrify :Stackoverflow : How to add extra meta data to PNG? mogrify -comment "My test comment" p.png or using convert :Stackoverflow : Insert a text chunk into a png image convert in.png \ -set 'Copyright' 'CC-BY-SA 4.0' \ -set 'Title' 'A wonderful day' \ -set comment 'Photo taken while running' \ out.png To read comment from png : identify -verbose p.png | grep -i "comment:" comment: My test comment or : identify -format "%c" X.ppm Chunk A chunk is a fragment of information which is used in many multimedia formats, such as PNG, IFF, MP3 and AVI. Each chunk contains a header which indicates some parameters (e.g. the type of chunk, comments, size etc.) In the middle there is a variable area containing data which are decoded by the program from the parameters in the header.wikipedia : Chunk (information) Text chunk is one of standard ancillary PNG chunks. Its name is a tEXt. PNG (Portable Network Graphics) Specification, Version 1.2 : chunk Standard keywords for PNG text chunks: Title Short (one line) title or caption for image Author Name of image's creator Description Description of image (possibly long) Copyright Copyright notice Creation Time Time of original image creation Software Software used to create the image Disclaimer Legal disclaimer Warning Warning of nature of content Source Device used to create the image Comment Miscellaneous comment; conversion from GIF comment The ancillary chunks currently known to ImageMagick are bKGD, cHRM, gAMA, iCCP, oFFs, pHYs, sRGB, tEXt, tRNS, vpAg, and zTXt. Example with convert from Image Magic : convert in.png -define png:include-chunk=tEXt file.txt out.png On can use pnmtopng utility : pnmtopng -text file.txt 1000.pgm > 1000.png where text file file.txt is : Title Short (one line) title or caption for image Author Name of image's creator Description Description of image (possibly long) Copyright Copyright notice Creation Time Time of original image creation Software Software used to create the image Disclaimer Legal disclaimer Warning Warning of nature of content Source Device used to create the image Comment Miscellaneous comment; conversion from GIF comment png-text-embadedhttps://github.com/gbenison/png-text-embed separate text file Save pgm file and also text file with some description of the image: // save "A" array to pgm file and info txt file int SaveArray2PGMFile( unsigned char A[], double k, char* text) { FILE * fp; const unsigned int MaxColorComponentValue=255; /* color component is coded from 0 to 255 ; it is 8 bit color file */ char name [100]; /* name of file , error Naruszenie ochrony pamięci */ snprintf(name, sizeof name, "%f", k); /* */ char *filename =strncat(name,".pgm", 4); char *comment="# ";/* comment should start with # */ /* save image to the pgm file */ fp= fopen(filename,"wb"); /*create new file,give it a name and open it in binary mode */ fprintf(fp,"P5\n %s\n %u %u\n %u\n",comment,iWidth,iHeight,MaxColorComponentValue); /*write header to the file*/ fwrite(A,iLength,1,fp); /*write A array to the file in one step */ printf("File %s saved. \n", filename); fclose(fp); // save info text filename filename =strcat(name,".txt"); fp= fopen(filename,"wb"); fprintf(fp,"This image shows rectangle part of dynamic plane of discrete complex dynamical system z(n+1) = fc(zn) \n"); fprintf(fp," where fc(z)= z^2 + c \n"); fprintf(fp,"with numerical approximation of parabolic Julia set \n\n"); fprintf(fp,"parameter c is a root point between iPeriodParent = %d and iPeriodOfChild = %d hyperbolic components of Mandelbrot set \n", iPeriodParent , iPeriodChild); fprintf(fp,"on the end of the internal ray of parent component of Mandelbrot set with angle = 1/%d in turns \n", iPeriodChild); fprintf(fp," c = ( %f ; %f ) \n", Cx, Cy); fprintf(fp," \n"); fprintf(fp,"critical point z = Zcr= ( %f ; %f ) \n", creal(Zcr), cimag(Zcr)); fprintf(fp,"parabolic alfa fixed point z = ZA = ( %f ; %f ) \n", creal(ZA), cimag(ZA)); fprintf(fp," radius around parabolic fixed point AR = %.16f ; Pixel width = %.16f \n", AR, PixelWidth); fprintf(fp," iMaxN = %d ; ARn = %.16f \n",iMaxN, ARn); // info fprintf(fp," EscapeRadius ER = %f ; \n", EscapeRadius); fprintf(fp," Fatou coordinate U(Zcr) = Ux0 = %f ; \n", Ux0); fprintf(fp," Maxima number of iterations : iMax = %d \n\n", iMax); fprintf(fp," Image shows rectangular part of dynamic plane with %s\n", text); fprintf(fp," from ZxMin = %f to ZxMax = %f\n", ZxMin, ZxMax); fprintf(fp," from ZyMin = %f to ZyMax = %f\n\n", ZyMin, ZyMax); fprintf(fp," iWidth = %d and iHeight = %d\n", iWidth, iHeight); fprintf(fp," distortion = %f ; It should be 1.0 \n", ((ZxMax-ZxMin)/(ZyMax -ZyMin)/(iWidth/iHeight))); if (t==0) fprintf(fp," No lost pixels : t = %d ; Parameters iMax and AR are good \n",t); else fprintf(fp," Error : there are lost pixels : t > 0 ; you should increase iMax or make bigger AR \n\n"); fprintf(fp," computations made with double type numbers \n\n"); fprintf(fp,"use (k+AR) for file names where k is a number of file ; range(k) =[0,k] so there are (k+1) png files nad (k+1) text files \n\n"); fprintf(fp,"made with c console program \n"); // printf("File %s saved. \n", filename); fclose(fp); return 0; } Parameter files A parameter file is a small text file which contains all the settings required to produce a particular image ( Gnofract4D) Parameters can be read from both parameter and image files :Mightymandel doc parameter files : fct extension is used by Gnofract 4D .fzs extension is used by Fractal Zoomer ( binary file) F3 or f3.toml is used by fractaler-3 program kfr extension is used by Kalles Fraktaler 2 http://www.chillheimer.de/kallesfraktaler/ mdz extension is used by Mandelbrot Deep Zoom mm extension is used by mightymandel mmit extension is used by Mandel Machine mp extension is used by mandelbrot-perturbator m3p extension is used by Mandelbulb3D par extension is used by Fractint sft extension is used by SuperFractalThing upr extension is used by UltraFractal XML extension is used by David Eck Java program to save Mandelbrot Settings <mandelbrot_settings_2> <image_size width="800" height="600"/> <limits> <xmin>-1.368156475175454059721</xmin> <xmax>-1.368156475171886859735</xmax> <ymin>0.001591278471916748399</ymin> <ymax>0.001591278474592148387</ymax> </limits> <palette colorType="RGB"> <divisionPoint position="0" color="0.7909;0.9961;0.763"/> <divisionPoint position="0.1667" color="0.8974;0.8953;0.6565"/> <divisionPoint position="0.3333" color="0.9465;0.3161;0.1267"/> <divisionPoint position="0.5" color="0.5184;0.1109;0.0917"/> <divisionPoint position="0.6667" color="0.0198;0.4563;0.6839"/> <divisionPoint position="0.8333" color="0.5385;0.8259;0.8177"/> <divisionPoint position="1" color="0.7909;0.9961;0.763"/> </palette> <palette_mapping length="250" offset="96"/> <max_iterations value="50000"/> </mandelbrot_settings_2> See also: fractalforums: kfb-to-mmit-converter Reading parameters /* from gui main.c https://gitorious.org/maximus/book/source/47ce485c4266b3d5fc62f685f001ce7606ce426f: by http://mathr.co.uk/blog/ loads txt file with parameters http://qualapps.blogspot.com/2009/01/unicode-bom-handling-in-c-run-time.html http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/Unicode.html http://programmers.stackexchange.com/questions/102205/should-utf-16-be-considered-harmful http://utf8everywhere.org/ http://www.codeguru.com/cpp/misc/misc/multi-lingualsupport/article.php/c10451/The-Basics-of-UTF8.htm http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2113270/how-to-read-unicode-utf-8-binary-file-line-by-line http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html gcc l.c -lmpfr -lgmp -Wall */ #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> // malloc #include <string.h> // strncmp #include <ctype.h> // isascii #include <mpfr.h> struct view { mpfr_t cx, cy, radius, pixel_spacing; }; static struct view *view_new() { struct view *v = malloc(sizeof(struct view)); mpfr_init2(v->cx, 53); mpfr_init2(v->cy, 53); mpfr_init2(v->radius, 53); mpfr_init2(v->pixel_spacing, 53); return v; } static void view_delete(struct view *v) { mpfr_clear(v->cx); mpfr_clear(v->cy); mpfr_clear(v->radius); mpfr_clear(v->pixel_spacing); free(v); } //http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5457608/how-to-remove-a-character-from-a-string-in-c?rq=1 // Fabio Cabral void removeChar(char *str, char garbage) { char *src, *dst; for (src = dst = str; *src != '\0'; src++) { *dst = *src; if (*dst != garbage) dst++; } *dst = '\0'; } //wikipedia : Serialization // read data from file static int deserialize(const char *filename) { // open file in a text mode FILE *in = fopen(filename, "r"); if (in) { printf( "file %s opened\n", filename); char *line = 0; size_t linelen = 0; ssize_t readlen = 0; // bytes_read = length of the line // read line while (-1 != (readlen = getline(&line, &linelen, in))) { // if (readlen && line[readlen-1] == '\n') { line[readlen - 1] = 0; } // remove BOM while (! isascii(line[0])) {printf(" removed non-printing char = %c ( non -ASCII char ) = %3d (signed 8 bit) = %u (unsigned 8 bit) = 0x%.2X (hexadecimal) \n", line[0], line[0], (unsigned char) line[0], (unsigned char) line[0]); removeChar(line,line[0]); } // size if (0 == strncmp(line, "size ", 5)) { printf( "size line found :"); int w = 0, h = 0; sscanf(line + 5, "%d %d\n", &w, &h); printf( "size of image in pixels : width = %d ; height = %d \n", w,h); // resize_image(w, h); // FIXME TODO make this work... } // view else if (0 == strncmp(line, "view ", 5)) { printf( "view line found : \n"); int p = 53; char *xs = malloc(readlen); char *ys = malloc(readlen); char *rs = malloc(readlen); sscanf(line + 5, "%d %s %s %s", &p, xs, ys, rs); struct view *v = view_new(); mpfr_set_prec(v->cx, p); mpfr_set_prec(v->cy, p); mpfr_set_str(v->cx, xs, 0, GMP_RNDN); mpfr_set_str(v->cy, ys, 0, GMP_RNDN); mpfr_set_str(v->radius, rs, 0, GMP_RNDN); // printf ("precision p = %d\n", p); printf ("center = "); mpfr_out_str (stdout, 10, p, v->cx, MPFR_RNDD); printf (" ; "); mpfr_out_str (stdout, 10, p, v->cy, MPFR_RNDD); putchar ('\n'); printf ("radius = "); mpfr_out_str (stdout, 10, p, v->radius, MPFR_RNDD); putchar ('\n'); free(xs); free(ys); free(rs); view_delete(v); } else if (0 == strncmp(line, "ray_out ", 8)) { printf( "ray_out line found :\n"); int p = 53; char *xs = malloc(readlen); char *ys = malloc(readlen); sscanf(line + 8, "%d %s %s", &p, xs, ys); mpfr_t cx, cy; mpfr_init2(cx, p); mpfr_init2(cy, p); mpfr_set_str(cx, xs, 0, GMP_RNDN); mpfr_set_str(cy, ys, 0, GMP_RNDN); free(xs); free(ys); mpfr_clear(cx); mpfr_clear(cy); } else if (0 == strncmp(line, "ray_in ", 7)) { printf( "ray_in line found : \n"); int depth = 1000; char *as = malloc(readlen); sscanf(line + 7, "%d %s", &depth, as); free(as); } else if (0 == strncmp(line, "text ", 20)) { printf( "text line found : \n"); //int p = 53; char *xs= malloc(readlen); char *ys = malloc(readlen); char *ss = malloc(readlen); sscanf(line + 20, "%s %s %s \n", xs, ys, ss); free(xs); free(ys); free(ss); } else if (0 == strncmp(line, "//", 2 )) { printf( "line of comment found : %s\n", line ); } else printf( "not-known line found ! Maybe line with BOM ? \n"); } // while free(line); fclose(in); printf( "file %s closed\n", filename); return 0;} // if (in) else { printf( "file %s not opened = error !\n", filename); return 1;} } int main (int argc, const char* argv[]) { if (argc != 2) { fprintf(stderr, "program opens text file \n"); fprintf(stderr, "program input : text file with parameters \n"); fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s filename\n", argv[0]); return 1; } deserialize(argv[1]); return 0; } Viewer for programmers This program : opens binary ppm ( P6) or pgm ( P5) files it does not opens asci versions of these files. It can be used to check image by checking output in console as mouse moves. Add your code to Motion function and update Zxmin and Zymin ( world coordinate). It not works for newest version of OpenGl. /* * image.c * * read in a PPM or PGM binary image and display it, full size Based on code by : Dr. Lori L. Scarlatos Stony Brook University http://ms.cc.sunysb.edu/~lscarlatos/ "I do not have a license for image.c; it was created as an example for my students. Please feel free to use it. Best regards, Lori" * ---------------------------- * it does not opens asci versions of these files * examples files : * http://people.sc.fsu.edu/~jburkardt/data/data.html http://web.eecs.umich.edu/~sugih/courses/eecs487/glut-howto/sample.c // gcc v.c -lm -lGLU -lglut -Wall // ? windows gcc v.c -lm -lglut -lGL -lGLU -Wall // ubuntu ./a.out 5.pgm */ /* locate glut.h /usr/include/GL/freeglut.h /usr/include/GL/glut.h #ifdef FREEGLUT #include <GL/freeglut.h> #else #include <GL/glut.h> #endif */ //#include <Windows.h> #include <GL/gl.h> #include <GL/glu.h> //#include <GL/glut.h> // oryginal glut #include <GL/freeglut.h> // freeglut #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <math.h> /* fabs*/ //#include <malloc.h> /* Global variables */ #define MAXLINE 80 /* maximum length of a line of text */ /* 3.2 Conventions In developing the freeglut library, we have taken careful steps to ensure consistency in function operation across the board, in such a manner as to maintain compatibility with GLUT's behavior whenever possible. In this section some of the important conventions of FreeGLUT, and their compatibility with GLUT, are made explicit. 3.2.1 Window placement and size There is considerable confusion about the "right thing to do" concerning window size and position. GLUT itself is not consistent between Windows and UNIX/X11; since platform independence is a virtue for freeglut, we decided to break with GLUT's behaviour. Under UNIX/X11, it is apparently not possible to get the window border sizes in order to subtract them off the window's initial position until some time after the window has been created. Therefore we decided on the following behavior, both under Windows and under UNIX/X11: When you create a window with position (x,y) and size (w,h), the upper left hand corner of the outside of the window (the non-client area) is at (x,y) and the size of the drawable (client) area is (w,h). The coordinates taken by glutInitPosition and glutPositionWindow, as well as the coordinates provided by FreeGLUT when it calls the glutPositionFunc callback, specify the top-left of the non-client area of the window. When you query the size and position of the window using glutGet, FreeGLUT will return the size of the drawable area --the (w,h) that you specified when you created the window --and the coordinates of the upper left hand corner of the drawable (client) area --which is NOT the (x,y) position of the window you specified when you created it. */ GLint ImageWidth, ImageHeight; /* size of the Image in pixels */ GLint WindowWidth, WindowHeight; /* size of the window in pixels */ GLint MaxScreenWidth, MaxScreenHeight; /* size of the screen in pixels */ GLubyte *Picture; /* Array of colors (GLubyte) */ int size; // mouse position as a global variables //static float mx=0.0f,my=0.0f ; int iX, iY; // int centerX = 200, centerY = 200; GLint iYmax,iXmax; // mouse coordinate inside image unsigned char pixel[3]; // change it manually !!!!! const double ZyMin=-1.0; const double ZxMin=-2.0; const double PixelHeight=0.0020010005002501 ; const double PixelWidth=0.0020010005002501 ; int filetype; enum {P2, P3, P5, P6}; /* possible file types */ /* gives position of point (iX,iY) in 1D array ; uses also global variables */ unsigned int f(unsigned int _iX, unsigned int _iY) {return (_iX + (iYmax-_iY-1)*iXmax );} /* * Read from a PPM or PGM (binary) file * Output is a array of GLubyte */ void readPPM (char *filename, GLubyte **pic) { FILE *fp; char line[MAXLINE]; int i, rowsize; // int size; // moved to global var int j ; GLubyte *ptr; /* Read in file type */ fp = fopen(filename, "r"); /* in Unix rb = r */ if (fp==NULL) {perror(" perror : " ); printf("Error from fopen : I can't open %s file' ! ", filename); exit(1); } else printf("File %s has been opened !\n", filename); /* Each file starts with aa two-byte magic number (in ASCII) that explains : * - the type of file it is (PBM, PGM, and PPM) * - its encoding (ASCII or binary). * The magic number is a capital P followed by a single digit number. */ fgets (line, MAXLINE, fp); /* 1st line : Magic Number */ switch (line[1]) { case '2': filetype = P2; printf("This is PGM text file (P2), but now I do not have procedure for opening it \n"); break; case '3' : filetype = P3; printf("This is PPM text file (P3), but now I do not have procedure for opening it !\n"); break; case '5': filetype = P5; printf("This is PGM binary file (P5) and I can open it !\n"); break; case '6' : filetype = P6; printf("This is PPM binary file (P6) and I can open it !\n"); break; default : printf("Error from readPPM : need binary PPM or binary PGM file as input!\n"); exit(1); } /* if this is a comment, read next line. Maybe in binary files there is no comment ?*/ /* there maybe more then one line of comment */ fgets (line, MAXLINE, fp); while (line[0]=='#') { printf(" comment = %s \n", line); /* 2nd or more line starting with # = comment, print it */ fgets (line, MAXLINE, fp); // read next line } /* Read in width and height, & allocate space */ /* these 2 numbers should be in one line with space between them */ /* 3nd line: width and height */ sscanf(line, "%d %d", &ImageWidth, &ImageHeight); printf ("iWidth = %d\n", ImageWidth); printf ("iHeight = %d\n", ImageHeight); iXmax=ImageWidth-1; iYmax=ImageHeight-1; if (filetype == P5) { size = ImageHeight * ImageWidth; /* greymap: 1 byte per pixel */ rowsize = ImageWidth; } else /* filetype == P6 */ { size = ImageHeight * ImageWidth * 3; /* pixmap: 3 bytes per pixel */ rowsize = ImageWidth * 3; } *pic = (GLubyte *)malloc (size); /* create dynamic array */ /* Read in maximum value (ignore) */ fgets (line, MAXLINE, fp); /* next line */ /* */ if (filetype==P5 || filetype==P6){ /* Read in the pixel array row-by-row: 1st row = top scanline */ ptr = *pic + (ImageHeight-1) * rowsize; for (i = ImageHeight; i > 0; i--) { /* For binary File I/O you use fread and fwrite */ j = fread((void *)ptr, 1, rowsize, fp); ptr -= rowsize; } if (j) printf("File %s has been read !\n", filename); else printf(" j Error from readPPM procedure : I can't read %d file !.\n", j); } else printf("Error from readPPM procedure : I can't read %s file !. It should be P5 or P6 file !\n", filename); fclose(fp); printf("File %s has been closed !\n", filename); } /* Draw the picture on the screen */ void Draw(void) { /* black background of GLUT window */ glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); // Clear the background of our window to black glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); //Clear the colour buffer (more buffers later on) glLoadIdentity(); // Load the Identity Matrix to reset our drawing locations glFlush(); // Flush the OpenGL buffers to the window // left lower corner of displayed image glRasterPos2i(-1,-1); // By default, OpenGL assumes a system running from -1 to 1, switch (filetype){ case P5 : /* greymap: use as illumination values */ glDrawPixels(ImageWidth, ImageHeight, GL_LUMINANCE, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, Picture); printf("P5 Image has been drawn !\n"); break; case P6 : glDrawPixels(ImageWidth, ImageHeight, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, Picture); printf("P6 Image has been drawn !\n"); break; default : printf("Error from Draw procedure : There is no image to draw !\n"); } } // Detecting Mouse Clicks // x and y specify the location (in window-relative coordinates) of the mouse when // the event occurred void MouseClicks (int button, int state, int x, int y) { switch (button) case GLUT_LEFT_BUTTON: if (state == GLUT_DOWN) // do something case GLUT_RIGHT_BUTTON: ; // etc., etc. } // mouse motion //The x and y callback parameters // indicate the mouse location // in window relative coordinates // // x, y –> coordinates of the mouse relative to upper left corner of window // setting the mouse position to be relative to the mouse // position inside the window // void PassiveMouseMotion(int x, int y) { //double Zx,Zy; //double Ux; //int index; //GLubyte Gray; // put your code here ???? iX = x; /* invert y axis */ iY = WindowHeight - y -1 ; //+ (glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_HEIGHT) - ImageHeight); ///glutGet(GLUT_WINDOW_HEIGHT) - y; // ???? /* output : prints to console */ if ((filetype==P5 || filetype==P6) && -1<iX && iX< ImageWidth && iY<ImageHeight) // && iY<ImageHeight { glReadPixels(iX, iY, 1, 1, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pixel); // pixel coordinates of the mouse relative to upper left corner of window printf(" pixel iX=%3d / %d ; iY=%3d color = %d \n", iX, MaxScreenWidth, iY, pixel[1] ); } } static void Key(unsigned char key, int x, int y) { switch (key) { case 27 : {glutLeaveFullScreen(); break;}/* esc */ case 'f': {glutFullScreen(); break; } case 'q': {printf("Key preseed and exit \n"); exit(1) ;} case 'Q': {printf("Key preseed and exit \n"); exit(1) ;} case 't': {glutFullScreenToggle(); break; } // GLUT does not include the glutLeaveFullScreen and glutFullScreenToggle functions from freeglut default: return ; } } /* Resize the picture ; OpenGL calls this function whenever the window is resized Called when window is resized, also when window is first created, before the first call to display(). */ void Reshape(GLint w, GLint h) { /* save new screen dimensions */ WindowWidth = w; WindowHeight = h; /* the viewport is the rectangular region of the window where the image is drawn */ // Viewport : A rectangular region in the screen for display (in screen coordinate system) glViewport(0, 0, ImageWidth-1, ImageHeight-1); // glViewport( 0.f, 0.f, SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT ); glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION); glLoadIdentity(); // Define a world window : A rectangular region in the world that is to be displayed (in world coordinate system) // By default, OpenGL assumes a system running from -1 to 1, gluOrtho2D(-1, 1, -1, 1); // An orthographic projection is basically a 3D projection that does not have perspective glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW); glLoadIdentity(); } /* Initialization: create window glutInitWindowSize(600, 600); */ void MyInit(int argc, char *argv[]) { char filename[MAXLINE]; /* Read in the file (allocates space for Picture) */ if (argc < 2) { printf ("Enter the name of a binary PPM or PGM file: "); scanf("%s", filename); readPPM ((char *)filename, &Picture); } else { readPPM (argv[1], &Picture); } glutInit(&argc, argv); MaxScreenWidth = glutGet(GLUT_SCREEN_WIDTH); MaxScreenHeight = glutGet(GLUT_SCREEN_HEIGHT); glutInitWindowPosition(-1, 1); // upper left corner glutInitWindowSize(MaxScreenWidth, MaxScreenHeight ); // full screen of my monitor glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_RGB | GLUT_SINGLE); if (glutCreateWindow("OpenGl binary pgm/ppm Image viewer ") == GL_FALSE) {printf("Error from MyInit , glutCreateWindow\n"); exit(1);} } /* ------------------ Main program ---------------------------------------*/ int main(int argc, char **argv) { MyInit(argc, argv); glutPassiveMotionFunc(PassiveMouseMotion); // mouse move with no key pressed glutReshapeFunc(Reshape); // move or resize of screen window glutDisplayFunc(Draw); // glutKeyboardFunc(Key); // glutMainLoop(); return 0; } See also References