French For Football/Notes/Introductory Material

Material for New Lessons This is NOT a lesson page - it contains NOTES for lesson material for the Introductory Modules. It is being produced by adapting the text from the Introductory and Level One sections of the French Wikibook. As the new material is generated, the corresponding old material is deleted. Vocabulary: Numbers 1 un 1st = 1er premier(ère) 2 deux 2nd = 2ième deuxième 3 trois 3rd = 3ième troisième 4 quatre 4th = 4ième quatrième 5 cinq 5th = 5ième cinquième 6 six 6th = 6ième sixième 7 sept 7th = 7ième septième 8 huit 8th = 8ième huitième 9 neuf 9th = 9ième neuvième 10 dix 10th = 10ième dixième 11 onze 11th = 11ième onzième 12 douze 12th = 12ième douzième 13 treize 13th = 13ième treizième 14 quatorze 14th = 14ième quatorzième 15 quinze 15th = 15ième quinzième 16 seize 16th = 16ième seizième 17 dix-sept 17th = 17ième dix-septième 18 dix-huit 18th = 18ième dix-huitième 19 dix-neuf 19th = 19ième dix-neuvième 20 vingt 20th = 20ième vingtième un 1 une unité (a unity) dix 10 une dizaine (one ten) douze 12 une douzaine (one dozen) Original Material from the French Wikibook Grammar: The French alphabet CharactersAaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmPronunciationahbaysaydayeuheffjhayasheezheekahelemCharactersNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZzPronunciationennohpaykuairesstayuevaydubl-vayeeksee-grehkzedh In addition, French uses several accents which are worth understanding. These are: à, è, ù, (grave accents) and é (acute accent) which only applies to e. A circumflex applies to all vowels as well: â, ê, î, ô, û. And also a tréma (French for diaerasis) for vowels: ä, ë, ï, ö, ü, ÿ and combined letters: æ and œ Vocabulary: Greetings SalutHi./Bye.(informal)BonjourHello(more formal than salut) (all day)BonsoirHello(after 19h00)Bonne soiréeGood evening Bonne nuitGood nightQuoi de neuf ?What's up (about you)? (lit. what's new) Pas grand-chose.Not much. (lit. no big-thing)  Vocabulary: Goodbyes Salut.Hi./Bye.(informal)Au revoir.Good-bye.ohrvwahr (ev not pronounced)À demain.See you tomorrow.ah duhman (Lit: To/Until Tomorrow)Au revoir, à demain.Bye, see you tomorrow. À tout à l'heure.See you (later today)!ah tootah luhrÀ la prochaine.See you (tomorrow)!ah lah proh shaynÀ bientôt.See you soon.ah byantoeCiaoBye.chow (Italian) Vocabulary: Courtesy Please S'il te plaît.(Lit: If it pleases you.) S'il vous plaît.(formal).Thanks (a lot)Merci (beaucoup). You're welcome.De rien.(Lit: It's nothing.)Pas de quoi.(Lit: Not of what.) (No problem.)Je t'en prie.I pray you (informal) Je vous en prie (formal) Vocabulary: Titles FrenchAbbr.PronunciationEnglish, Usage SingularPlural MonsieurMessieurs.M.muhsyeumehsyeuMr., Sir.Gentlemen. SingularPlural MadameMesdamesMmemahdamnmaydahmMrs., Ma'am.Ladies SingularPlural MademoiselleMesdemoisellesMllemahdmwahzellmehdmwahzellMiss, Young ladyYoung ladies Vocabulary: How are you? Comment allez-vous? (formal), Comment vas-tu? (informal), Comment ça va?/Ça va ? (informal)How are you?Ça va (très) bienI'm doing (very) well(lit. It's going (very) well)Oui, ça va.Yes, it goes.Très bien, merci.Very well, thanks.Pas mal.Not Badpas si bien/pas très biennot so well(très) mal(very) badComme ci, comme ça.So-So.Désolé(e).I'm sorry.Et toi?Et vous?And you? (informal)And you? (formal) Vocabulary: Cardinal numbers un 1 une unité (a unity) deux 2 trois 3 quatre 4 cinq 5 six 6 sept 7 huit 8 neuf 9 dix 10 une dizaine (one ten) onze 11 douze 12 une douzaine (one dozen) treize 13 quatorze 14 quinze 15 seize 16 dix-sept 17 dix-huit 18 dix-neuf 19 vingt 20 une vingtaine (around twenty) vingt et un 21 vingt [deux - neuf] 22-29 trente 30 trente et un 31 trente [deux - neuf] 32-39 quarante 40 cinquante 50 soixante 60 soixante-dix 70 soixante et onze 71 soixante-[douze - dix-neuf] 72-79 quatre-vingts 80 quatre-vingt-un 81 quatre-vingt-[deux - neuf] 82-89 quatre-vingt-dix 90 quatre-vingt-[onze - dix-neuf] 91-99 cent 100 une centaine (one hundred) [deux - neuf] cents 200-900 deux cent un 201 neuf cent un 901 mille 1.000 un millier (one thousand) (un) million 1.000.000 (un) milliard 1.000.000.000 Things of note about numbers: For 70-79, it builds upon "soixante" but past that it builds upon a combination of terms for 80-99 Only the first (21,31,41,51,61 and 71, but not 81 nor 91) have "et un" without a hyphen; but past this it is simply both words consecutively (vingt-six, trente-trois, etc) with a hyphen in between. For 100-199, it looks much like this list already save that "cent" is added before the rest of the number; this continues up to 1000 and onward. Many speakers of French outside of France refer to the numbers 70 to 99 in the same pattern as the other numbers. For instance, in Switzerland and Belgium, seventy is "septante," 71 is "septante et un," 72 "septante deux," and so on. Ninety is "nonante". In Switzerland, Eighty is "huitante" or "octante". Vocabulary: The days of the week. #FrenchPronunciationEnglishOrigin1lundiluhndeeMondayMoon2mardimahrdeeTuesdayMars3mercredimaircruhdeeWednesdayMercury4jeudijuhdeeThursdayJupiter5vendredivahndruhdeeFridayVenus6samedisahmdeeSaturdaySaturn7dimanchedeemahnshSundaySun Notes: What day is it today? is equivalent to Quel jour sommes nous aujourd'hui?, Quel jour est on aujourd'hui? or On est quel jour aujourd'hui? (last one is less formal but more common) Quel jour sommes nous aujourd'hui? can be answered with Aujourd'hui c'est..., C'est... or Nous sommes ... / On est... Nous sommes... is not used with hier, aujourd’hui, or demain. C'était (past) or C'est (present/future) must be used accordingly. The days of the week are not capitalized in French. 1aAujourd'hui on est quel jour ?Today is what day?ojzoordwee on ay kell jzoor 1bAujourd'hui on est [jour].Today is [day]. 2aDemain c'est quel jour ?Tomorrow is what day?Duhman on ay kell jzoor 2bDemain c'est [jour].Tomorrow is [day]. avant-hierthe day before yesterdayhieryesterdayaujourd'huitodayce soirtonightdemaintomorrowaprès-demainthe day after tomorrow Vocabulary: The months of the year #FrenchPronouncedEnglish01janvierjzahnvyayJanuary02févrierfayvryayFebruary03marsmahrseMarch04avrilahvrillApril05maimayeMay06juinjzwanJune07juilletjzuyayJuly08aoûtoot/ooAugust09septembreseptahmbruhSeptember10octobreoktuhbrOctober11novembrenovahmbrNovember12décembredaysahmbrDecember The months of the year are not capitalized in French. For phrases relating to the months of the year, see the phrasebook Quelle est la date(d'aujourd'hui) ?What is the date(today)?kell ay lah dahtC'est le [#] [month].It's [month] [#].say leuh... Vocabulary: Seasons la saisonseasonau printempsSpringl'été (m)Summerl'automne (m)Autumnl'hiver (m)Winter Vocabulary: Asking for the time Asking for the time. 4aQuelle heure est-il ? What hour/time is it? kell er ayteel 4bQuelle heure il est ?kell er eel ay 5Il est [nombre] heure(s).It is [number] hours.eelay [nombre] er Vocabulary: Time In French, “il est” is used to express the time; though it would literally translate as “he is”, it is actually, in this case, equivalent to “it is” (impersonal "il"). Unlike in English, it is always important to use “heures” (“hours”) when referring to the time. In English, it is OK to say, “It’s nine,” but this wouldn’t make sense in French. Quelle heure est-il ?What time is it?Il est une heure.It is one o’clock.Il est trois heures.It is three o’clock.Il est dix heures.It is ten o’clock.Il est midi.It is noon.Il est minuit.It is midnight.Il est quatre heures cinq.It is five past four.Il est quatre heures et quart.It is a quarter past four.Il est quatre heures moins le quartIt is a quarter till 4.Il est quatre heures quinze.It is four fifteen.Il est quatre heures et demie.It is half past four.Il est quatre heures trente.It is four thirty.Il est cinq heures moins vingt.It is twenty to five.Il est quatre heures quarante.It is four forty. Vocabulary: Times of day le lever du jourdaybreaklit:the rise of the dayle lever du soleilsunriselit: the rise of the sunle soleil levantrising sun.le matinmorning...du matinA.M., lit: of the morninghier matinyesterday morningle midi noon, middayl'après-midi (m)afternoonle soirevening, in the evening...du soirP.M. lit: of the eveningla nuitnightle coucher du soleilsunset G: The verb avoir "Avoir" can be translated as "to have". Formation avoir /a.vwaʁ/ (ah-vwahr) Fr-avoir.ogg to havej'ai /e/ (ay) I havetu as /a/ (ah) you haveil a /a/ (ah) he hasnous avons /a.vɔ̃/ (ah-voh(n)) we havevous avez /a.ve/ (ah-vay) you haveils ont /ɔ̃/ (oh(n)) they haveeu /y/ had Examples J'ai deux stylos.I have two pens.Tu as trois frères.You have three brothers.Il a une idée.He has an idea. Expressing Age Avoir is used to express age. Tu as quel âge? - How old are you? [lit: You have what age?] J'ai trente ans. - I'm thirty (years old). [lit: I have thirty years] There is/are - Il y a The expression il y a means there is or there are. Il y a un livre. - There is a book. Il y a des livres. - There are books. Vocabulary: The Family Immediate Familyma famillemy familyles parentsparentsla mèremotherle pèrefatherla femmewifele marihusbandla soeursisterle frèrebrotherl'enfantchild (m or f)les enfantschildrenla filledaughterle filsson Grammar: Direct Object Pronouns le, la, and les le, la, and les are called direct object pronouns, because they are pronouns that are, you guessed it, used as direct objects. A direct object is a noun that is acted upon by a verb. Il lance la balle. - He throws the ball. In the above sentence la balle is the direct object. You have learned earlier that names and regular nouns can be replaced by the subject pronouns (je, tu...). Similarly, direct objects, such as "la balle", can be replaced by pronouns. le - replaces a masculine singular direct object la - replaces a feminine singular direct object l - replaces le and la if they come before a vowel les - replaces plural direct objects, both masculine and feminine The direct object pronouns come before the verb they are linked to. Il la lance. - He throws it. Il les lance. - He throws them. Le, la, and les can replace either people or inanimate objects. D: Where are you from? QuentinBonjour, Léon. Dis donc, Tu es d’où?LéonJe suis de Paris, Quentin.QuentinAlors, tu es français?LéonOui, exactement.QuentinEt Marie, elle est d’où?LéonElle est de Marseille. Elle est française, aussi.QuentinMerci, Léon. Au revoir. Grammar: Subject pronouns French has six different types of pronouns: the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person singular and the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person plural. 1st personsingularjeIpluralnouswe2nd personsingulartuyoupluralvousyou3rd personsingularil, elle, onhe, she, onepluralils, ellesthey (masculine)they (feminine) When referring to more than one person in the 2nd person, “vous” must be used. When referring to a single person, “vous” or “tu” may be used depending on the situation; see notes in the introductory lessons. The pronoun it does not exist in French. Il replaces all masculine nouns, even those that are not human. The same is true with elle and feminine nouns. In addition to the nuances between vous and tu, as discussed earlier, French pronouns carry meanings that do not exist in English pronouns. The French third person "on" has several meanings, but most closely matches the now archaic English "one". While in English, "One must be very careful in French grammar" sounds old-fashioned, the French equivalent "On doit faire très attention à la grammaire française" is quite acceptable. Also, while the third person plural "they" has no gender in English, the French equivalents "ils" and "elles" do. However, when pronounced, they normally sound the same as "il" and "elle", so distinguishing the difference requires understanding of the various conjugations of the verbs following the pronoun. Also, if a group of people consists of both males and females, the male form is used, even with a majority of females — however, this sensibly yields to overwhelming majority: given a group of only one male to thousands of females, the female form would be used. In everyday language, “on” is used, instead of “nous”, to express “we”; the verb is always used in the 3rd person singular. For example, to say "We (are) meeting at 7 o'clock", you could say either “On se rencontre au cinéma à sept heures.” (colloquial) or “Nous rencontrons au cinéma à sept heures.” (formal). For more, see the Wikipedia entry. G: Introduction to Verbs A verb is a word that describes an action or mental or physical state. Tenses and Moods French verbs can be formed in four moods, each of which express a unique feeling. Each mood has a varying number of tenses, which indicate the time when an action takes place. In the next section, we will look at the conjugations in the present tense of the indicative mood, more commonly called the present indicative. There is one conjugation for each of the six subject pronouns. Infinitives The infinitive form is the basic form of a verb. It does not refer to a particular tense, person or subject. In this book, the infinitive form of the verb is used to identify it. In English, the infinitive form is to ___. In French, the infinitive is one word. For example, parler translates to to speak, finir translates to to finish, and aller translates to to go. Conjugation French verbs conjugate, which means they take different shapes depending on the subject. English verbs only have one conjugation; that is the third person singular (I see, you see, he/she sees, we see, they see). The only exception is the verb "to be" (I am; (thou art); you are; he/she is; we are; they are;). Most French verbs will conjugate into many different forms. Most verbs are regular, which means that they conjugate in the same way. The most common verbs, however, are irregular. G: Être - To Be Être translates as to be in English. It is an irregular verb, and is not conjugated like any other verb. Formation Singular Plural first personje suis jeuh sweeI am nous sommes noo sumwe are second persontu es too ayyou are vous êtes voozettyou are third person il est eel ayhe is ils sont eelsohn they are(masc. or mixed) elle est ell ayshe is on est ohn ayone is elles sont ellsohnthey are (fem.) Examples Je suis avocat.I am (a) lawyer.jzeuh swee ah voh cahTu es à la banque.You are at the bank.too ay ah lah bahnkIl est beau.He is handsome.eel ay boh Try to learn all these conjugations. They will become very useful in forming tenses. Idioms Ça y est! - I've done it! Finished! J'y suis! - I get it! Vous y êtes? - Are you ready? Expressing Agreement Tu es d’accord ou pas?, Tu es d’accord? (lit: You are of agreement?), or simply D'accord? is used informally to ask whether someone agrees with you. To respond positively, you say Oui, je suis d'accord. or simply D'accord. D'accord corresponds to the English okay. Grammar: Cities and Nationalities To say what city you are from, you use the preposition de. Il est de Paris. When stating your nationality or job, it is not necessary to include the article. This is an exception to the normal rule. Je suis Australien(ne). - I am [an] Australian. There is both a masculine and feminine form of saying your nationality - for males and females respectively. Il est Australien. - He is [an] Australian. Elle est Australienne. - She is [an] Australian. In the next lesson, you will learn how to say the nationality of more than one person. Nuvola apps edu languages.png Check for understanding Please use the nationalities list to find out what your nationality is in French. Then say what city you are from and what nationality you are. Then say what nationality some of your friends are, and what city they are from. For example, Marie est italienne. Elle est de Rome. Grammar: Adjectives - Les adjectifs French/Grammar/Adjectives Just like articles, French adjectives also have to match the nouns that they modify in gender and plurality. Regular Formation Most adjective changes occur in the following manner: Feminine: add an -e to the masculine form un garçon intéressant --> une fille intéressanteun ami amusant --> une amie amusanteun camion lent --> une voiture lentePlural: add an -s to the singular form un garçon intéressant --> des garçons intéressantsune fille intéressante --> des filles intéressantes''' Pronunciation Generally, the final consonant is pronounced only when it comes before an -e. Most adjectives, such as those above, are affected by this rule. Masculine Pronunciation: intéressan, amusan, lenFeminine Pronunciation: intéressant, amusant, lentWith plural adjectives, the -s ending is not pronounced, so the adjective will sound exactly the same as the singular form. Exceptions and Irregularities Adjectives that end in e in the masculine form do not change in gender. When an adjective, such as gros, ends in -s, it does not change in the masculine plural form. Sometimes the final consonant is doubled in the feminine form. See French/Grammar/Adjectives for more. Vocabulary: Describing People Masculine SingularFeminine SingularMasculine PluralFeminine Plural size and weight Il est petit.Elle est petite.Ils sont petits.Elles sont petites. Il est moyen.Elle est moyenne.Ils sont moyens.Elles sont moyennes. Il est grand.Elle est grande.Ils sont grands.Elles sont grandes. Il est gros.Elle est grosse.Ils sont gros.Elles sont grosses. hair color Il est blond.Elle est blonde.Ils sont blonds.Elles sont blondes. Il est brun.Elle est brune.Ils sont bruns.Elles sont brunes. attitude and personality Il est intelligent.Elle est intelligente.Ils sont intelligents.Elles sont intelligentes. Il est intéressant.Elle est intéressante.Ils sont intéressants.Elles sont intéressantes. Il est amusant.Elle est amusante.Ils sont amusants.Elles sont amusantes. Vocabulary: Common Adjectives Attitude and Personality Size and Weight sympa(thique)(s)nicegros(se)(ses)fat amusant(e)(s)funnypetit(e)(s)small intelligent(e)(s)intelligentmoyen(ne)(s)average intéressant(e)(s)interestinggrand(e)(s)big patient(e)(s)patient sociable(s)sociable Actions timide(s)timidbon(ne(s)good dynamique(s)outgoing mauvais(e)(s)bad gentil(le)(s)nice, gentle Difficulty strict(e)(s)strictfacile(s)easy fort(e)(s)strongdifficile(s)difficult Vocaabulary: Colors MasculineFeminineEnglishblancblanchewhitegrisgrisegraynoirnoireblackrougerougeredorangeorangeorangejaunejauneyellowvertvertegreenbleubleuebluevioletviolettevioletmarronmarronbrown (everything but hair)brunbrunebrown (hair - dark haired)roserosepinksafransafrannesaffron Grammar: Adverbs Expressing Degree assez - rather, enough Il est assez intelligent. - He is rather intelligent. très - very Il est trèszintelligent.z - He is very intelligent. vraiment - truly, really Il est vraiment intelligent. - He is really intelligent. zOften when a vowel sound comes after a consonant, the usually unpronounced s and z change to a sharp z sound and link to the next syllable. This process is called liaison. In this book, will will show that the sound is connected using z. Trèszin is pronounced trayzahn. G: Regular -er Verbs Formation Most French verbs fall into the category of -er verbs. To conjugate, drop the -er to find the "stem" or "root". Add endings to the root based on the subject and tense. + jouer - to playpronoun ending verb je -e jouetu -es jouesil/elle -e jouenous -ons jouonsvous -ez jouezils/elles -ent jouent Elision and Liaison In all conjugations, je changes to j ' when followed by a vowel. Example: J'attends. Also, as a rule of thumb: h is considered a vowel; as in J'habite.... If a phrase is negative, ne changes to n. In all plural forms, the s at the end of each subject pronoun, normally unpronounced, becomes a z sound and the n of on becomes pronounced when followed by a vowel. Common -er Verbs InfinitiveStemPresent Indicative Conjugation First PersonSecond PersonThird PersonparlerparlJe parleTu parlesIl parleSingularto speakNous parlonsVous parlezIls parlentPluralhabiterhabitJ'habiteTu habitesIl habiteSingularto liveNous habitonsVous habitezIls habitentPluralécouterécoutJ'écouteTu écoutesIl écouteSingularto listenNous écoutonsVous écoutezIls écoutentPlural S'amuser French/Grammar/Verbs/Pronominal The verb s'amuser means to have fun in English. It is a type of pronominal verb (a verb that includes a pronoun as part of it) called a reflexive verb, which means that the action of the verb is reflected back onto the subject. Literally translated, the verb means To amuse oneself. Formation InfinitiveStemPresent Indicative Conjugation First PersonSecond PersonThird Persons'amuseramusJe m'amuseTu t'amusesIl s'amuseSingularto have funNous nous amusonsVous vous amusezIls s'amusentPlural Conjugated Verb + Infinitive Like in English, some verbs can be followed by infinitives. The most common -er verbs used in this manner are aimer and détester. J'aime parler. - I like to speak. Nous détestons travailler. - We hate working. When negating a sentence, remember that the negative goes around the conjugated verb. Je n'aime pas parler. - I don't like to speak. D: Recreation Here is a short dialog about people planning/doing leisure activities. Besides the new vocabulary you should also have a look at how the verbs are conjugated depending on the subject of the sentence. Jean-Paul : Qu'est-ce que vous faites ? Marc et Paul : Nous jouons au tennis. Marie : Je finis mes devoirs. Michel : J'attends mon ami. Pierre : Je vais au parc. Christophe : Je viens du stade. V: Recreation Qu'est-ce que vous faites?What are you doing?jouerto playfinirfinirto finishattendrefinir [1]to wait (for)aimerto likedétesterto haterigolerto joke aroundrigoler(mon) ami(e)amie(my) friend finir Finir and attendre are not -er verbs. You will learn their conjugation in a later lesson. rigoler Tu rigoles! means You’re joking! or You don’t mean it! amie Mon is often substituted for ma when the following word begins with a vowel. Thus, mon amie is used instead of ma amie, while ma bonne amie would be okay. V: Places le parcparkla piscineswimming poolla plagebeachle restaurantrestaurantle stadestadium G: Indirect Object Pronouns lui and leur Indirect objects are prepositional phrases with the object of the preposition, a direct object is a noun that receives the action of a verb. Il jette la balle à Jacques. - He throws the ball to Jack. Il jette la balle à Marie. - He throws the ball to Mary. Il jette la balle à Jacques et Marie. - He throws the ball to Jack and Mary. Lui and leur are indirect object pronouns. They replace nouns referring to people and mean to him/her and to them respectively. lui - replaces a singular masculine or feminine indirect object referring to a human leur - replaces a plural masculine or feminine indirect object referring to a human An example follows: Il lui jette la balle. - He throws the ball to him. Il lui jette la balle. - He throws the ball to her. Il leur jette la balle. - He throws the ball to them. Whether lui means to him or to her is given by context. In English, "He throws him the ball" is also said, and means the same thing. When used with the direct object pronouns le, la, and les, lui and leur come after those pronouns. Il la lui jette. - He throws it to him. Note that while le, la, and les are used to replace people or inanimate objects, lui and leur are not used to replace innanimate objects and things. Also note that unlike le and la, which are shortened to l when followed by a vowel, lui is never shortened V: Jouer The verb jouer is a regular -er verb meaning to play. It can be used to refer to both sports and instruments. When referring to sports, use jouer à, but when referring to instruments, use jouer de... As always, jouer must be conjugated rather than left in the infinitive. jouer à... jouer de...au baseballbaseballde la clarinetteclarinetau basketbasketballdu pianopianoau footballsoccer; footballde la guitareguitarau football américainAmerican footballdu violonviolinau golfgolfde la batterie drums(singularin French)au tennistennis au volleyvolleyball V: The House GeneralActionsla rueruestreetarriver (à la maison)to arrive (home)la (belle) vue(beautiful) sight, viewrentrer (à la maison)to go back home(tout) près (de)(pas) (tout) loin (de)(very) close (to)(not) (very) far (from)quitter (la maison)quitterquitter (une salle)to leave (home)to leave (a room)chez [person]at the house of [person]at [person]'s housedonner sur la ruedonner sur la courto overlook the streetto overlook the courtyardHouseshabiterto live (somewhere)la maisonla maisonnettele pavillonhouse, homesmall houseindividual househabiter en villehabiter en banlieueto live downtownto live in the suburbl’immeuble (m)(appartment) buildingFloorsl'appartement (m)flat/apartmentl'étage (m)levelle studiostudiole rez-de-chausséelobby, ground floorH.L.M.(Habitations àLoyer Modéré)low income housingle premier étagele deuxième étagele troisième étagesecond floorthird floorfourth floorCities and Neigborhoodsle quartierneighborhoodle centre villedowntownl'arrondissement (m)districtla villecityla banlieuethe suburble villagetownRoomsParts of a Roomla piècela chambreroomle plafondceilingla salle de séjourfamily roomle solgroundla cavebasementla fenêtrewindowle grenieratticle toitroofla cuisinekitchenEntering and Exitingla salle à mangerdining roomle murwallla salle de bainsbathrooml'escalier (m)stairsla chambre à coucherbedroommonter à piedto walk up stairsle garageGaragel'ascenseur (m)elevator/liftles toilettes(f) (no singular)water-closet, restroom(only toliet, no bath)monter en ascenseurprendre l'ascenseurto go up by elevatorto take the elevatorle bureauofficemonter à piedto go up by footOutside a Housela portedoorla voiturecarl'entrée (f)entry(way)la terrasepatioFurniturele balconbalconyle rideaucurtainle jardingardenla chaisechairla fleurflowerla tabletablel'arbre (m)treel'armoire (f)cupboardla courcourtyardle litbedle (la) voisin(e)neigborle tapiscarpet le fauteuilarmchair rue To express to live on ____ street, you say habiter rue ____ J'habite Rue Lecourbe. - I live on Lecourbe Street. Il habite Rue de Rennes. - He lives on Rennes Street. quitter Quitter must be followed by a direct object, usually a room or building.. Partir is used in other phrases. You will learn how to conjugate these verbs in a future lesson. G: Faire The verb faire is translated to to do or to make. It is irregularly conjugated (it does not count as a regular -re verb). Formation faire /fɛʁ/ (fehr) Fr-faire.ogg to doje fais /fɛ/ (feh) Fr-fais.ogg I dotu fais /fɛ/ (feh) Fr-fais.ogg you doil fait /fɛ/ (feh) Fr-fait.ogg he doesnous faisons /fɛ.zɔ̃/ (feh-zhoh(n)) we dovous faites /fɛt/ (feht) you doils font /fɔ̃/ (foh(n)) they dofait /ly/ done Uses For Faire sports (in French you do sports rather than play them) weather tasks le faire causatif faire (conjugated) + infinitive - to have something done for oneself Je fais réparer le fourneau. - I make/have the stove repaired. Related Words défaire - to demolish malfaire - to do badly refaire - to remake Expressions with Faire faire attention - to pay attention faire connaissance - to get acquainted faire la morale - to scold faire la queue - to wait in line s'en faire - to worry G: me, te, nous, and vous Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns Meanings me - me, to me te - you, to you (singular, informal) nous - us, to us vous - you, to you (plural, formal) Place in sentences These pronouns are placed before the verb that they modify Je te vois. - I see you. Je veux te voir. - I want to see you. If a perfect tense is used, these pronouns go before the auxillary verb. Je t'ai vu. - I saw you. Direct Object Replacement Il me voit. - He sees me. Il te voit. - He sees you. Il nous voit. - He sees us. Il vous voit. - He sees you. Indirect Object Replacement Il m'appelle. - He calls to me. Il te le jette. - He throws it to you. Il nous le jette. - He throws it to us. Il vous le jette. - He throws it to you. coté à coté de - at the side of, next to ordinateur l'ordinateur (m) - computerregarder aimer regarder - to like to watchy y (ee) - theremanger manger - to eat G: Standard Negation In order to say that one did not do something, the ne ... pas construction must be used. The ne is placed before the verb, while the pas is placed after. Formation and Rules Simple negation is done by wrapping ne...pas around the verb. Je ne vole pas. - I do not steal. In a perfect tense, ne...pas wraps around the auxillary verb, not the participle. Je n'ai pas volé. - I have not stolen. When an infinitive and conjugated verb are together, ne...pas usually wraps around the conjugated verb. Je ne veux pas voler. - I do not want to steal. ne pas can also go directly in front of the infinitive for a different meaning. Je veux ne pas voler. - I want to not steal. ne goes before any pronoun relating to the verb it affects. Je ne le vole pas. - I am not stealing it. Examples Il est avocat.Il n'est pas avocat.He is [a] lawyer.He is not [a] lawyer. Nous faisons nos devoirs.Nous ne faisons pas nos devoirs.We are doing our homework.We are not doing our homework. Je joue du piano.Je ne joue pas du piano.I play the piano.I do not play the piano. Vous vendez votre voiture.Vous ne vendez pas votre voiture.You sell your car.You do not sell your car. Negation of Indefinite Articles The indefinite articles un, une, and des change to de (or d’) when negating a sentence. J'ai un livre. - I have a book. Je n'ai pas de livre. - I don't have any book. J'ai des livres. - I have some books. Je n'ai pas de livres. - I don't have any books. Examples Il est belge..Il n'est pas belge.He is Belgian.He is not Belgian. Nous lisons un livre.Nous ne lisons pas de livre.We read a book.We do not read a book. Je mange une cerise.Je ne mange pas de cerise.I eat a cherry.I do not eat a cherry. G: Contractions V: Weather - Le tempstemps General Cloudy Weatherle soleilsunle nuageIl y a des nuages..cloudIt's cloudy.lit: There are some clouds.le cielskynuageux(-euse)cloudy couvert(e)(s)overcast, lit: covered Warm Weatherl'éclaircie (f)clearing, break (in clouds)Il fait beauIt's nice. Cold and Windy WeatherIl fait chaud.It's warm.Il fait froid.It's cold.Le ciel est dégagé. Le ciel se dégage.The sky is clear.lit: The sky is freed.The sky is clearing up.le ventIl fait du vent.Le vent souffle.windIt's windy.The wind blows.Le soleil brille.The sun is shining.la rafalegust of wind Rainy Weather Snowy Weatherla brumefog, haze, mistl'hiver (m)winterle brouillardfogla neigeIl neige.snowIt's snowing.la bruinedrizzlela grêleIl tombe de la grêle..hailIt's hailing.lit: It falls of the hail.une goutte de pluiea drop of rain Extreme weatherla pluieLa pluie tombe.rainThe rain falls.un orageorageux(-euse)Il y a un orage!a stormstormyThere's a storm!Il pleut.il a plu.Il va pleuvoir.It's raining.It rained.It's going to rain.l'éclair (m)la foudreflash (of lightning)lightningpluvieux(-euse)Le temps est pluvieux..rainyIt's raining.lit: The weather is rainy.la tempêtestorm, tempestde gros nuages noirs.large black cloudsagité(e)(s)stormy, agitatedl'averse (f)downpourle tonnerrethunder temps Le temps means both the weather and the time. G: Aller The verb aller is translated to to go. It is irregularly conjugated (it does not count as a regular -er verb). Formation In the present indicative, aller is conjugated as follows: Singular Plural first personje vais jeuh vayI go nouszallons nouzah lohnwe go second persontu vas too vahyou go vouszallez vouzah layyou go third person il va eel vahhe goes ils vont eel vohn they go(masc. or mized) elle va ell vahshe goes on va ohn vahone goes elles vont ell vohnthey go (fem.) Usage There is no present progressive tense in French, so aller in the present indicative is used to express both I go and I am going. Aller must be used with a place and cannot stand alone. The preposition à, meaning in, at, or to, is used, followed by the place. Tu vas a l'école? - You're going to school. Remember that à le contracts to au and à les contracts to aux. Je vais au stade. - I'm going to the stage. Instead of a preposition and place, you can use the pronoun y, meaning there. Y comes before the verb. Remember that aller must be used with a place (there or a name) when indicating that you are going somewhere, even if a place wouldn't normally be given in English. J'y vais. - I'm going there. Tu y vas. - You're going there. Nous y allons. - We're going there. Futur Proche The structure aller + infinitive is used to say that something is going to happen in the near future. Il va pleuvoir demain. - It's going to rain tomorrow. Il va faire froid. - It's going to be cold. Remember that the negative goes around the conjugated verb. Il ne va pas pleuvoir demain. - It's not going to rain tomorrow. Idioms Allons-y - ahlonzee - Let's go! (impératif) Ça va? - How are you? (lit: It goes?) On y va! - Let's get going! On y va? - Should we go? Liaison Usually, whenever a vowel sound comes after ...ons or ...ez, the usually unpronounced s and z change to a sharp z sound and link to the next syllable. (This process is called liaison.) However, since allons and allez begins with vowels, nous allons is pronounced nyoozahloh and vous allez is pronounced voozahlay. In order to have a pleasing and clean sound, two liaisons should not go connsecultively. There is therefore no liaison in allons à when it comes right after nous and allez à when it comes after vous. In the phrase Vous allez à l'école?, vous allez à is pronounced vouzahlay ah. In the phrase vous et Marie allez à l'école?, allez à is pronounced ahlayzah. G: Regular -ir Verbs The second category of regular French verbs is -ir verbs. To conjugate, drop the -ir to find the "stem" or "root". Add endings to the root based on the subject and tense. + finir - to finishpronoun ending verb je -is finistu -is finisil/elle -it finitnous -issons finissonsvous -issez finissezils/elles -issent finissent G: Possessive Adjectives Formation First PersonSecond PersonThird PersonSingularmon, ma, mesmyton, ta, tesyourson, sa, seshis, herPluralnotre, notre, nosourvotre, votre, vosyourleur, leur, leurstheir Usage As you can probably tell from their name, possessive adjective are used to express possession of an object. C'est mon livre. - It's my book. In English the possessive adjective agrees with the subject (his sister, her brother). But in French, possessive adjectives act like all other adjectives: they must agree with the noun they modify. Masculine Nounle livreFeminine Nounla voiturele livre de Marcthe book of Marcson livrehis bookla voiture de Marcthe car of Marcsa voiturehis carles livres de Marcthe books of Marcses livreshis booksles voitures de Marcthe cars of Marcses voitureshis carsle livre de Mariethe book of Marieson livreher bookla voiture de Mariethe car of Mariesa voitureher carles livres de Mariethe books of Marieses livresher booksles voitures de Mariethe cars of Marieses voituresher cars Whether the third person singular possessive adjectives son, sa and ses are his or her is indicated by context. Elle lit son livre. - She reads her book. Liaison and Adjective Changes Liaison occurs when mon, ton, and son are followed by a vowel. Il est monnami. - He is my friend. Il est tonnami. - He is your friend. Il est sonnami. - He is his/her friend. Liaison also occurs with all plural forms, since they all end in s. Ils sont meszamis. - They are my friends. Ils sont noszamis. - They are our friends. Mon, ton, and son are used before a feminine singular noun. Elision (to m', t', or s') does not''' occur. Elle est monnamie. - She is my friend. G: Regular -re Verbs The third category of regular verbs is made up of -re verbs. To conjugate, drop the -re to find the "stem" or "root". Add endings to the root based on the subject and tense, as demonstrated below for the present tense. Formation + attendre – to wait pronoun ending verb je (j') -s attendstu -s attendsil/elle - attendnous -ons attendonsvous -ez attendezils/elles -ent attendent Vendre The verb vendre is a regular -re verb: vendre /vɑ̃dʁ/ (vahn(n)dr) Fr-vendre.ogg to sellje vends /vɑ̃/ (vahn) Fr-Paris--prends.ogg I selltu vends /vɑ̃/ (vahn) Fr-Paris--prends.ogg you sellil vend /vɑ̃/ (vahn) Fr-Paris--prend.ogg he sellsnous vendons /vɑ̃.dɔ̃/ (vahn dohn) Fr-Paris--prenons.ogg we sellvous vendez /vɑ̃.de/ (vahn day) Fr-Paris--prenez.ogg you sellils vendent /vɑ̃d/ (vahnde) Fr-Paris--prennent.ogg they sellvendu /vɑ̃.dy/ sold Common -re Verbs Compared to -er verbs, -re verbs are not very common. You will however see the following verbs fairly often. G: Beau, Nouveau, and Vieux Formation Masc. ConsonantMasc. VowelFem. Sing. (all)BeauSingularun beau garçonun bel individuune belle fillettePluralde beaux garçonsde beauxzindividusde belles fillettesNouveauSingularun nouveau camionun nouvel ordreune nouvelle idéePluralde nouveaux camionsde nouveauxzordresde nouvelles idéesVieuxSingularun vieux camionun vieil ordreune vieille idéePluralde vieux camionsde vieuxzordresde vieilles idées Sentences Placement As you have already learned, most adjectives come after the noun they modify in French. un homme intelligent - an intelligent man des hommes intelligents - intelligent men However, some common French adjectives, including beau, nouveau, and vieux come before the noun. une jolie voiture - a pretty car Des is replaced with de when an adjective comes before the noun. de jolies voitures - pretty cars Note that in informal speech, des in very often used in place of de. G: Prendre Prendre is not a regular -re verb, and is conjugated differently. Formation prendre /pʁɑ̃dʁ/ (prah(n)dr) Fr-prendre.ogg to takeje prends /pʁɑ̃/ (prah(n)) Fr-Paris--prends.ogg I taketu prends /pʁɑ̃/ (prah(n)) Fr-Paris--prends.ogg you takeil prend /pʁɑ̃/ (prah(n)) Fr-Paris--prend.ogg he takesnous prenons /pʁə.nɔ̃/ (pruh-noh(n)) Fr-Paris--prenons.ogg we takevous prenez /pʁǝ.ne/ (pruh-nay) Fr-Paris--prenez.ogg you takeils prennent /pʁɛn/ (prehn) Fr-Paris--prennent.ogg they takepris /pʁi/ taken Related Words prendre - to take apprendre - to learn comprendre - to comprehend/understand se méprendre - to be mistaken surprendre - to surprise Idioms and Related Expressions prendre - to take, to have something to eat prendre conscience (de) - to become aware (of) prendre la correspondance - to change trains prendre une décision - to make a decision prendre des kilos - to gain weight prendre part (à) - to take part (in) prendre la parole - to start talking prendre le pas sur - to surpass prendre le petit déjeuner - to eat breakfast prendre rendez-vous - to make an appointment