Horticulture/Linaria vulgaris

Linaria vulgaris__NOTOC__Toadflax Linaria vulgaris 20050825 976.jpg Linaria vulgaris Plantaginaceae herbaceous Linaria vulgaris (Common ToadflaxNatural History Museum: Linaria vulgarisBlamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ) is a low growing plant native to most of Europe and northern Asia, from the United Kingdom south to Spain in the west, and east to eastern Siberia and western China.Flora Europaea: Linaria vulgarisGermplasm Resources Information Network: Linaria vulgaris Linaria acutiloba Fisch. ex Rchb. is a synonym. Because this plant grows as a weed, it has acquired a large number of local colloquial names, including brideweed, bridewort, butter and eggs (but see ../Lotus corniculatus/), butter haycocks, bread and butter, bunny haycocks, bunny mouths, calf's snout, Continental weed, dead men's bones, devil's flax, devil's flower, doggies, dragon bushes, eggs and bacon (but see ../Lotus corniculatus/), eggs and butter, false flax, flaxweed, fluellen (but see ../Kichxia/), gallweed, gallwort, imprudent lawyer, impudent lawyer, Jacob's ladder (but see ../Polemonium/), lion's mouth, monkey flower (but see ../Mimulus/), North American ramsted, rabbit flower, rancid, ransted, snapdragon (but see ../Antirrhinum/), wild flax, wild snapdragon, wild tobacco (but see Nicotiana), yellow rod, yellow toadflax. left|thumb|Linaria vulgaris in a meadow The plant is widespread on ruderal spots, along roads, in dunes, and on disturbed and cultivated land. It has escaped from cultivation in North America where it is a common naturalised weed of roadsides and poor soils; it is listed as an invasive species in several U.S. states and Canadian provinces.Alberta Invasive Plants: Common Toadflax (pdf file)Nathaniel Lord Britton and Hon. Addison Brown, An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada, Dover Publications, 1913, 1970. vol 3, p. 177 Description It is a perennial plant with short spreading roots, erect to decumbent stems 15–90 cm high, with fine, threadlike, glaucous blue-green leaves 2–6 cm long and 1–5 mm broad. The flowers are similar to those of the snapdragon, 25–33 mm long, pale yellow except for the lower lip which is orange, borne in dense terminal racemes from mid-summer to mid-autumn. The fruit is a globose capsule 5–11 mm long and 5–7 mm broad, containing numerous small seeds. Because the flower is largely closed by its underlip, pollination requires strong insects such as bees and bumblebees (../Bombus/ species). Growing Conditions The plant requires ample drainage, but is otherwise adaptable to a variety of conditions. Varieties Uses While most commonly found as a weed, toadflax is sometimes cultivated for cut flowers, which are long-lasting in the vase. Like snapdragons (../Antirrhinum/), they are often grown in children's gardens for the "snapping" flowers which can be made to "talk" be squeezing them at the base of the corolla.Mabey, R. (1996). Flora Britannica. Sinclair-Stevenson Maintenance Propagation Harvest Pests and Diseases The plant is foodplant for a large number of insects such as the w:Sweet-Gale Moth (Acronicta euphorbiae), w:Mouse Moth (Amphipyra tragopoginis), w:Silver Y (Autographa gamma), w:Calophasia lunula, w:Gorgone Checkerspot (Charidryas gorgone carlota), w:Toadflax Pug (Eupithecia linariata), w:Satyr Pug (Eupithecia satyrata), w:Falseuncaria ruficiliana, w:Bog Fritillary (Proclossiana eunomia eunomia), w:Pyrrhia umbra, w:Brown Rustic (Rusina ferruginea), and w:Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla. References species y y y y y y y y y y y y 7.12.13