French/Grammar/Pronouns

Subject pronouns A pronoun replaces a noun in a sentence. Often used to prevent repeating the noun. French has six different types of subject pronouns: the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person singular and the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person plural. 1st personsingularjeIpluralnouswe2nd personsingulartuyoupluralvous*you3rd personsingularil, elle, on**he, she, onepluralils, elles***they (masculine)they (feminine) Notes: * When referring to more than one person in the 2nd person, “vous” must be used. When referring to a single person, “vous” or “tu” may be used depending on the situation. Tu is informal and used only with well-known acquaintances. In case of unknown persons you have to use the polite form Vous. A good example, to explain that is the following: If two business acquaintances meet another, they say Vous. If they later fall in love, they say Tu. When unsure, it is better to say "vous." Also, grammatically, even the singular form of "vous" behaves as though it were a plural, so even if you are addressing only one person, you would still use verbal grammar consistent with addressing multiple people, similar to English (as in "you are", "you [all] are", "they are.") Nevertheless, the adjectives or past participles are declined according to the true number of the referring pronoun. Examples, addressing one person: Tu chantes - you sing (informal) Vous chantez - you sing (polite) - (also, to address many persons) Tu es grand - You are tall (informal) Vous êtes grand - You are tall (polite, male) Vous êtes grande - You are tall (polite, female) Examples, addressing many persons: Vous êtes grands - You are tall (formal or polite, male, many persons) Vous êtes grandes - You are tall (formal or polite, female, many persons) ** - il denotes masculine nouns, elle denotes feminine nouns, and on is for indeterminate subjects (see below). *** - While the third person plural "they" has no gender in English, the French equivalents "ils" and "elles" do. However, when pronounced, they normally sound the same as "il" and "elle", so distinguishing the difference requires understanding of the various conjugations of the verbs following the pronoun. Ils is used with all-male or mixed groups, elles is only used when all members of the group are female. Examples: Jack et Philippe parlent - Jack and Philippe speakIls parlent - They speak (all-male group) Jack et Lucy parlent - Jack and Lucy speakIls parlent - They speak (mixed group) Lucy et Dina parlent - Lucy and Dina speakElles parlent - They speak (all female group) The pronoun on French pronouns carry meanings that do not exist in English pronouns. The French third person "on" has several meanings, but most closely matches the English "one", except that it is not so formal, and is more common. It has a number of uses: It is used in the same ways as the English personal pronoun one: It is used in expressing generalities: « C'est en forgeant qu'on devient forgeron. » ("It is by blacksmithing that one becomes a blacksmith.") It is the implicit subject for an infinitive that has no other implicit subject: « penser qu'on a raison » ("to think that one is right," i.e. "to think oneself right"). Because of French's limited passive voice, it is often used as an empty subject when the agent is unknown or unimportant: « On me l'a donné. » ("[On] gave it to me" or "I was given it" or "It was given to me.") It is used as a less formal substitute for the subject pronoun nous (we). In this case, note that even though on always takes a third-person singular verb, it takes plural adjectives (« On est américains », "We're American"). Also, note that the other forms of nous (direct object, indirect object, and disjunctive) are not replaced by forms of on unless on is the subject as well. (Hence, « Ils nous l'ont donné », "They gave it to us," but « On se l'est donné », "We gave it to ourselves.") It is not the number 1, and therefore is not used to mean "one of them." In French as in English, numbers can be used as pronouns — « Deux sont entrés et un est ressorti », "Two went in and one came back out" — but the number 1 is un(e), not on. On does not have ordinary direct- and indirect-object pronouns, only the reflexive pronoun se. Similarly, its disjunctive-pronoun form, soi, is only used when on is the subject and soi refers to the same entity. The pronoun quelqu'un ("someone") can fill some of the roles of on, in the same way that one and someone are sometimes interchangeable in English. Stress Pronouns moi, toi, lui, elle, soi, nous, vous, eux, elles Meanings moi - me toi - you lui - him elle - her soi - one nous - us vous - you (plural/formal) eux - them (masculine) elles - them (feminine) Usage after avec or chez avec moi - with me avec lui - with him chez soi - at one's place chez eux - at their place Object Pronouns me, te, se, nous, and vous Meanings me - me, to me te - you, to you (singular, informal) se - to him/her (or himself/herself/itself - reflexive) nous - us, to us vous - you, to you (plural, formal) se - to them (or themselves - reflexive) Place in sentences These pronouns are placed before the verb that they modify Je te vois. - I see you. Je veux te voir. - I want to see you. If a perfect tense is used, these pronouns go before the auxiliary verb. Je t'ai vu. - I saw you. Direct object replacement Il me voit. - He sees me. Il te voit. - He sees you. Il nous voit. - He sees us. Il vous voit. - He sees you. Indirect Object Replacement Il m'appelle. - He calls me. Il te le lance. - He throws it to you. Il nous le lance. - He throws it to us. Il vous le lance. - He throws it to you. l', le, la, and les l', le, la, and les are pronouns which are used as direct objects and hence are called direct object pronouns. A direct object is a noun that receives the action of a verb. Il lance la balle. - He throws the ball. In the above sentence la balle is the direct object. You have learned earlier that names and regular nouns can be replaced by the subject pronouns (je, tu...). Similarly, direct objects, such as "la balle", can be replaced by pronouns. le - replaces a masculine singular direct object la - replaces a feminine singular direct object l - replaces le and la if they come before a vowel les - replaces plural direct objects, both masculine and feminine The direct object pronouns come before the verb they are linked to. Il la lance. - He throws it. Il les lance. - He throws them. Note When direct object pronouns are being used with the passé composé tense with verbs that do not represent movement (i.e. use the auxiliary AVOIR in a conjugated form before the past participle), some endings are added to the past participle. Object Endings Masculine SingularNoneFeminine SingulareMasculine PluralsFeminine Plurales Examples: J'ai lu ces livres - I read these books -> Je les ai "lus" lui and leur Indirect objects are prepositional phrases with the object of the preposition. An indirect object is a noun that receives the action of a verb. Il lance la balle à Jacques. - He throws the ball to Jack. Il lance la balle à Marie. - He throws the ball to Mary. Il lance la balle à Jacques et Marie. - He throws the ball to Jack and Mary. Lui and leur are indirect object pronouns. They replace nouns referring to people and mean to him/her and to them respectively. lui - replaces a singular masculine or feminine indirect object referring to a person leur - replaces a plural masculine or feminine indirect object referring to a person An example follows: Il lui lance la balle. - He throws the ball to him. Il lui lance la balle. - He throws the ball to her. Il leur lance la balle. - He throws the ball to them. Whether lui means to him or to her is given by context. In English, "He throws him the ball" is also said, and means the same thing. When used with the direct object pronouns le, la, and les, lui and leur come after those pronouns. Il la lui lance. - He throws it to him. Note that while le, la, and les are used to replace people or inanimate objects, lui and leur are not used to replace innanimate objects and things. Also note that unlike le and la, which are shortened to l when followed by a vowel, lui is never shortened y Indirect object pronoun - to it, to them The French pronoun y is used to replace an object of a prepositional phrase introduced by à. Je réponds aux questions. - I respond to the questions. J'y réponds. - I respond to them. Note that lui and leur, and not y, are used when the object refers to a person or persons. Replacement of places - there The French pronoun y replaces a prepositional phrase referring to a place that begins with any preposition except de (for which en is used). ie, 'going' to a place. Mes parents vont en France. - My parents go to France. Mes parents y vont. - My parents go there. Note that en, and not y is used when the object is of the preposition de. Idioms Ça y est! - It's done! J'y suis! - I'm there! en Replacement of a partitive construction The pronoun en replaces a noun with a partitive article (l'article partitif: du, de la, de, des) at the front. In this case En goes always with the singular, even if there are many items addressed. Je veux du pain. => J'en veux. - I want some bread. => I want some. Replacement of quantified nouns If the quantity of the object is specified, "en" is used for the replacement of the noun. Example: Il a acheté deux pommes. => Il en''' a acheté deux. Note that no agreement is needed between the past participle (le participe passé) and the object (complément d'objet direct). Replacement of phrases with de The pronoun en replaces prepositional phrases beginning with de if the object of the preposition is referring to a thing or place, ie. coming 'from' a place. Je viens de Paris. - I come from Paris. J' en viens. - I come from it. Note that stress pronouns, and not en are used if the object refers to a person or persons. Pronoun order Order chart If a sentence uses no infinitive, the pronouns are embedded as follows: Subject Pronoun(or noun)NegDirect or IndirectDirect Obj PronounsIndirect Objects Neg je tu il (elle) nous vous ils (elles)neme te nous vous se (reflexive)le la l' leslui leuryenconjugated verbpas plus etc...pastparticiple If a sentence uses an infinitive, the pronouns are embedded as follows: Subject Pronoun(or noun)Neg Neg Direct or IndirectDirect Obj PronounsIndirect Objects je tu il (elle) nous vous ils (elles) ne conjugated verb pas plus etc...pastparticipleme te nous vous se (reflexive) le la l' les lui leur y eninfinitive Order rules When a sentence uses the indirect object pronouns me, te, nous, and vous with the direct object pronouns le, la, and les, me, te, nous, and vous go first. Il me le donne. - He gives it to me. When a sentence uses the indirect object pronouns lui and leur with the direct object pronouns le, la, and l, le, la, and les go first. Il le lui donne. - He gives it to him/her. When y is used in the same sentence as other pronouns, y goes after all of them with the exception of en. Il m'emmène à Paris. - He takes me to Paris. Il m'y emmène. - He takes me there.Y in conjunction with en is only used in a few cases. Il y en a. - There exist several ones. Est-ce qu'il y a des pommes? (Oui,) il y en a. (Non,) il n'y en a (pas/plus). - Are there any apples (left)? Yes, there are. No, there aren't. When there are two pronouns in a sentence, en always goes last. L'impératif When expressing positive commands, there are several rules one must remember when using object pronouns. These are: The pronouns are attached to the verb with a hyphen. Retrouve-la. - Find it. Me and Te become moi and toi. Donnez-moi les clés. - Give me the keys.Le, la, and les'' precede all other object pronouns. Donnez-le-moi. - Give it to me. For the second person singular form, an "s" is added if the object (in the pronoun form) begins with a vowel or "y". Va au tableau. - Go to the blackboard. BUT Vas-y. - Go (there). Vas-y. - Come on. Achète des pommes. - Buy some apples. BUT Achètes-en. - Buy some. Possessive pronouns Possessive pronouns replace possessive article + noun sets. mon copainmy friendton copainyour friendson copainhis/her friendnotre copainour friendvotre copainyour friendleur copaintheir friendle mienminele tienyoursle sienhis/hersle nôtreoursle vôtreyoursle leurtheirsmes copainsmy friendstes copainsyour friendsses copainshis/her friendsnos copainsour friendsvos copainsyour friendsleurs copainstheir friendsles miensmineles tiensyoursles sienshis/hersles nôtresoursles vôtresyoursles leurstheirsma copinemy friendta copineyour friendsa copinehis/her friendnotre copineour friendvotre copineyour friendleur copinetheir friendla mienneminela tienneyoursla siennehis/hersla nôtreoursla vôtreyoursla leurtheirsmes copinesmy friendstes copinesyour friendsses copineshis/her friendsnos copinesour friendsvos copinesyour friendsleurs copinestheir friendsles miennesmineles tiennesyoursles sienneshis/hersles nôtresoursles vôtresyoursles leurstheirs Vous avez votre voiture? - You have your car? Oui, nous avons la nôtre. - Yes, we have ours. À + a stress pronoun is used when the noun replaced is also the subject of the sentence. This usually occurs in sentences with être. Elle est à toi cette voiture? - Is this car yours? Oui, elle est à moi. - Yes, it is mine. French Pronouns es:Francés/Gramática/El pronombre