Latin/Lesson 6-Pronouns

Personal Pronouns in English Lesson Vocabulary Latin English cibus food laborat he/she works Pronouns are nouns which are used instead of another noun ('pro', in place of 'noun', noun.) There are three categories of pronouns which are divided up into persons: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd. In addition, pronouns can be singular or plural. They are declined like all other nouns. PersonSingularPlural1stIwe2ndyou, thouyou (all)3rdhe/she/itthey Personal Pronouns in Latin 1st/2nd Person Pronouns Table of Personal Pronouns in all of their cases: I, thou, we, ye Note: thou is the archaic singular of the archaic plural ye - useful for distinguishing you (singular) from you (plural) Singular Plural Case 1st Person 2nd Person 1st Person 2nd Person Nominative ego I tū you nōs we vōs you Genitive meī of me tuī of you nostrī(nostrum) of us vestrī (vestrum) of you Dative mihi to me tibi to/for you nōbīs to us vōbīs to/for you Accusative mē me tē you nōs us vōs you Ablative mē from me tē from you nōbīs from us vōbīs from you Nota Bene: the genitive is used in certain phrases like: memor nostrī, mindful of us paucī vestrum, a few of you. For the possessive uses (my sister, your bicycle) sometimes uses the possessive adjectives: LatinEnglishmeus, mea, meum mytuus, tua, tuum thysuus, sua, suum his/hers, its, theirnoster, nostra, nostrum ourvester, vestra, vestrum yourPater noster Our father 3rd Person Pronouns Technically, 3rd person pronouns do not exist in Latin as they do in English. However, they do have equivalents. Adjectives modify nouns and take the gender of the noun which they modify. However, adjectives do not necessarily need a substantive present in the sentence to modify. The substantive can be presumed. In this way, '3rd person' pronouns are formed. Example 1 Take the masculine form of the adjective 'ille'. Literally it means 'That (masculine) thing.' However one could take it for simply meaning 'he', depending on the context. Similarly, the pronoun 'iste' means 'that (masc.) thing'. Iste and ille are declined in exactly the same way, but there are a slight difference of meaning between them: 'ille' is often used with proper names for marking dignity or worth and 'iste' conveys a contemptuous sense. Examples: - Annibal, ille inclytus filius Amilcaris (Hannibal, that renowned Hamilcar's son). - Iste servus improbus ante te (this bad slave in front of you). If no substantive is provided assume words like these: 'man', 'woman', 'thing', 'idea', 'concept', 'reason' etc. Let context be your guide. Common Adjectives Used as 3rd Person Pronouns In Latin Declension of Ille (that) + Declension of ille (that): Singular Latin English Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative ille illa illud he she it Genitive illius illius illius his her, hers its Dative illī illī illī to him to her to it Accusative illum illam illud him her it Ablative illō illā illō by, with, from him her it + Declension of ille (that): Plural Latin English Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative illī illae illa they, those Genitive illōrum illārum illōrum their, theirs, of those Dative illīs illīs illīs to them, to those Accusative illōs illās illa them, those Ablative illīs illis illīs by, with, from them, those Ille is often used as a kind of pronoun. In situations with multiple phrases or sentences, however, it is syntactically different from is, ea, id (see below). For example: "Canis puero cibum dat. Is laborat in agro." means "The dog gives food to the boy. The dog works in the field". However: "Canis puero cibum dat. Ille laborat in agro." means "The dog gives food to the boy. The boy works in the field". Thus, ille, unlike the other pronouns makes a previous object into the subject (and vice versa). Examples of the Usage of Ille: LatinEnglishIlle est dominus. He is the master. (ille as pronoun)Ille dominus est malus. That master is bad. (ille as adjective) Illam videt He sees her. (or 'she sees her' - illam as pronoun)Illam puellam videt He (or she) sees that girl (illam as adjective). Declension of Is, ea, id: (personal pronouns w/ translations) + SingularCaseLatinEnglishMFNMFNNominative is ea id he she itGenitive ēius his her, hers itsDative eī to him to her to itAccusative eum eam id him her itAblative eō eā eō by/with him by/with her by/with it + PluralCaseLatinEnglishMFNMFNNominative ii eae ea they, thoseGenitive eōrum eārum eōrum their, theirs, of thoseDative eīs, iīs to them, to thoseAccusative eōs eās ea them, thoseAblative eīs, iīs by, with, from them, those Like ille, is can be used as a form of a pronoun. Examples of the Usage of Is LatinEnglishIs est dominus. He is the master. ("is" as pronoun)Is dominus est malus. The master is bad. ("is" as adjective)Eam videt. He sees her. (or 'she sees her', "eam" as pronoun)Eam puellam videt. He (or she) sees the girl. ("eam" as adjective) Declension of the Relative pronoun qui, quae, quod: (meaning who, which) +SingularMFNMFNNominative quī quae quod who whichGenitive cūius whose of whichDative cuī to whom to whichAccusative quem quam quod whom whichAblative quō quā quō by, with, from whom, which + PluralMFNMFNNominative quī quae quae who whichGenitive quōrum quārum quōrum whose of whichDative quibus quibus quibus to whichAccusative quōs quās quae whichAblative quibus quibus quibus by which, in which, etc Uses of the Relative Pronoun The relative pronoun takes on the case depending on the function it serves in the relative clause. For example, in the sentence "He sees the man who has a slave," "who" is translated as nominative because it is the subject of the clause "who has a slave." The antecedent (noun to which the pronoun refers) is usually before the relative clause. Examples of the Usage of the Relative Pronoun Virum videt (he/she sees) qui servum (servant) habet (he/she has). He sees the man who has a slave Ille est vir cujus servus est malus. That's the man whose slave is bad. Quis eum videt? Who sees him? Declension of hic, haec, hoc (meaning "this") + SingularMasculineFemineNeuterNominative hic haec hoc thisGenitive huiusDative huicAccusative hunc hanc hocAblative hōc hāc hōc + PluralMasculineFemineNeuterNominative hī hae haec theseGenitive hōrum hārum hōrumDative hīsAccusative hōs hās haecAblative hīs N.B. Hic as an adverb that means 'here'. N.B. Hic can also be used as a pronoun. Example of the Usage of Hic LatinEnglish'Hic' servus, non ille, est malus. This slave, not that one, is bad.