A Beginner's Arduino Guide/Arduino Language

The Arduino Language is the set of words, expressions and rules that are used to create Arduino Sketches. The Arduino Language is based on C and C++ The Arduino Language allows for the use of any functions from the 'AVR Libc' which is a subset of the standard C library for Atmel AVR 8-bit RISC micro-controllers The language is made up of keywords that are written based on rules. Arduino Keywords The keywords used to create the sketches can be divided into three types- Functions ,Structures and Values ( Values can be either Constants or Variables). Below are a non-exhaustive list of standard Arduino sketch words, to add words, new libraries can be imported into the IDE. Functions Functions are small groups of code that do a single task or group of tasks (they have one function). They include CategoryKeywordDigital I/O pinMode() digitalWrite() digitalRead()Analog I/O analogReference() analogRead() analogWrite() - PWMDue & Zero only analogReadResolution() analogWriteResolution()Advanced I/O tone() noTone() shiftOut() shiftIn() pulseIn()Time millis() micros() delay() delayMicroseconds()Math min() max() abs() constrain() map() pow() sqrt()Trigonometry sin() cos() tan()Characters isAlphaNumeric() isAlpha() isAscii() isWhitespace() isControl() isDigit() isGraph() isLowerCase() isPrintable() isPunct() isSpace() isUpperCase() isHexadecimalDigit()Random Numbers randomSeed() random()Bits and Bytes lowByte() highByte() bitRead() bitWrite() bitSet() bitClear() bit()External Interrupts attachInterrupt() detachInterrupt()Interrupts interrupts() noInterrupts()Communication Serial StreamUSB (32u4 based boards and Due/Zero only) Keyboard Mouse Structures these are words used to create a flow or structure in the program. they include CategoryKeywordOverall Structure setup() loop()Control Structures if if...else for switch case while do... while break continue return gotoArithmetic Operators = (assignment operator) +  (addition) - (subtraction) * (multiplication) / (division) % (modulo)Comparison Operators == (equal to) != (not equal to) < (less than) > (greater than) <= (less than or equal to) >= (greater than or equal to)Boolean Operators && (and) || (or) ! (not)Bitwise Operators & (bitwise and) | (bitwise or) ^ (bitwise xor) ~ (bitwise not) << (bitshift left) >> (bitshift right)Compound Operators ++ (increment) -- (decrement) += (compound addition) -= (compound subtraction) *= (compound multiplication) /= (compound division) %= (compound modulo) &= (compound bitwise and) |= (compound bitwise or)Pointer Access Operators * dereference operator & reference operatorSyntax ; (semicolon) {} (curly braces) // (single line comment) /* */ (multi-line comment) #define #include Values These act like containers and hold a certain value they may be constant which implies a container whose value that doesn't change throughout the program or a variable, which implies a container whose value that does change. CategoryKeywordConstants HIGH | LOW INPUT | OUTPUT | INPUT_PULLUP LED_BUILTIN true | false integer constants floating point constantsData Types void boolean char unsigned char byte int unsigned int word long unsigned long short float double string - char array String - object arrayConversion char() byte() int() word() long() float()Variable Scope & Qualifiers variable scope static volatile constUtilities sizeof() PROGMEM