Lower Sorbian/Grammar/Pronouns

Personal pronouns 1. pers. 2. pers. reflexive NOM. sg. ja ty - GEN. sg. mnjo; mě (mje) tebje (tebjo); śi sebje; se DAT. sg. mnjo (mnje); mě tebje; śi sebje; se ACC. sg. mnjo; mě tebje (tebjo); śi sebje; se INS. sg. mnu tobu sobu LOC. sg. mnjo (mnje) tebje; śi sebje; se NOM. du. mejwej cf. sg. GEN. ACC. du. naju waju cf. sg. DAT. INS. LOC. du. nama wama cf. sg. NOM. pl.my wy cf. sg. GEN. pl. nas was cf. sg. DAT. pl. nam wam cf. sg. ACC. pl. nas was cf. sg. INS. pl. nami wami cf. sg. LOC. pl. nas was cf. sg. m f n NOM. sg. wón wóna wóno GEN. sg. njogo; jogo njeje; jeje njogo; jogo DAT. sg. njomu; jomu njej; jej njomu; jomu ACC. sg. animate: njogo; jogo inanimate: njen; jen nju; ju njo; jo INS. sg. nim njeju nim LOC. sg. njom njej njom NOM. du. wónej GEN. du. njeju; jeju ACC. du. animate: njeju; jeju inanimate: njej; jej DAT. INS. LOC. du. nima; jima NOM. pl. wóni GEN. pl. nich; jich DAT. pl. nim; jim ACC. pl. animate: nje; je inanimate: nich; jich INS. pl. nimi LOC. pl. nich (a) longer form of personal pronouns are used after prepositions and to emphasise the focus on the denotate of the pronoun (b) improper prepositions can also be followed by short forms of the pronouns, e.g. mimo mje (c) the form wy is also a polite singular form Possessive pronouns masculine feminine neuter plural dual ceji? `whose` ceja? ceje? ceje? cejej? mój mója móje móje mójej twój twója twóje twóje twójej naš naša naše naše našej waš waša waše waše wašej jogo jeje jogo jich jeju singular NOM. mój mója móje naš naša naše GEN. mójogo mójeje mójogo našogo našeje našogo DAT. mójomu mójej mójomu našomu našej našomu ACC. =NOM. / GEN. (animacy) móju móje =NOM. / GEN. (animacy) našu naše INS. mójim mójeju mójim našym našeju našym LOC. mójom mójej mójom našom našej našom plural and dual NOM. móje naše mójej našej GEN. mójich našych mójeju našeju DAT. mójim našym mójima našyma ACC. =NOM. / GEN. (personal masculine) =NOM. / GEN. (personal masculine) =NOM. / GEN. (personal masculine) =NOM. / GEN. (personal masculine) INS. mójimi našymi mójima našyma LOC. mójich našych mójima našyma Declension of twój, vaš pronouns follows mój, vaš patterns accordingly. 3rd person possessive pronouns are indeclinable. reflexive possessive pronoun masculine feminine neuter plural dual NOM. - - - - - GEN. swójogo swójeje swójogo swójich swójeju DAT. swójomu swójej swójomu swójim swójima ACC. =NOM. / GEN. (animacy) swóju swójo swóje / / swójich (personal masculine) swójej / / swójeju (personal masculine) INS. swójim swójeju swójim swójimi swójima LOC. swójom swójej swójom swójich swójima Demonstrative pronouns In Lower Sorbian there is a twofold division of a deictic space, analogous to that in English: ten `this` and 2 synonymous pronouns for `that` - tamny and wóny. Declined stem of the pronoun ten is t- and the pattern is analogous to the declension of possessive pronouns, e.g. ta (NOM. sg. f.), tomu (DAT. sg. m., n.), teju (GEN. du.). The only exception is NOM. sg. masculine ten. Pronouns tamny and wóny are declined as adjectives Interrogatory pronouns Subjective interrogatory pronouns personal impersonal NOM. chto? `who?` co? `what?` [1] GEN. kogo?cogo? DAT. komu? comu? ACC. kogo? co? [1] INS. kim? cym? LOC. kim? com? INS. du. kima? INS. pl. kimi? DAT. pl. kim? [1] after the prepositions na, wo, za, pśez the final –o can be omitted (a pśez > pśe, np. pśeco? `why?`) Attributive interrogatory pronouns They are inflected as adjectives. i) attributive interrogative referential pronoun: kótary? (kotry) `which?` ii) attributive interrogative predicative pronoun: kaki? `what like?` iii) attributive interrogative possesive pronoun: ceji? `whose?` - only in an agreement binding with a noun iv) attributive interrogative manifold pronoun: wjeleseraki? `how manifold?` Interrogatory adverbs ga? gdy? `when?` źo? `where? where to?` wotkul? `where from?` cogodla? `why?` kak? `how?` wjele? kak wjele? `how much?` Relative pronouns (a) derived from subjective interrogatory pronouns and the attributive referential pronouns by adding a suffix –ž, np. chtož, comuž; [the suffix –ž can be also attached to nouns or adverbs in the subordinate phrase (instead)] (b) an alternative relative attributive referential pronoun – only in NOM. of all numbers and genders: kenž (c) there exists also an uninflected indefinite relative pronoun ako, the content of which is complemented by an adequate personal pronoun in the subordinate phrase, e.g. ta wjaža, ako wy sćo we njej bydlili `the house, you used to live in` Indefinite pronouns a) existential (detailed) indefinite pronouns – generally formed by adding a prefix ně- to the personal pronoun, e.g. něco – but: něcht ''(něchten) `somebody` b) alternative indefinite attributive qualitative pronouns: młogi and wótery `one, some` c) general indefinite pronoun wšen (m), wša (f), wšo (n) `every, everybody` d) generalised indefinite pronouns – formed by adding a –kuli suffix to a personal or a relative pronoun (if in the relative function), np. chtokuli `whoever` Indefinite negative pronouns Generally formed by adding a prefix ni- to a personal pronoun, e.g. niceji `no one's`, but: nicht (nichten) `no one`, nic `nothing` Adjectival pronouns wšyken, wšykna, wšykno `every, everybody` žeden, žedna, žedno `none` wobej `both` taki `such` kaki `what like` wšaki `of every sort, manifold` kuždy `every` kuždycki `every with no exception` hynakšy `other` wjelesery `manifold` teliki `that big, that many` někaki `somehow` nikaki `of no qualities` młogoraki `manifold` wšakoraki `manifold` wjeleseraki `manifold` telikeraki `that manifold`