Mirad Grammar/Determiners

100% Determiners are words that specify or point out the context of nouns and other parts of speech. The English determiner this, for example, specifies a noun for its proximity to the current context. In English, demonstrative pronouns/adjectives/adverbs, possessive pronouns/adjectives, quantifiers like more and very, and numeric expressions like both fall under this category. Types of Determiners Determiners in Mirad fall into the following categories: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |+ Types of Determiners |- ! Type !! Also Known As !! English Examples |- !row=1| Deictic | Demonstrative Pronouns/Adjectives/Adverbs || the, this, some, every, which?, when |- !row=1| Pronominal | Possessive Pronouns/Adjectives | my, anybody&apos;s, one&apos;s own |- !row=1| Quantitative | Quantifiers || more, less, very |- !row=1| Numerical | Numerals/Fractions/Ordinals/Dates, etc. || one, half, first |} Furthermore, as for part of speech, determiners can be adjectives, pronouns, or adverbs. As adjectives, determiners can itemize or classify. As pronouns, they can refer to one or more persons (male or female) or things. As adverbs, they can specify circumstance, i.e. time, place, degree, kind, age, frequency, and so forth. Deictic Determiners Deictic determiners are words which point out or specify other words as to their context, including what grammarians often call demonstratives. All deictic determiners in Mirad begin with the letter h. The letters following the h indicate the grammatical and semantic category. Deictic determiners include the following traditional grammatical categories: Demonstrative adjectives like this, that, those, that one The definite article the    (which is really a demonstrative adjective like those above.) Demonstrative pronouns like this, that, those, that one Interrogative and relative pronouns like who, which, that Indefinite adjectives like any, some, all, something, such, etc. Indefinite pronouns like any, some, all, something, such, etc. Pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs of quantity like so much, that many, how many?, very, etc. Adverbs of circumstance: time like when, now, ever place like there, here, somewhere manner like how, thus, somehow kind like so, age this year old direction like that way, any which way reason why?, for that reason, for no reason degree this (well), so (good), how (bad) frequency like how often, so often, never age like this old, how old?, of any age Deictic Prefixes thumb|none There is a whole set of correlative deictic prefixes, which are joined to circumstantial stub category suffixes to derive pronoun, adjective, and adverb determiners. In some grammars, these words are called wh-question words and their pointed answers. For example, QUESTION: Who is your wife? ANSWER: This is my wife. (or) QUESTION: Where is your house? ANSWER: My house is here. These word forms are called correlative because they relate to one another in way that can be mapped to a table. Here are the Mirad deictic classification prefixes: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |+ Deictic Prefixes |- ! Classification !! Deictic Prefix |- ! scope="row" | Interrogative | duho-...?....what?, which? |- ! scope="row" | Relative | ho-....which, that |- ! scope="row" | Exclamatory | hoo-....how...! |- ! scope="row" | Definite | ha-....the |- ! scope="row: | Indefinite | he-....some, a certain |- ! scope="row" | Proximal | hi-....this, these |- ! scope="row" | Immediate | hii-....the following |- ! scope="row" | Distal | hu-....that, those |- ! scope="row" | Intensive | huu-....such, so, what a...! |- ! scope="row" | Distributive | hya-....every, all, each |- ! scope="row" | Indeterminate | hye-....any, whatever |- ! scope="row" | Negative | hyo-....no, not any |- ! scope="row | Identical | hyi-....the same, the very |- ! scope="row" | Non-identical | hyu-....the other, another, else |} Circumstantial Category Suffixes The table below shows word stub suffixes that indicate the circumstantial category of deictic expressions. They are called stubs, because they are reduced word forms. The combination of deictic prefixes and circumstantial stub suffixes produce a matrix of deictic correlatives, seen later in this chapter. Use of the stub instead of the long form is a matter of optional economy. A few categories do not have stubs. {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |+ Category Stubs |- ! Category !! Stub Suffix !! Long Form !! Short Question Form || Long Question Form |- ! row=1| Person | -t || tob....person || duhot?....who?|| duhotob? |- ! row=1| Thing | -s ||sun....thing || duhos?....what?|| duhosun? |- ! row=1| Place | -m ||nem....place || duhom?....where?|| duhonem? |- ! row=1| Time | -j ||job....time || duhoj?....when?|| duhojob? |- ! row=1| Manner | -yen ||byen....manner || duhoyen?....how?||duhobyen? |- ! row=1| Kind | -yena ||sauna....kind of || duhoyena?....what kind of?||duhosauna? |- ! row=1| Degree | -gla ||nog....degree || duhogla (fi)?....how (well)?||duhonog? |- ! row=1| Number | -gla ||sag....number || duhogla (pati)?....how many (birds)?||duhosag? |- ! row=1| Mass Quantity | -gla ||glan....amount || duhogla (mil)?....how much (water)?||duhoglan? |- ! row=1| Frequency | ||xag....frequency|| duhoxag?....how often?|| -- |- ! row=1| Reason | -avhos || av hosun....reason || duavhos?....why?|| duavhosun? |- ! row=1| Age | ||jaga....of age || duhojaga?....how old?|| -- |} There can be other circumstantial categories other than those listed above, such as "direction", "order", etc. eg. Duhomep wit pa?....Which way did he go?. Charts of Correlative Deictic Determiners Here is are three tables showing the matrix of correlative deictic determiners. Note that the determiners belong to three parts of speech, 1) adjectives, 2) pronouns, and 3) adverbs: {| class="wikitable" font-size:smaller style="background: lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |- ! Part of Speech !! Ending |- | Adjective || -a |- | Pronoun || -t(i), -s(i) |- | Adverb || (no ending) |} Deictic Determiner Adjectives All deictic determiner adjectives end in -a and are used to modify nouns. {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |+ Correlative Deictic Determiner Adjectives |- valign=top ! !! Selective-a!! Possessive-ta !! Kind/Manner-yena !! Quantity-gla !! Age-jaga |- ! Interrogative |duhoa?which?||duhota?whose?|| duhoyena?what kind of?||duhogla?how much/many? ||duhojaga?how old? |- valign=top ! Relative |hoawhich||hotawhose|| hoyenawhat kind of||hoglahow much/many ||hojagahow old |- valign=top ! Exclamatory |hooawhat a...!|| || ||hooglalook how much/many...! ||hoojagahow old a...! |- valign=top ! Definite |ha1the||hatasthe person’s|| hayenaof the kind||haglaof the amount ||hajagaof the age |- valign=top ! Indefinite |heasome/a certain||hetasomeone's|| heyenasome kind of||heglasome ||hejagasomewhat old |- valign=top ! Proximal |hiathis||hitathis person’s|| hiyenathis kind of||higlathis much ||hijagathis old |- valign=top ! Immdediate |hiiathe following||hiitathe follow person’s|| hiiyenathe following kind of || hiiglato the following degree ||hiijagaof the following age |- valign=top ! Distal |huathat||hutathat person’s|| huyenathat kind of ||huglathat much/many ||hujagaof that age |- valign=top ! Intensive |huuasuch a||huutasuch a person’s|| huuyenasuch kind of ||huuglaso much/many ||huujagaof such an age |- valign=top ! Negative |hyoano||hyotanobody’s|| hyoyenano kind of ||hyoglano amount/number of ||hyojagaof no age |- valign=top ! Distributive |hya1every, all||hyataeverybody’s|| hyayenaevery kind of ||hyaglaall ||hyajagaof every age |- valign=top ! Indeterminate |hyeawhichever/any2||hyetawhosever|| hyeyenawhatever/any kind of ||hyeglahowever much/many ||hyejagahowever old |- valign=top ! Identical |hyiathe same||hyitathe same person’s|| hyiyenathe same kind of ||hyiglajust as ||hyijagajust as old |- valign=top ! Non-identical |hyuathe other||hyutasomeone else's|| hyuyenaanother kind of ||hyuglanot as much/many ||hyujagaof another age |} There are other adjectival determiners such as duhonoga....how/to what degree, duhosauna....what kind of that are not included in the above chart. Note 1) The determiners ha (the) and hya (every) are shortened forms of haa and hyaa. Also, ha is commonly called a "definite article". While hya means every or all, the word hyawa is used for each. The possessive adjective forms in the above table ending in -ta such as hyeta....whosever cannot be pluralized by the ending -tia. To say other people's, use the expression bi hyuti (Lit. of others). The ho- words are relative, meaning that they can serve to form relative clauses like the following: Ha toyb, hota twad se Bill,....The woman, whose husband is Bill, At voy te hos et tepfe.....I don't know what you mean. At teste hogla et fie iyt.....I understand how much you love her. The hoo- words are exclamatory and are used in expressions like the following: Hoogla iva se at van et upa!....How glad I am that you came! Hooa jub his saye!....What a day this has been! (Hooa is pronounced ho-O-a as three syllables.) Note 2) The indeterminant determiners can also be translated with no matter what, no matter where, etc. Deictic Determiner Pronouns All deictic determiner pronouns end either in -t for persons or -s for things. They can be singular or plural (-i). {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |+ Correlative Deictic Determiner Pronouns |- valign=top ! !! Thing -sThings -si !! Person -tPersons -ti !! Kind of Thing -yenasKinds of Things -yenasi !! Amount -glasNumber of Things -glasi !! Number of People -glati |- valign=center ! Interrogative |duhos?  what?duhosi?  what (things)?|| duhot?  who?duhoti?  who (pl.)|| duhoyenas?  what kind of thing? duhoyenasi?  what kinds of things?|| duhoglas  how much?duhoglasi?  how many things?|| duhoglati?  how many people? |- valign=center ! Relative |hos  whathosi  what|| hot  whohoti  who|| hoyenas  what kind of thing hoyenasi|| hoglas  how muchhoglasi  how many|| hoglati  how many |- ! Exclamatory |hoos  what a thing!hoosi  what things!|| hoot  what a person!hooti  what people!|| || hooglas  what an amount!hooglasi  what a number!|| hoglati  what a number of people! |- valign=center ! Definite |has  ithasi  they/them|| hat  he/she/him/herhati  they/them|| hayenas  the king of thinghayenasi  the kind of things|| haglas  the amount haglasi  the number of things|| haglati  the number of people |- valign=center ! Indefinite |hes  somethinghesi  some things|| het  someoneheti  some|| heyenas  some kind of thing heyenasi  some kinds of thing|| heglas  someheglasi  some things|| heglati  some people |- valign=center ! Proximal |his  thishisi  these|| hit  this personhiti  these people|| hiyenas  this kind of thing hiyenasi  these kinds of things|| higlas  this muchhiglasi  this many|| higlati  this many people |- valign=center ! Immediate |hiis  the following thinghiisi  the following things|| hiit  the following personhiiti  the following people|| hiiyenas  the following kind of thing hiiyenasi  the following kinds of things|| hiiglas  the following amounthiiglasi  this following number of things|| hiiglati  the following number of people |- valign=center ! Distal |hus  thathusi  those|| hut  that personhuti  those people|| huyenas  that kind of thing huyenasi  those kinds of things|| huglas  that muchhuglasi  that many|| huglati  that many people |- valign=center ! Intensive |huus  such a thinghuusi  such things|| huut  such a personhuuti  such people|| huuyenas  such a kind of thing huuyenasi  such kinds of things|| huuglas  so muchhuuglasi  so many|| huuglati  so many people |- valign=center ! Negative |hyos  nothinghyosi  none of them|| hyot  nobodyhyoti  none of them|| hyoyenas  no kind of thing hyoyenasi  no kinds of things|| hyoglas  nonehyoglasi  none|| hyoglati  none |- valign=center ! Distributive |hyas  everythinghyasi  all of them|| hyat  everybodyhyati  all of them|| hyayenas  every kind of hyayenasi  all kinds of things|| hyaglas  all of ithyaglasi  all of them|| hyaglati  all of them |- valign=center ! Indeterminate |hyes  anythinghyesi  any|| hyet  anybodyhyeti  any of them|| hyeyenas  any kind of hyeyenasi  whatever things|| hyeglas  any of ithyeglasi  any of them|| hyeglati  whoever |- valign=center ! Identical |hyis  the same thinghyisi  the same things|| hyit  the same personhyiti  the same people|| hyiyenas  the same kind of hyiyenasi  the same kinds of things|| hyiglas  as muchhyiglasi  as many|| hyiglati  as many people |- valign=center ! Non-identical |hyus  something elsehyusi  other things|| hyut  someone elsehyuti  other people|| hyuyenas  another kind hyuyenasi  other kinds|| hyuglas  another amounthyuglasi  another number of things|| hyuglati  another number of people |} Concerning the above chart, note the following: The interrogative determiners all begin with duho-, which means say which, and are technically imperatives. Duhom?, for example, means Tell (me) the place.... The o-stem forms without the du- are used as relative clause heads, eg. At po hom et po.  I will go where you go. Interrogatives usually come at the beginning of a sentence as in English, eg. Duhos se eta dyun?  What is your name? Determiners come first before any other epithets of a noun, eg. Hia aga jaga tam...  This big old house.... Person and Thing determiners can be made selective by inserting a before the final t or s, eg. Duhot? means Who?, while Duhoat? means Which one (of several persons)? Deictic Determiner Adverbs All deictic determiner adverbs refer to a circumstance. {| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |+ Correlative Deictic Determiner Adverbs |- valign=top ! Circumstance--> !! Place-m !! Time-j !! Manner-yen!! Degree-gla !! Frequency-xag !! Reason-sav |- valign=center ! Interrogative | duhom?where? || duhoj?when? || duhoyen?how? || duhogla?how (very)? || duhoxag?how often?|| duavhos?1why? |- valign=center ! Relative | homwhere || hojwhen || hoyenhow || hoglahow (very) || hoxaghow often || avhos (van)2because |- valign=center ! Exclamatory | || || hooyenand how!, such a... || hooglahow very...!, so...3 || || |- valign=center ! Definite | hamthe place || hajthe time || hayenthe manner || haglajust as || haxagas frequently|| avhasthe reason |- valign=center ! Indefinite | hemsomewhere || hejsometime || heyensomehow || heglasomewhat || hexagsomewhat often||avhesfor some reason |- valign=center ! Proximal | himhere || hijnow || hiyenthis way || higlathis || hixagthis often||avhisfor this reason |- valign=center ! Immediate | hiimthe following place || hiijthe following time || hiiyenthe following way || hiiglato the following degree || hiixagat the following frequency||avhiisfor the following reason |- valign=center ! Distal | humthere || hujthen || huyenthat way || huglato that degree || huxagthat often|| avhustherefore |- valign=center ! Intensive | huumsuch a place || huujat such a time || huuyenin such a way || huuglaso (very) || huuxagso often|| avhuusfor such a reason |- valign=center ! Negative | hyomnowhere || hyojnever || hyoyenin no way || hyoglanot at all || hyoxagnot once|| avhyosfor no reason |- valign=center ! Distributive | hyameverywhere || hyajalways || hyayenin every way || hyaglafully || hyaxagalways||avhyasfor every reason |- valign=center ! Indeterminate | hyemanywhere || hyejwhenever || hyeyenhowever || hyeglahowever || hyexaghowever often || avhyesfor whatever reason |- valign=center ! Indentical | hyimat the same place || hyijat the same time || hyiyenin the same way || hyiglaas || hyixagas often|| avhyisfor the same reason |- valign=center ! Non-identical | hyumsomewhere else || hyujsome other time || hyuyenotherwise || hyuglanot as || hyuxagnot as often||avhyusfor some other reason |} Note 1) Duavhos? translates literally to "Say for what?". Note 2) The positive complimentizer van is optional. Note 3) A clause following hoogla <ADJ>/<ADV> must be followed by van, eg. Et eka hoogla fi van ha teexuti byasa ab yiti tyoyabi.....You played so well that the audience stood on their feet. Concerning the above chart, note the following: The interrogative determiners all begin with duho-, which means say which, and are technically imperatives. Duhom?, for example, means Tell (me) the place.... The o-stem forms without the du- are used as relative clause heads, eg. At po hom et po.....I will go where you go. Interrogatives usually come at the beginning of a sentence as in English, eg. Duhom se eta tam?....Where is your house? Not included in the above chart is a related interrogative, which is a complementizer. Duven...?.... (Question introducer) Is it true that...?, Say whether... Duven et se tadxwa?....Are you married? (= Say whether you are married.) The adverbs of degree in the above chart (duhogla?, etc.) are interchangeable with adverbs ending in -nog....degree (duhonog?....to what degree?, how...?, henog....somewhat) Other deictic determiner adverbs of circumstance exist and are not on the above chart: duhomep?....which way? humep....that way duhobyun?....to what end? hyobyun....for no purpose duhoizon?....in which direction? hyaizon....in every direction Examples of Deictic Determiner Usage Duhos se eta dyun?....What is your name? (Duhos is pronounced du-HOS) Duhot se iyta twad?....Who is her husband? Duhowat se iyta twad?....Which one of the guys is her husband? (selective) Duhoti fe eker?....Who (pl.) want to play? Hyas se fia.....Everything is fine. Hyat tre et.....Everyone knows you. Hyot tre at.....Nobody knows me. Hyati ekeye fi.....All of them are playing well. Hyoti ekeye fi.....None of them are playing well. Hyet yafe eker.....Anyone can play. Hyes yafwe.....Anything is possible. At fe hyuyenat be ata ekutyan.....I want someone else on my team. Huuyenati fyuxe yata oj.....Such people harm our future. Et yefe tepier hiisi.....You must bear in mind the following things. Duhoyen et xa hus......How did you do that? (pronounced du-ho-YEN) Duavhos iyt pia huugla jwa?....Why did she leave so early? Hwita tam se ga aga.....This guy's house is bigger. At voy ayse ha dyuni bi huyti.....I don't have those women's names. Duhoa tam se etas?....Which house is yours? Huua tej et ayse!....What a life you have! Duhoyena dyezuni ifxe et?....What kind of movies do you like? Duhota tef okwa?....Whose hat was lost? Hota tef okwa bese otwas.....Whose hat was lost remains a mystery. Ha tob ta yata dyuni.....The man knew our names. Hoyena dini at ife, et ufe.....The kind of stories I love, you hate. Hea mepi gawdyunxwo.....Certain streets will be renamed. Heyena fukyes uxaye purilp nyaunx.....Some kind of accident has caused a traffic jam. Heta abtaf kaxwa be ha zatem......Someone's coat was found in the foyer. Hia dyes se ata gwafwas.....This book is my favorite. Hiia duni se ofwa.....The following words are prohibited. Hiiyena axlyen voy afwu.....The following sort of behavior would not be allowed. Hiyena axlyen voy vayafwo.....This type of behavior will not be tolerated. Hita tim so yolza.....This person's room will be blue. Hua mas efwe gawvozilbwer.....That wall needs to be repainted. Huua dini yufxe tudi.....Such stories scare children. Huyena duni voy yeyfwe yixwer za at.....Such words should not be used in front of me. Hwuta tam magseye.....That guy's house is on fire. Hyoa din se ga kyitesa.....No story is more important. Hyoyena tes tesiyafwe.....No such meaning can be inferred. Hyota jatexdras sa ga fia.....Nobody's plan is better. Hyos oboxe huyt.....Nothing bothers that gal. Hya mepi izpe Roma.....All roads lead to Rome. Hya ha mepi se ebwa.....All the roads are blocked. Hya twob yefe xer ita gon.....Every man must do his part. Hyayena telami ese be hia domep.....All manner of restaurants exist on this street. Hyata tej se uka bi yaobi.....Everyone's life is full of ups and downs. Hyaewa domi agsaye.....Both cities have grown. Hyea voz so fia.....Any color will be fine. Hyeyena til se aysyafwa.....Any kind of drink is available. Hyeta ved se ge ifa vyel atas.....Anyone's guess is as good as mine. Hyea tim et fe et yafe ayser.....Whatever room you want, you can have. Hyia/(Ha gea) fukyesi kyese glaxag.....The same accidents occur frequently. Hyiyena/(Ha geyena) dyezuni teaxuwa zajub.....The same kind of films were shown yesterday. Hyita/(Ha geta) dyun yixwa gajod.....The same person's name was used again. Hyua dyezun sa ga ifuyea.....The other movie was more entertaining. Hyuyena/(Ogeyena) som teasu ga fia.....Another kind of furniture would look better. Hyuta/(ogeta) texyen se ge fyia.....Someone else's opinion is equally valid. Ha dyuni bi hiyti voy dodrawe.....These women's names have not been made public. Ha dyuni bi hwiiti voy dodrowe.....The following males' names will not be publicized. Hijaga tobweti voy afwo him.....Boys of this age will not be allowed here. Duhom et tambese?....Where do you live? At tambese hum.....I live there. Et tambese hom ha mep uje.....You live where the road ends. Duhom yet peye?....Where are you people going? Et yafe per hyem et fu.....You can go anywhere you would like. Duhom et byise?....Where are you from? (Lit: Where do you originate? Duhoj et taja?....When were you born? At voy tajaya huj.....I had not been born then. Et yeyfe duder hiiyen.....You should respond in the following way. Ot voy yefe daler huuyen.....One must not talk in such a manner. Et pia hesav.....He left for some reason. Duhoyen et iyfe hia vifil?....How do like this wine? Voy se fia axler hiyen.....It is not good to act this way. Duavhos et tadia huugla jwa?....Why did you marry so late? Ha twob pia avhyos.....The man left for no reason. Hwat pia avhos van it efa per hem.....The guy left because he needed to go somewhere. Hyeta texyen so fia.....Anyone's opinion will be fine. Duhota dyes se his?....Whose book is this? Bi hoti se hia dyesi?....Whose are these books? Hyata tili yebexe yom.....Everyone's drinks contain ice. Et se gaj geyenat( ~ hyiyenat).....You are still the same kind of person. At se hoogla iva van et upa!....I am so happy that you came! Yat tose hyigla (van) yet.....We feel (the same way) as you (do). Note, hyigla can be replaced with gel: Yet tose gel yet.....We feel as you do. The semantic reverser o- can be prefixed to some of the above deictic determiners: Ohyat tiste Platon.....Not everyone understands Plato. Ohut!....Not that person! At iyfe gwa apovili, oy ohuas!....I like most beers, but not that one! If the definite article or any other deictic determiner is omitted before a noun, then it has the effect of the English indefinite article a / an with a singular noun or some with a plural noun. For example: Yat tilia ha tilyeb bi vifil.....We drank the glass of wine., vs. Yat tilia tilyeb bi vifil.....We drank a glass of wine. Yat tilia ha tilyebi bi vifil.....We drank the glasses of wine., vs. Yat tilia tilyebi bi vifil.....We drank (some) glasses of wine. Yat tilia awa tilyeb bi vifil.....We drank one glass of wine., vs. Yat tilia ha awa tilyeb bi vifil.....We drank the one glass of wine. Yat tilia ewa tilyebi bi vifil.....We drank two glasses of wine., vs. Yat tilia ha ewa tilyebi bi vifil.....We drank the two glasses of wine., vs. Yat tilia hyaewa tilyebi bi vifil.....We drank both glasses of wine. Yat tilia owa tilyeb bi vifil.....We drank no/zero glasses (=not a single glass) of wine. Yat tilia ea tilyeb bi vifil.....We drank another/a second glass of wine., vs. Yat tilia ha ea tilyeb bi vifil.....We drank the second glass of wine., vs. Yat tilia ea tilyebi bi vifil.....We drank second glasses of wine., vs. Yat tilia ha ea tilyebi bi vifil.....We drank the second glasses of wine. If an indefinite article sense is needed for clarity, the words awa (one) or hea (some, a certain) can be used, eg.: At igteata awa tob yiztyoper.....I glimpsed a man walk by. Wit zoyupo hea jub.....He will come back a / a certain / some day. Selective vs. Non-Selective Forms The deictic interrogative determiner pronoun duhot? means who(m) and contrasts with its selective counterpart duhoat?, which means which one?. All the selective determiners refer to one or more things or persons from a selectable pool of things or persons. The following sentences illustrate the use of the above determiner pronouns: Duhot aka zajuba ek?....Who won yesterday's game? Duhoat bi ha akuti sa ha gwa fiat?....Which one of the winners was the best? Duhota tam se hus?....Whose house is that? Duhotas se hus?....Whose is that? Duhotia deuzi et gaife?....Whose songs do you prefer? Duhotias et gaife?....Whose do you prefer? Duhos se eta dyun?....What is your name? Duhosi se eta gaifuni?....What are your preferences? Duhoa deuzi se eta gwa fiasi?....Which songs are your best? Duhoasi se eta gwa fiasi?....Which ones are your best? Bi hia deuzuti, hoat et gaife?....Of these vocalists, which one do you prefer? Hiiti yaneko hijub.....The following people will compete today. Duhoati se gwa fia?....Which ones are best? Duhoti et teexe gwa jodi?....Who (all) do you listen to the most often? Hoat at teexe gwaxag draye ejna deuz.....The one I listen to the most has written a new song. Ejna deuz? At voy teste hoas et tede.....New song? I don't understand which one you mean. Hias.....This one. Vo. Huasi se ga fia.....No. Those are better. His se jub av ivxelen.....This is a day for celebration. Va. Hia jub. At tese hijub.....Yes. This day. I mean To-day. Husi sa ha jubi, ata dat!....Those were the days, my friend! Duhos se eta dyun?....What is your name? Duhot aka ha igpek?....Who won the race? Hyas uja fi.....Everything ended well. Hyasi uje.....All things come to an end. Hyayenasi vey kyesu.....All sorts of things might happen. Hyos yokxa at.....Nothing surprised me. Hyot ta hot ako.....Nobody knew who would win. Hoayti fu pier yefe.....Those females who would like to leave may. Hyet yefe eker hia ifek.....Anyone can play this game. Huyenasi voy afwo.....Such things will not be permitted. Hua twob voy taxe hia toyb.....That man does not remember this woman. Hwuti yanyexe fi.....Those guys work well together. Huuyti hyaj yubixe tepzex.....Such females always attract attention. At jay teataye hiyenasi.....I've seen such things before. Huyenwat voy vabiwu.....A guy like that would not be accepted. Duhoyenasi weti iyfe xer je ha maj.....What kinds of things do you guys like to do during the day? Numerical Deictic Determiners Sometimes, a deictic determiner specifies numerical information. This chart shows those forms: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |+ Number-incorporating Deictic Determiners |- valign=top ! Adjective !! Inanimate Pronoun !! Animate Pronoun !! Pronominal Determiner !! Possessive Pronoun |- | hawa1 the only || hawasthe only thinghawasithe only things || hawatthe only one (person)hawatithe only ones|| hawatathe only person&apos;s || hawatasthe only one&apos;shawatasithe only one&apos;s (things) |- | hyawa* each || hyawaseach one || hyawateach person|| hyawataeach person&apos;s || hyawataseach one&apos;shyawatasieach one&apos;s (things) |- | hyaewaboth || hyaewasiboth (things) || hyaewatiboth (people)|| bi hyaewatiboth person&apos;s || has bi hyaewatiboth person&apos;shasi bi hyaewatiboth persone&apos;s (things) |- | hyaiwaall three || hyaiwasiall three (things) || hyaiwatiall three (people)|| hyaiwataall three person&apos;s || has bi hyaiwatiall three person&apos;shasi bi hyaiwatiall three person&apos;s (things) |- | ohyawanot every || ohyawasnot everything || ohyawatnot everyone|| ohyawatanot every person&apos;s || ohyawatasnot everyone&apos;sohyawatasinot everyone&apos;s (things) |- | hyoawanot a single || hyoawasnot a single thing || hyoawatnot a single person|| hyowatanot a single person&apos;s || hyowatasnot a single person&apos;shyowatasinot a single person&apos;s (things) |- | hyeawaeither || hyeawaseither one || hyeawateither one (person)|| hyeawataeither one&apos;s || hyeawataseither one&apos;shyeawatasieither one&apos;s (things) |- | hyeewaany two || hyeewasiany two things || hyeewatiany two people|| bi hyeewatiany two person&apos;s || has bi hyeewatiany two persons&apos;hasi bi hyeewatiany two persons&apos; (things) |- | hyeowaneither || hyeowasneither one || hyeowatneither person|| hyeawataneither person&apos;s || hyeowatasneither one&apos;shyeowatasineither one&apos;s (things) |- | hyuawaanother || hyuawasanother one || hyuawatanother|| hyuawataanother&apos;s || hyuawatasanother&apos;shyuawatasianother&apos;s (things) |- | hyuowano other || hyuowasnothing else || hyuowatnobody else|| hyuowatano other&apos;s || hyuowatasno other&apos;shyuowatasino other&apos;s (things) |- | gawa2another || gawasanother one || gawatanother (person)|| gawataanother&apos;s || gawatasanother&apos;sgawatasianother&apos;s (things) |} Note 1) Hawa and hyawa are short for haawa and hyaawa, respectively. Note 2) Gawa is short for ga awa, yet one. Notes on Numerical Deictic Determiners Examples using the above number-incorporating deictic determiners: Ohyawat se iva bay eta vaod.....Not everyone is happy with your decision. Hyaewasi yafwe uxler yata efoni.....Both (things) can serve our needs. Hyeawa tim ivlaxo at.....Either room will satisfy me. Hyeowas oivlaxo at.....Neither one will dissatisfy me. Note: hyua means another (an alternative). Ex. At fu hyua til.....I would like another (a different) drink. hyuawa means another (an additional). Ex. At fu hyuawa til.....I would like another (an additional) drink. hahyua means the other (the alternative). Ex. At fu hahyua til.....I would like the other drink. hohyua....what other (relative). Ex. Bexlu hohyua suni at lobexa av et.....Keep what other things I left for you. hehyua....some other duhohyua....what other, which other hihyua....this other huhyua....that other hyahyua....all other, any other, each other hyehyua....any other, whatever other hyohyua....no other Similarly, hya means every, all, while hyawa means each, and hyaha....all the, ex: Hya dom ayse tebixea suni teaxer.....Every city has interesting things to see. Hya domi ayse tebixusi.....All cities have things of interest. Hyaha domi ayse tebixusi.....All the cities have things of interest. Hyawa dom ayse tebixun.....Each city has something of interest. Also, ha means the, while hawa means the only, eg.: Ha twob hu at gwa ife se et.....The man I most love is you. Hawa toyb nazea ata tepzex se et.....The only woman worth my attention is you. By appending y to hawa, we get the adverb haway....only, solely, eg; Haway et nize ata tepzex.....Only you deserve my attention.. The singular person pronouns in the above chart can be converted into pronominal determiners by adding the adjective suffix a, eg.: Hyawata tej se ge glatesa vyel hyutas.....Each one's life is as important as another's. Hyoewata dyun se vyama.....Neither person's name is real. However, the plural person pronouns in the above chart use the preposition bi (of) to form possessives, eg.: Ha teji bi hyaiwati se kyebukuwa.....The lives of all three are in danger. The above singular pronominal determiners can, in turn, be converted into inanimate pronouns with the suffix -s. Hyawatas se glatesa.....Each one's is important. Hyoewatas se vyama.....Neither's is real. The plural pronominal determiners can be nominalized with the use of bi, eg: Hyaiwasi bi huti se kyebukuwa.....All three of theirs' are in danger. Correlative Number-incorporating Deictic Determiners are handled as follows: Hyeawa A ey B....either A or B Hyoewa A oy B....neither A nor B Hyaewa A ay B....both A and B Hawa A, voy B....only A, not B Different Ways of Expressing How The different, somewhat confusing, meanings of how are illustrated here: Duhoyen wit xa hus?....How did he do that?.... (Equivalent to Be duhobyen...?....In what way...?) (ADVERB OF MANNER) Duhoyen et xeye?....How are you doing?.... (This is the normal way of saying How are you? or How do you do? (ADVERB OF MANNER) Duhoyena sa ha dyezun?.... How was the film?.... (How here is an ADJECTIVE OF KIND, and thus ends in -a.) Duhonog (= Duhogla) aga it se?....How big is he?.... (ADVERB OF DEGREE) Huunog (= Huugla) iyfla et se!....How nice you are!.... (ADVERB OF EMPHATIC DEGREE) The conjunction as is expressed most often using relative pro-adverbs of manner: Xu hoyen at de.....Do as I say. = (in) the way that... Xu hyiyen (~ geyen) at xe.....Do as I do. ( = (in) the same way that...) Xu hiiyen:....Do as follows. ( = (in) this hereby manner...) However, the preposition/conjunction gel (like, as) can be substituted: Xu gel at de.....Do as I say. Introducing Relative Clauses with Adverbial Determiners Many of the determiner adverbs in the above chart can be used in relative clauses, eg: At teato et hoj et puo him.....I will see you when you get here. It xa has avhos van it tosa yefa.....He/she did it because (for the reason that) he/she felt compelled. Hyem et po, et so ga iva.....Wherever you go, you'll be happier. Hyet te ha did, yabu eta tuyab.....Whoever knows the answer, raise your hand. At voy te hoyen et xa is.....I don't know how you did it. See more about this in the section on relative clauses under Syntax. Pronominal Deictic Determiners Some words in Mirad incorporate deictic prefixes with pronouns and pronominal adjectives, as shown in the following chart: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; font-size;smaller;" |+ Pronominal Deictic Determiners |- valign=top ! colspan=3 | Pronoun |- ! 1st Person Plural !! 2nd Person Plural !! 3rd Person Plural |- | duhoyatwhich of us || duhoyetwhich of you || duhoyitwhich of them |- | heyatsome of us || heyetsome of you || heyitwhich of them |- | hyayateach of us || hyayeteach of you || hyayiteach of them |- | hyeyatany of us || hyeyetany of you || hyeyitany of them |- | hyoyatnone of us || hyoyetnone of you || hyoyitnone of them |- ! colspan=3 | Pronominal Adjective |- ! 1st Person (Plural) !! 2nd Person (Plural) !! 3rd Person (Plural) |- | duhoyatawhich of our || duhoyetwhich of your || duhoyitawhich of their |- | heyatasome of our || heyetasome of your || heyitawhich of their |- | hyayataeach of our || hyayetaeach of your || hyayitaeach of their |- | hyeyataany of our || hyeyetaany of your || hyeyitaany of their |- ! colspan=3 | Singular/(Plural) Possessive Pronoun |- ! 1st Person (Plural) !! 2nd Person (Plural) !! 3rd Person (Plural) |- | duhoyatas(i)which of ours || duhoyetas(i)which of yours || duhoyitas(i)which of theirs |- | heyatas(i)some of ours || heyetas(i)some of yours || heyitas(i)which of theirs |- | hyayatas(i)each of ours || hyayetas(i)each of yours || hyayitas(i)each of theirs |- | hyeyatas(i)any of ours || hyeyetas(i)any of yours || hyeyitas(i)any of theirs |- | hyoyatas(i)none of ours || hyoyetas(i)none of yours || hyoyitas(i)none of theirs |} The above possessive pronouns refer to things. If you replace the final -s or -si, to -t or -ti, then they become animate and refer to people, eg.: Ese ewa tudi him. Duhoyitas se his?....There are two children here. Which one of theirs is this? All of the forms in the above chart can also be expressed as separate words, eg.: Duhoyet?  ~  Duhoat bi yet?....Which one of you? Hyayat  ~  Hyaglati bi yet....All of us. Hyoyatasi  ~  Hyogla yatasi....All of ours (things) Note: Awayat  ~  Awat bi yat....one of us Hyaewayet  ~  Hyaewat bi yet....both of you Hyaiwayit  ~  Hyaiwat bi yit....all three of them Quantitative Deictic Determiners The deictic prefixes can be combined with gla to form quantitative expressions acting as adverbial or adjectival determiners, and substantives (pronouns referring to things or people): {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; font-size;smaller;" |+ Quantitative Deictic Determiners |- valign=top ! !! Adverbial / AdjectivalDeterminer !! Inanimate SingularPronoun !! Inanimate Plural Pronoun !! Animate PluralPronoun |- !row=1|Interrogative | duhogla?how?/how much?/how many? || duhoglas?how much? || duhoglasi?how many || duhoglati?how many (people)? |- !row=1|Relative | hoglaas many/much || hoglashow much || duhoglasihow many || duhoglatihow many (as) |- !row=1|Definite | haglahow/as much/as many || haglasas much || haglasias many || haglatias many (people) |- !row=1|Indefinite | heglasomewhat/some/some || heglassome || heglasisome || heglatisome (people) |- !row=1|Proximal | higlathis/this much/this many || higlasthis much || higlasithis many || higlatithis many (people) |- !row=1|Distal | huglathat/that much/that many || huglasthat much || huglasithat many || huglatithat many (people) |- !row=1|Intensive | huuglaso very, so much, so many || huuglasso much || huuglasiso many || huuglatiso many (people) |- !row=1|Negative | hyoglanone, not very || hyoglasnone of it || hyoglasinone of them || hyoglatinone |- !row=1|Distributive | hyaglatotally/all/all || hyaglasall of it || hyaglasiall of them || hyaglatiall |- !row=1|Indeterminate | hyeglahowever/any/any || hyeglasany of it || hyeglasiany of them || hyeglatiany number of them |- !row=1|Identical | hyiglaas/as much/as many, equally || hyiglasthe same amount || hyiglasithe same number || hyiglatias many (people) |- !row=1|Non-identical | hyuglanot as much/not as much/not as many || hyuglasa different amount || hyuglasia different number of things || hyuglatia different number of people |} Here are some examples showing how these quantitative determiners are used: Et deuze huugla fi.....You sing so well. At se hegla booka.....I am somewhat tired. Duhogla pati et teata hijub?....How many birds did you see today? At teata vyavay hugla tami.....I saw exactly that many houses. Iyt fe hyiglas vyel et.....She wants the same amount as you. Duhoglati yantexe yet?....How many (people) agree with you? Hyoglati yantexe.....None agree. Yit fu heglasi.....They would like some (of them). Et yafe bier hyeglasi et fe.....You can take however many you want. Besu bay at hogla job et fe.....Stay as long with me as you want. At se huugla booka.....I am so tired. NOTE: The following determiners are synonymous and interchangeable: hegla = gle = henog (somewhat, to some degree) hyigla = ge = hyinog (as, equally, to the same degree) The determiner huugla can be used as an exclamatory adverb, eg.: Huugla et agsaye!....How you have grown! Hua twob jagsaye huugla!....That man has aged so much! Hia jotul se huugla fiteluza!....This dessert is sooo delicious! Pronominal Determiners Pronominal Determiners are what are more often called possessive adjectives such as my or your and are discussed in a subsection of Pronouns. Quantitative Determiners Quantitative determiners act in one of several ways, they: specify mass, uncountable, singular nouns for relative AMOUNT, eg. much happiness, less work specify countable nouns for relative NUMBER, eg. one apple, two birds, many places specify adverbs, adjectives, and verbs for relative DEGREE, eg. how poorly, very good, eat too much. From these, pronominalized quantitative determiners for PERSONS and THINGS can be derived. Inanimate singular pronouns are formed by adding s for AN AMOUNT OF A THING Inanimate plural pronouns are formed by adding si for A NUMBER OF THINGS Animate plural pronouns are formed by adding ti for A NUMBER OF PERSONS. The following table presents most of these word forms (Note that the determiners are in a plus (+), equal (=), or minus (-) row.): {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; margin-left:1.6em; font-size:smaller;" |+ Quantitative Determiners |- !colspan=2|Adverb / Adjective !! Singular Pronoun !!colspan=2| Plural Pronoun |- !colspan=2|Degree/Amount/Number !! Amount !! Number of Things !! Number of People |- !row=1|+ | ga....more || gas....more (stuff) || gasi....many (things) || gati....many (people) |- !row=1|= | ge....as, as much, as many || ges....as much (stuff) || gesi....as many (things) || geti....as many people |- !row=1|- | go....less, fewer || gos....less (stuff) || gosi....fewer (things) || goti....fewer (people) |- !colspan=2| !! !! !! |- !row=1|+ | gla....very, much, manyglay....so, so much, so manyglaa....several || glas....much (stuff)glays....so much stuff) || glasi....many (things)glaysi....so many (things)glaasi....several things|| glati....many (people)glayti....so many (people)glaati....several people |- !row=1|= | gle....rather, quite a lot, quite a few || gles....quite a lot (of stuff) || glesi....quite a lot (of things) || gleti....quite a few (people) |- !row=1|- | glo....slightly, little, fewgloy....a little || glos1....littlegloys....a few || glosi....few (things)gloysi....a few (things)|| gloti....few (people)gloyti....a few (people)|- !colspan=2| !! !! !! |- !row=1|+ | gra....too, too much, too many || gras....too much (stuff) || grasi....too many (things) || grati....too many (people)|- !row=1|= | gre....enough || gres....enough (stuff) || gresi....enough (things) || greti....enough (people)|- !row=1|- | gro....insufficiently, too little, too few || gros....too little || grosi....too few || groti....too few (people)|- !colspan=2| !! !! !! |- !row=1|+ | gwa....most || gwas....the most (stuff) || gwasi....the most (things) || gwati....most people|- !row=1|= | gwe....just so (much/many) || gwes....just so much || gwesi....just so many || gweti....just so many (people)|- !row=1|- | gwo....least || gwos....the least (stuff) || gwosi....the least (number of) || gwoti....the least number (of people)|} Note 1: The word gos is used for little as in Iyt dale gos. (She speaks little., as opposed to goys for a little bit as in Iyt dale goys bi Mirad. (She speaks a little bit of Mirad.). Examples Using Graded Quantitative Determiners Adverbs of degree modifying an adjective: At se gla iva.....I am very happy. Et sa gra uga.....You were too slow. Adverbs of Degree modifying another adverb: Twobi dale ge igay vyel toybi.....Men talk as fast as women. Yat yexe ga igay vyel yet.....We work faster (= more quickly) than you. Adjectives quantifying a singular mass noun: Ga nas efwo.....More money will be needed. Gra nas noxwa.....Too much money was spent. Adjectives quantifying a plural countable noun (= things or people): At bayse gro sari.....I've got too few tools. Gla tami osexwa.....Many houses were destroyed. Yat efe gla ga valkdibuti.....We need many more policemen. Pronouns referring to a mass amount of something (= stuff): Gas ilokeye.....More (stuff) is leaking. Et dileye gras.....You are asking for too much (stuff). Yat kexo gwas.....We will seek as much (stuff) as possible. At iba gwes.....I received just the right amount. Pronouns referring to a countable number of things: Hisi se fia oy yat fe gasi.....These (items) are good but we want more (items). At teate drilari oy grosi.....I see pens, but too few. Pronouns referring to a countable number of people: Grati xaye vyoki be hia yexem.....Too many (people) have made mistakes at this work site. Glati dyunwe oy gloti kebiwe.....Many are called but few are chosen. Et Miradale gloy, oy at glo vlay.....You speak Mirad a little but I, little indeed. Numerical Determiners This category of determiners, which includes cardinal, ordinal and other number words like two, a tenth, and first, is such a vast topic that it is treated in its own chapter Mirad_Grammar/Numbers Adverbs Numbers