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Mirad Grammar/Numbers
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Types of Numbers
Numerals are words used to vocalize numbers, which are scalar symbols used to count and quantify things and people. For example the numeral two is how the number 2 is read or spoken. Mirad uses Arabic numbers (0, 1, 2, 3...), as in all Western World languages.
Numerals can be various parts of speech:
numeric nouns (The score was six to four.)
numeric pronouns (I want two. Give me the fifth one.)
numeric determiners (Five days ago. The fifth day. A double dose.)
prefixes (monochrome, bicentennial, triangle)
rootwords (anxer....to unite, onxer....to annihilate)
Number-based words include:
cardinal numbers (one, two, three... used in counting and arithmetic)
ordinal numbers (first, second... indicating ordered position)
multiplicative numbers (double, triple, foursome...)
fractional numbers (half, third, hundredth...)
frequency numbers (once, twice, thrice...)
miscellaneous number-based words (only, percentage, annihilate)
Cardinal Numbers
thumb|
The cardinal numbers are words used in counting and reciting numerals such as telephone numbers, social security numbers, and zip codes, and in arithmetic. They are also used as the so-called "ordinal" stem vowels of words that relate to one another in a scalar, hierarchical, or some other ontological relationship. See this in the chapter on Vocabulary Formation.
Units
The cardinal unit numerals are formed from the simple and pre-y-glided vowels.
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; text-align:center;font-size:smaller;"
|+ Units
|-
! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9
|-
| o || a || e || i || u || yo || ya || ye || yi || yu
|-
| zero || one || two || three || four || five || six || seven || eight || nine
|}
Ata yibdalar sag se 703-842-6190 (pronounced: ye-o-i-yi-u-e-ya-a-yu-o).....My telephone number is....
At tambese 114 (pronounced: a-a-u) Maple Street.
E gab e se u.....Two plus two is four.
Decades
The decade formant -l- is used to form the decades. Followed by -o....zero, we have the base decade numerals. These can be used for number recitation, arithmetic, and as numeric adjectives followed by plural nouns:
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ Decades with the -l- Formant
|-
! 10 !! 20 !! 30 !! 40 !! 50 !! 60 !! 70 !! 80 !! 90
|-
| alo || elo || ilo || ulo || yolo || yalo || yelo || yilo || yulo
|-
| ten || twenty || thirty || forty || fifty || sixty || seventy || eighty || ninety
|}
By changing the o....zero in lo to other cardinal unit numerals, the numerals within decades can be generated as follows:
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ Decadal Counting
|-
| ala....11 || ela....21 || ila....31 || ula....41 || yola....51 || yala....61 || yela....71 || yila....81 || yula....91
|-
| ale....12 || ele....22 || ile....32 || ule....42 || yole....52 || yale....62 || yele....72 || yile....82 || yule....92
|-
| ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ... || ...
|-
| alyu....19 || elyu....29 || ilyu....39 || ulyu....49 || yolyu....59 || yalyu....69 || yelyu....79 || yilyu....89 || yulyu....99
|}
At ayse alo dati.....I have ten friends.
It yafe sagder byu alyo.....He can count up to fifteen.
Yulyu gob alo gese yilyu.....Ninety-nine minus ten equals eighty-nine.
Hundreds
By adding the hundreds formant s, you get the hundreds:
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ Hundreds with the -s- Formant
|-
! 100 !! 200 !! 300 !! 400 !! 500 !! 600 !! 700 !! 800 !! 900
|-
| aso || eso || iso || uso || yoso || yaso || yeso || yiso || yuso
|}
All the in-between numerals of the hundreds can be generated by modifying the so ending with the units and decades:
asa....101
asale....112
yosyulyi....598
yusyulyu....999
Thousands
The thousands are generated with the formant r:
Note: The numeral categories starting with the thousands on up end in -o and are separated from the rest of a numeral by a space.
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ Thousands
|-
! 1000 !! 2000 !! 3000 !! 4000 !! 5000 !! 6000 !! 7000 !! 8000 !! 9000
|-
| aro || ero || iro || uro || yoro || yaro || yero || yiro || yuro
|}
aro....1,000
aro a....1,001
ero isi....2,300
yoro yasula....5,641
Millions
The millions are generated with the formant ml. The millions part of the numeral are kept separate from the rest of the numeral.
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ Millions with the -ml- Formant
|-
! 1,000,000 !! 2,000,000 !! 3,000,000 !! 4,000,000 !! 5,000,000 !! 6,000,000 !! 7,000,000 !! 8,000,000 !! 9,000,000
|-
| amlo || emlo || imlo || umlo || yomlo || yamlo || yemlo || yimlo || yumlo
|}
emlo yala....2,000,051
umlo esu....4,000,204
yumlo usyoro isyala....9,405,361
Billions
The billions are generated with the formant mr;
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ Billions
|-
! 1,000,000,000 !! 2,000,000,000 !! 3,000,000,000 !! 4,000,000,000 !! 5,000,000,000 !! 6,000,000,000 !! 7,000,000,000 !! 8,000,000,000 !! 9,000,000,000
|-
| amro || emro || imro || umro || yomro || yamro || yemro || yimro || yumro
|}
In numerals ending in -ro (thousand), -mlo (million), and -mro (billion), these numerals keep the -o and are separated by a space from the other elements of the numeral.
imro emlo yoro asyula....three billion, two million, five thousand, one hundred fifty one
iro asyulyo....3,195
yamlo asyulyo....6,000,195
alomro yelyomlo asyilyaro yusele....10,075,186,922
Trillions etc.
The trillions are generated with the word garale, which means 10 to the positive power of 12 or 1012.
These numerals do not combine with surrounding numerals.
i garale....3,000,000,000 (three trillion)
eso garale....200,000,000,000 (two hundred trillion)
Even higher numerals are shown in the Number Chart later in this chapter.
Numeric Determiners
Numeric Determiners are adjectives based on numerals that modify a following noun.
Integers
The unit numeric integer determiners, which are used to quantify nouns, consist of the cardinal units followed by the unit formant wa. The noun following the numeric determiner is plural if the number is greater than one. The wa formant is used on unit numerals when they are stand-alone, not when they are part of a larger number. In contrast with English usage, "zero" is followed by a singular noun (zero box vs. zero boxes. Think of it as not a single box).
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ Standalone Unit Numeric Determiners
|-
! owa tam !! awa tam !! ewa tami !! iwa tami !! uwa tami !! yowa tami !! yawa tami !! yewa tami !! yiwa tami !! yuwa tami
|-
| no/zero houses || one house || two houses || three houses || four houses|| five houses || six houses || seven houses || eight houses || nine houses
|}
If a unit number is used in forming larger numbers like 13 or 204, no wa is used.
In a sequence of noun modifiers, the numerical determiner goes in the same place as in English, eg:
Ata iwa gajaga twidi bese bay at.....My three older brothers live with me.
Hia uwa tomi losexwo.....These four buildings will be destroyed.
At fu ewa ey iwa gouni.....I would like two or three pieces.
The numeric determiners beyond the units do NOT take the -wa suffix. For example, ala tami....eleven houses.
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ Numeric Determiners modifying a singular or plural noun
|-
! Mirad !! English !! Wa Behavior !! Pluralization Behavior
|-
| owa tam || no houses, zero houses || The numeral is a unit, so wa is suffixed. || The numeral is less than 2, so the noun is singular.
|-
| awa tam || one house, a house|| " || "
|-
| ewa tami || two houses|| " || The numeral is greater than 2, so the noun is plural.
|-
| iwa tami || three houses|| " || "
|-
| uwa tami || four houses || " || "
|-
| yowa tami || five houses || " || "
|-
| yawa tami || six houses|| " || "
|-
| yewa tami || seven houses || " || "
|-
| yiwa tami || eight houses || " || "
|-
| yuwa tami || nine houses || " || "
|-
| alo tami || ten houses || The numeral is not a unit so no wa is suffixed. || "
|-
| ase tami || a hundred two houses || " || "
|-
| ero iwa tami || two thousand three houses || The numeral i is a unit, so wa is suffixed. || "
|-
| iro alo tami || three thousand ten houses || The numeral alo is not a unit, so wa is not suffixed. || "
|}
Numeric determiners can be pronominalized as things and persons by suffixing s or t, respectively. These can, in turn, be pluralized by suffixing i. Furthermore, person pronouns can be feminized with a y before the t. The s suffix is short for sun....thing or suni....things. The t ending is short for aot....person or aoti....persons. For example:
Et ayse awa tam. At gey ayse awas. (singular inanimate pronoun)....You have one house. I have one too.
At aysa alo drari. Hij at ayse anay ewasi (plural inanimate pronoun).....I had ten pencils. Now I only have two.
Esa asoti yeb be ha duzam. (plural animate pronoun).... There were a hundred people in the concert hall.
Yat yefe kebier awoyt bi huti. (singular animate female pronoun)....We must choose one female person from those people.
Ordinals
Ordinal numeric determiners (= ordinals) like first, second, etc. are formed from the cardinal numerals by adding the adjectival ending a to the cardinal numeral. A variation of this is with the word nap (order) inserted:
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ Ordinal Numeric Determiners
|-
! Cardinal Numeral !! Ordinal Numeric Determiner !! Variation with nap (order)
|-
| o....zero || oa....zeroth || onapa....zeroth
|-
| a....one || aa....first || anapa....first
|-
| e....two || ea....second || enapa....second
|-
| i....three || ia....third || inapa....third
|-
| alo....ten || aloa....tenth || alonapa....tenth
|-
| asu....104 || asua....104th || asunapa....104th
|-
| garale....trillion || garalea....trillionth || garalenapa....trillionth
|}
Note: ana is an adjective meaning only, single, eg. Iyt se ana tud.....She is an only child. As an adverb, anay means only, eg. At yexe anay be tam.....I work only at home.
There are other ordinal adjectives that are not based on numbers:
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ Ordinal Words Not Based on Numbers
|-
! Root Word !! Ordinal Word
|-
|ij....beginning || ijna or ijnapa....first
|-
|uj....end || ujna or ujnapa....last
|-
|aj....past || ajna or ajnapa....ex-, former, previous
|-
|oj....future || ojna or ojnapa....future, upcoming
|-
|ej....present || ejna or ejnapa....current, new, present
|-
|ja....before || jana or janapa....previous, last, foregoing
|-
|jo....after || jona or jonapa....next, following
|-
|za....in front of|| zana or zanapa....next
|-
|zo....behind|| zona or zonapa....last (previous, foregoing)
|}
Ordinal determiners and adjectives can be converted to adverbs by adding the suffix y to the adjectival counterparts:
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ Ordinal Adverbs
|-
! Adjective !! Adverb
|-
| aa....first || aay....firstly
|-
| anapa....first || anapay....primarily
|-
| ea....second || eay....secondly
|-
| ujna....last || ujnay....finally
|}
Ordinal determiners can be converted to animate pronouns (persons) with the suffix t and inanimate pronouns (things) with the suffix s. These, in turn, can be pluralized with the suffix i. Neutral-gender animate pronouns can be made specifically masculine or feminine by changing at to wat for the former, and to ayt for the latter:
ha aas....the first thing
ha aat....the first person
ha aati....the first people
hua aayt....that first female
ha enapas....the second thing
ewat....another guy
Ha ujnati so ha ijnati.....The last shall be first.
ha zanapat....the next fellow
Again, in the sequencing of stacked adjectival elements, the order is as in English, that is: <deictic or pronominal determiner> | <ordinal determiner> | <cardinal numerical determiner> | <adjective>
hua uwa aga tami....those four big houses
ha aa alo oga tami....the first ten little houses
ata anapa ewa oga tudi....my first two little children
Note: Ordinal numeric determiners are not to be confused with ordinal vowels, which are used to derive scalar iterations of nouns. Cardinal numbers are used in the latter case, eg.:
dob....state (1st level)
dab....government (2nd level derivative)
deb....leader (3rd level derivative)
dib....administration (4th " " )
dub....minister (5th " " )
Fractions
Fractional numeric determiners ( = fractions) like half and quarter are formed by adding -yn for those functioning as nouns, -yna for adjectives, -ynay for adverbs, or -yn for prefixes, to the respective cardinal numeral.
+ Fractional Numeric Determiners Cardinal Numeral Fraction as Noun As Adjective As Adverb As Prefix As Verb o....zero oyn....a void, vacuum, null oyna....null, nil -- oyn-....devoid of oynxer....annihilate, nullify a....one ayn....whole ayna....entire, whole aynay....entirely ayn-....holo-, whole-, all- aynxer....integrate e....two eyn....a half eyna....half eynay....halfway eyn-....half-, semi-, hemi-, demi- eynxer....halve i....three iyn....a third iyna....third iynay....by a third iyn-....terci- iynxer....cut in third u....four uyn....a quarter uyna....quarter uynay....quarterly uyn-....quadri- uynxer....quarter alo....ten aloyn....a tenth aloyna....tenth aloynay....by a tenth aloyn-....deci- aloynxer....decimate aso....hundred asoyn....hundredth, percent asoyna....hundredth asoynay....by a hundredth asoyn-....centi- asoynxer....cut by a hundred
Here are some examples:
His uxo ha oynxen bi yata mir.....This will cause the anihilation of our world.
Ha ayna mir te ayv et.....The whole world knows about you.
Is se gas vyel ha ayn bi isa goni.....It is more than the whole of its parts.
Ferad se ayndyana dalzeyn.....French is a holophrastic language.
Et yafe bier eyn bi is.....You can take half of it.
Yat yefo eynxer eta yexnix.....We will have to halve your salary.
Hus sa eynvyan.....That was a half-truth.
Eso eynzyunida dropek.....There is going to be a hemispheric war.
Duven his se eynutexea dopar?....Is this a semi-automatic weapon?
Iynxu hua absakpovel.....Cut that pie in thirds.
It yeyfe bixwer ay uynxwer.....He should be drawn and quartered.
Hia nas se aloyn bi hos yat nixa zojab.....This money is a tenth of what we earned last year.
Ha dep aloynxwu.....The army would be decimated.
Ewa asoyni bi ha dityan baksa.....Two percent (=hundredths) of the citizenry got sick.
Hia tom se anay asoyn ge aga vyel hua tom.....This building is only a hundredth as big as that building.
Hwut se oyntofa.....That guy is naked.
The fractional adverbs can be used as in these examples:
Et so aynay dudyefa av eta xeyni.....You will be wholly accountable for your actions.
Iyt eynay tikabeloka.....She almost (= halfway) threw up.
Pronominalizations like half of it, a third of them:
Eynas sa fia.....Half of it was good.
Eynasi sa fua.....Half of them (things) were bad.
Esa uwa tobi be hua fukyes. Eynati toja.....There were four people in that accident. Half (of them) died.
Iynati bi yet se vyaka.....A third of you are right.
Uynati bi yat yantexe.....A quarter of us agree.
Alo asoyni bi hia dyesi fyunxwa.....Ten percent of these books were ruined.
Multiples
Multiplicative numeric determiners ( = multiples) like double, triple can be formed by adding -on to the respective cardinal numeral if the numeral is monosyllabic, otherwise just -n. These noun forms can be adjectivized with the suffix -a. They can also serve as prefixes on animate nouns, inanimate nouns, and prefixes, as the following chart shows.
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ Multiplicative Numeric Determiners
|-
! Cardinal Numeral !! Multiple as Noun !! ...As Adjective !! ...As Adverb !! ...As Prefix !! ...as Verb-maker
|-
| o....zero || oon....null || oona....nil || || on-....zero- || onxer....cancel, zero out
|-
| a....one || aon....single || aona....single || aonay....singly || an-....uni-/mono- || anxer....unify
|-
| e....two || eon....twosome, double || eona....double || eonay....doubly || en-....di-/bi- || enxer....double
|-
| i....three || ion....threesome, triplet || iona....triple || ionay....triply || in-....tri-- || inxer....triple
|-
| u....four || uon....quartet || uona....quadruple || uonay....quadruply || un-....quadri-/tetra- || unxer....quadruple
|-
| yo....five || yoon....quintet || yowna....quintuple || yoonay....quintuply || yown-*....quinti-/penta- || yownxer*....quintuple
|-
| ya....six || yaon....sextet || yawna....sextuple || ywonay....sextuply || yawn-*....sexi-/hexa- || yawnxer*....sextuple
|-
| alo....ten || alon....decade || alona....decadic || alonay....by a multiple of ten || alon-....deca- || alonxer....multiply by ten
|-
| aso....hundred || ason....hundredfold || asona....hundredfold || asonay....by a hundredfold || ason-....hecato- || asonxer....multiply by a hundred
|}
* A w is added to these prefixes to avoid ambiguity with yan meaning together and yon meaning apart.
The multiplicative noun dozen is expressed by aleon.
Aleoni bi pati yizpapa.....Dozens of birds flew by.
By adding the suffix -at to the noun multiple, we get groupings of people. The -na- in some of these words can be omitted, thereby simplifying the words:
aonat or aot ....solo, single, person
aonatser of aotser....become single, become a person
aonawat....singleton
eonat or eot....duo, pair, twosome, couple
eotxer....to copulate
eontajat....twin
ionat or iot....trio, threesome, trinity
iotxer....to do a threesome
Ionatin....Trinitarianism
iontajati....triplets
uonat or uot ....quartet, foursome
uontajat....quadruplet
yownat or yowt....quintet, group of five people
yowntajati....quintuplets
yownati....quintets
By adding the suffix -un instead of -on, we get the following:
aun....unit
auna....unitary, individual
aunser....unite
aunyan....series
aunyana....serial
eun....pair
euna....even, paired, binary
oleuna....odd, non-binary, uneven, unpaired
oleunat....odd man out
eunxer....even out
Some examples where the above multiple determiners and derivatives are used:
Yat naptyopa be eo(na)ti yez bi ha mep.....We marched in twos (= pairs) down the street.
Asonati upo bay yat bu hia ovdal.....Hundreds (of people) will come with us to this protest.
Hia ivxel xwe enjabay.....This celebration happens biennially.
Iyt se untupokyat.....She is a quadriplegic. (Lit: x 4+limb+loss+person)
Diwe sagu ha auni.....Please count the units.
Yet gafisa aronay!....You all have improved a thousandfold!
Tob se entyoyaba sat.....Man is a bipedal creature.
Note: Sometimes the multiple prefix ending in -on in the numbers below ten is shortened to -n in common words:
anzyuk....monocycle
enzyuk....bicycle
ingun....triangle
ungun....quadrangle
yowngon....pentagon
yawngon....hexagon
Note: The prefixes for penta-/quinti- and hexa-/sext- must use w so as to distinguish them from the prefixes yon....apart and yan....together. This rule does not apply to numbers inside chemical names and formulas (See Coding Chemical Elements).
yowngun....pentagon BUT: yonper....separate, go apart
yawngun....hexagon BUT: yanuper....meet, come together
Note:
aot....individual, person
eot....couple, pair, duo
iot....trio threesome
uot....quartet, foursome
yoot....quintet
yaot....sextet
yeot....septet
yiot....octet
yuot....nonet
alot....decet
Distributives
The following table shows the Mirad equivalents for distributive numbers that refer to the base or radix upon which a number is based.
{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;; font-style:smaller;"
|-
! number
! Latinate
! Grecian
! Mirad
|-
| 0
| nullary
| niladic, medadic
| onsuna
|-
| 1
| unary
| monadic
| ansuna
|-
| 2
| binary
| dyadic
| ensuna
|-
| 3
| ternary
| triadic
| insuna
|-
| 4
| quaternary
| tetradic
| unsuna
|-
| 5
| quinary
| pentadic
| yoonsuna
|-
| 6
| senary
| hexadic
| yaonsuna
|-
| 7
| septenary
| heptadic
| yensuna
|-
| 8
| octonary
| octadic
| yinsuna
|-
| 9
| novenary
| enneadic
| yunsuna
|-
| 10
| denary, decimal
| decadic
| alonsuna
|-
| 11
| undenary, undecimal
| endecadic
| alansuna
|-
| 12
| duodenary, duodecimal
| dodecadic
| alensuna
|-
| 16
| sedecimal
| hexadecimal
| alyansuna
|-
| 20
| vigenary, vicenary
| icosadic
| elonsuna
|}
Frequentatives
Words related to frequency are formed in various ways:
With -xag (frequency)
duhoxag?....how many times?, how often?
oxag....never (zero times)
axag....once
exag....twice
ixag....three times, thrice
aloxag....ten times
glaxag....many times, often
gloxag....seldom
hexag ....sometimes
hyaxag....at all times
hyoxag....not a single time
graxag....too often
grexag....frequently enough
groxag.....not often enough
gwaxag.....most often
gwoxag.....least often
Or, with -jod(i)....times, instances
duhogla jodi?....how many times?
owa jod....zero times, not a single time
awa jod....one time
ewa jodi....two time, twice
iwa jodi....three times, thrice
ge jodi vyel....as many times as
ga jodi vyel....more times than, more often than
gla jodi....many times, often
glo jodi....seldom
Some of the above expressions can be adjectivized:
axaga kyes....a one-time occurrence
ajoda akut....a one-time winner
glaxaga teaput....a frequent visitor
glojoda pat....a rare bird
1
daily, every day, once a day....juba / hyajub
weekly, every week, once a week....yejuba / hyayejub
monthly, every month, once a month....jiba / hyajib
yearly/annually, every year, once a year....jaba / hyajab
2
twice a day....exag hyajub
twice a week/biweekly....exag hyayeyub / eynyejuba
twice a month/bimensual....exag hyajib / eynjiba
twice a year/biannial/semiannual....exag hyajab / eynjaba
2
every other day....hya enapa jub (= every second day)
every other week....hya enapa yeyub
every other month....hya enapa jib
every other year/biennial....hya enapa jab / enjaba
3
every three months/trimestral/trimonthly....hya enapa jib / enjiba
4
quarterly....hya enapa jib / uynjaba
6
every semester....hya yaonjib / hya eynjab
Sequentials
Number words expressing sequence or order can be expressed in two ways:
With the adjectival ending -a:
oa....zeroth
aa....first (as a prefix, means arch-)
ea....second
ia....third
aloa....tenth
asea....one hundred and second
Or with the ending napa, where nap means order:
onapa....zeroth
anapa....first
enapa....second
inapa....third
alonapa....tenth
aronapa....thousandth
Temporals
Aggregates of days are formed with jub (day):
yejub....week (seven day)
Aggregates of months are formed with jib (month):
ijib....trimester (three month)
yajib....semester (six month)
Aggregates of years are formed with jab (year):
eynjab....half a year
uynjab....quarter
ijab....triennium
lojab....decade (lo is short for alo)
sojab....century (so is short for aso)
rojab....millennium (ro is short for aro)
elojab....vicennial
esojab....bicentennial
ujab....quadrennium
yejab....septennial
yujab....novennium
yolojab....jubilee
Latinate Number Words Ending in -ary
Latinate number words ending in -ary are translated with a number prefix and the suffix -suna in Mirad:
onsuna....nullary
ansuna....unary
ensuna....binary
insuna....ternary, trinary
unsuna....quaternary
yownsuna*....quinary
yawnsuna*....quinary
yensuna....senary, septenary
yinsuna....octonary
yunsuna....novenary
alonsuna....denary
alansuna....undenary
alensuna....duodenary
* A w is added to disambiguate the numeric prefix from yan- (together) and yon- (apart).
Number Words Ending in -fold or -ple
Number words in English ending in -fold, -ple, or -ploid are translated with -gala (-fold, multiple) in Mirad:
angala....unifold, simple, haploid, onefold, one-off, single, solitary
engala....double, ducplicate, twofold
ingala....triple,triplicate, threefold
ungala....quadruple, quadruplicte, fourfold
yowngala....quintuple, fivefold, quintuplicate
yawngala....sextuple, sextuplicate, sixfold
yengala....septuple, sevenfold, septuplicate
yingala....octuple, octuplicate, eightfold
yungala....nonuple, nonuplicate, ninefold
alongala....tenfold
asongala....hundredfold, centuplicate
arongala....thousandfold
amlongala....millionfold
amrongala....billionfold
Add a final -s to the above words to derive an inaninimate noun form:
angalas....singleton
engalas....duplicate
ingalas....triplicate
ungalas....quadruplicate
yowngalas....quintuplicate, quintuplet, pentuplet
yawngalas....sextuplicate, sextuplet, hextuplet
yengalas....septuplet, helptuplet
yingalas....octuplet
yungalas....nonuplet
alongalas....decuplet
Some multiplicative verbs can also be derived thusly:
galer....to multiply
engaler....to duplicate, to double
ingaler....to triple
ungaler....to quadruple
The opposite of multiplication is division, so, change gal to gol:
goler....to divide
engoler....to divide by two, to halve, to disect
ingoler....to divide by three, to trisect
ungoler....to divide by four, to quarter
alongoler....to divide by ten, to decimate
Another way to create words referring to divisions is to insert a y before the n in the numeric prefix:
ayn....a whole
eyn....a half
iyn....a third
uyn....a quarter
yoyn....a fifth
yayn....a sixth
yeyn....a seventh
yiyn....an eighth
yuyn....a ninth
aloyn....a tenth
asoyn....a hundredth, percent
aroyn....a thousandth
Verbs can be derived from the above:
aynxer....to integrate
eynxer....to halve, to dissect
iynxer....to trisect
uynxer....to quarter
aloynxer....to decimate
Number Words Pertaining to Arithmetic Base
Numbers words pertaining to arithmetic base end in -syoba:
ensyoba....binary, base 2
insyoba....ternary, base 3
alonsyoba....decimal, base 10
alyansyoba....hexadecimal, base 16
elonsyoba....vigesimal, base 20
Number Words Pertaining To Directions in Communications
Number words pertaining to directions in communications end in -izona:
anizona....simplex, unidirectional, one-way
enizona....duplex, bidirectional, two-way
Number Words Pertaining to Angular Shapes
Number words pertaining to angular shapes end in -guna:
inguna, ingun(san)....triangular, triangle
unguna, ungun(san)....quadrangular, quadrangle, square
yownguna, yowngun(san)....pentagonal, pentagon
yawnguna, yawngun(san)....hexagonal, hexagon
yinguna, yingun(san)....octagonal, octogon
alanguna, alangun(san)....hendecagonal, hendecagon
Some number words relating to volumes (ending in -nid):
yawngekunid....cube, hexahedron
elonkunid....icosahedron
elunkunid....icositetrahedron
unkunid....tetrahedron
yinkunid....octahedron
yunkunid....nonahedron
Number Words Pertaining to Meter
Number words pertaining to meter ending in -deup.
indeup....trimeter
undeup....tetrameter
yowndeup....pentameter
yawndeup....hexameter
yendeup....heptameter
yindeup....octameter
Number Words for Feet on an Animal
Numbers words for feet on an animal end in tyoyaba.
entyoyaba....bipedal
untyoyaba....quadrupedal
List of Numeric Prefixes in English and Mirad
Here is a list of numeric prefixes used in English and Mirad. The English prefixes can vary between Germanic, Latinate, and Greek-based.
o(n)-....zero-, nil-, null-, un-, non-
oyn-....no-
a(n)-....uni-, one-, mono-, sim-, singul-, prim-, arch-, sol-, hen-
ayn-....whole-, holo-, sol-
e(n)-....two-, bi(n/s)-, di(s)-, du(al)-, dyo-, duo-, dy-, bin-, second
ey(n)-....half-, semi-, hemi-
eo(n)-....double, diplo-, dupl-, twi-, twofold, twosome, pair, dyo-
i(n)-....three-, tri-, trito-
io(n)-....triple, tripl-, tri-, threefold, threesome, tris-, triad-
iy(n)-....third, terci-, terti-, tern-, trin-
u(n)-....four-, quadr-, tetra-, tetarto-, tessar-, quatern-
uo(n)-....quadrupl-, quart-, tetrad-, fourfold, foresome, tetraplo-
uy(n)-....quarter, quart-, quadru-
yo(wn)-*....five, quint-, penta-, pempto-, pentad-, pentaplop
yoy(n)-....fifth, quint-, pentaplo-
ya(wn)-*....six, sex-, hexa-, hexaplo-, hexad-
yay(n)-....sixth, hect-, octo-
yawn-....sixfold, sext-, hect-, octaplo-, octad-
ye(n)-....seven, sept-, hept-
yey(n)-....seventh, sept-, hept-
yeon-....seven-fold, heptad-, septim-
yi(n)-....eight, oct-, ogdoo-
yion-....octet, octad, octav-, eight-fold
yu(n)-....nine, novem-, noven-, nona-, ennea-
yuyn-....nineth
yuon-....ennead, nonad, enneaplo-, nine-fold
alo-....ten, deci-, deca-
aloyn-....tenth, dec-, decad-
elo-....twenty, viginti-, icos-
aso-....hundred, centi-, hecato-, hectad-
asoyn-....hundredth, cent-, hectad-
aro-....thousand, milli-, kilo-
aroyn-....thousandth, millen-, chiliad-
* A w is added to these words to avoid confusion with yan (together) and yon (apart).
Number Words Referring to Groups of People
Number words referring to groups of people end in -ot:
oot....nobody, zero group
aot....person, individual, solo
eot....couple, duo, pair, twosome
iot....trio, threesome
uot....quartet, foursome
yoot....quintet, fivesome
yaot....sextet
yeot....septet
yiot....octet
yuot....nonet
alot....decet
Number Words Referring to Groups of Years
ejab....biennium
ijab....triennium, triennial
ujab....quadrennium
yojab....quinquennium, lustrum
yajab....sexennium
yejab....septennial
yijab....octennial
yujab....novennium
alojab....decade, decennary, decennial, decennium (usu. abbreviated to lojab)
elojab....vicennium, vicennial, score
yolojab....jubilee, fifty years
asojab....century (usu. abbreviated to sojab)
esojab....bicentenary
arojab....millennium, chiliad
Number Words Referring to Parts of a Year
eynjab....half a year
uynjab....quarter
Number Words Referring to Sets of Things
Number words referring to sets of things end in -yan. The corresponding words in English may end in -ad or -ile:
onyan....nilad, empty set
anyan....set, series, monad
enyan....dyad, set of two, duad, pair, median
inyan....triad, set of three, tercile, tertile
unyan....tetrad, set of four, quartile
yownyan....pentad, set of five, quintile
yawnyan....hexad, set of six, sextile
yenyan....heptad, set of seven, septile
yinyan....octad, set of eight, octile
yunyan....nonad, set of nine
alonyan....decad, set of ten, decile
alanyan....baker's dozen, set of eleven
alenyan....dozen, set of twelve
alyanyan....hexadecile
elonyan....ventile, vigintile
asonyan....centile, percentile
aronyan....millile
Number Words About Twins, Triplets, etc.
Words referring to twins, triplets, etc. end in the word -tid, meaning sibling:
eontid....twin, fraternal twin
eontwid....twin brother, male twin
eontiyd....twin sister, female twin
geta eontiyd...identical twin
iontid....triplet
uontid....quadruplet
yowntid....quintuplet (Note the w, used to avoid confusion with yon
yawntid....sextuplet (" " ")
yentid....septuplet
yintid....octuplet
yuntid....nonuplet
Number Chart
The following chart shows numbers in Mirad as symbols, adjectives, pronouns, prefixes, and verbs:
+ Number Chart Multiple Fraction Numeral Adjective Noun Prefix1 Verb Numeral Noun Prefix Verb 0 owazero oonnonentity, nullootnobody on-zero- onxernullify 1/0 oynzeroth oyn-nihil- oynxeranihilate 1 awaoneaafirstanasingle, loneaonawhole aonentityaotsolo, individual an-uni-, mono- anxerunify 1/1 aynwhole ayn-holo- aynxerintegrate 2 ewatwoeasecondenadualensuanabinary eondoubleeotduo, pair, couple eontidtwin en-bi-, di- eonxerdoubleeotxercopulate 1/2 eynhalf eyn-semi- eyxnerhalve, disect 3 iwathreeiathirdinsuanaternary iontripleiottrio, threesomeiontidtriplet in-tri- ionxertriple 1/3 iynthird iyn-terci- iynxertrisect 4 uwafouruafourth uonquadrupleuotquartet, foursomeuontidquadruplet un-tetra- uonxerquadruple 1/4 uynfourth uynjabquarter uyn-quadri- uynxerquarter 5 yowafive yoafifth yoonquintupleyootquintet yoontidquintuplet yown-2penta- yoonxerquintuple 1/5 yoynfifth yoyn-quint- yoynxercut in fifths 6 yawasix yaasixth yaonsextupleyaotsextet yaontidsextuplet yawn-3hecto- yaonxersextuple 1/6 yaynsixth yayn-hexi- yaynxercut in sixths 7 yewaseven yeaseventh yeonseptupleyeotseptet yeontidseptupletyejubweek yen-hepto- yeonxermult seven 1/7 yeynseventh yeyn-hepti- yeyxnercut in sevenths 8 yiwaeight yiaeighth yionoctupleyiotoctet yiontidoctuplet yin-octo- yionxermult eight 1/8 yiyneighth yiyn-octi- yiynxercut in eighths 9 yuwanine yuaninth yuonnonupleyuotset of nine yuontidnonuplet yun-nona- yuonxermultiply by nine 1/9 yuynnineth yuyn-novi- yuynxercut in ninths 10 aloten aloatenthalosuanadecimal alontenfold alojab...decade alon-deca- alonxerincrease by afactor of ten 1/10 aloyntenth aloy-deci- aloynxerdecimate 100104 asohundredasoahundredth asonhundredfold asojabcentury aso-heca- asonxerincrease ahundredfold 1/10010-2 asoynhundredth percentagecent asoy-centi- asoynxercut into hundredths 1,000103 arothousand aroathousanth aronthousandfold arojabmillennium aro-kilo- aronxermultiply by athousand 1/100010-3 aroynthousandth aroy-milli- aroynxerdivide by a thousand 1,000,000106 amlomillion amloamillionth amlonmillionfold amlo-mega- 10-6 amloynmillionth amloy-micro- 109 amrobillion amroabillionth amronbillionfold amro-giga- 10-9 amroynbillionth amroy-nano- 1012 garale3trillion garaleatrillianth garalentrillionfold garale-tera- 10-12 goralentrillionth gorale-pico- 1015 garalyoquadrillion garalyoaquadrillionth garalyonquadrillionfold garalyo-peta- 10-15 garalyonquadrillionth goralyo-femto- 1018 garalyiquintillion garalyiaquintillionth garalyinquintillionfold garalyi-exa- 10-18 goralyinquintillianth goralyi-atto- 1021 garelasextillion garelaasextillionth garelansextillionfold garela-zetta- 10-21 gorelansextillionth gorela-zepto- 1024 gareluseptillion gareluaseptillionth gareluneptillionfold garelu-yotta- 10-24 gorelunseptillianth gorelu-yocto- 1027 garelyeoctillion garelyeaoctillionth garelyenoctillionfold garelye-ronna- 10-27 gorelyenoctillionth gorelyenronto- 1030 garilononillion gariloanonillionth garilonnonillionfold garilo-quetta- 10-30 gorilonnonillionth gorilo-quecto-
Note 1: Sometimes the final -n on the numeric prefix is dropped, especially as an ordinal vowel in scalar words, eg. anapafirst, atistamelementary school.
Note 2: An extra o is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from yon-dis-, apart
Note 3: An extra o is inserted into this prefix to distinguish it from yan-con-, together
Note 4: Garale is short for alo gar aleten to-the-power-of 12. By the same token, gorale is short for alo gor aleten to-the-power-of-minus 12
Metric Units
Mirad uses the International System of Units (SI) for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see the alphabet. Bear in mind that majiscules (uppercase letters) are prefixed with ag- (big). Similarly, Greek letters are rendered by their Greek names (ω = omega, Ω = agomega). The measurement unit names are followed by nak (measurement unit).
SI Base Units
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ SI base units
|-
!EnglishUnitName
!SymbolicAbbreviation
!QuantityUnit
!MiradPronunciation
|-
!second
|style="text-align:center" |s
|time
|style="text-align:center" |sonak
|-
!meter
|style="text-align:center" |m
|length
|style="text-align:center" |minak
|-
!kilogram
|style="text-align:center" |kg
|mass
|style="text-align:center" |kigenak
|-
!ampere
|style="text-align:center" |A
|electric current
|style="text-align:center" |aganak
|-
!kelvin
|style="text-align:center" |K
|thermodynamic temperature
|style="text-align:center" |agkinak
|-
!Mole
|style="text-align:center" |mol
|amount of substance
|style="text-align:center" |miolinak
|-
!candela
|style="text-align:center" |cd
|luminous intensity
|style="text-align:center" |cadanak
|}
SI Derived Units
Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols:
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ SI derived units with special names and symbols
|-
! EnglishName
! SymbolicWrittenAbbeviation
! QuantityUnit
! MiradPronunciation
|-
|radian
| align="center" | rad
| plane angle
| align="center" |roadanak
|-
|steradian
| align="center" | sr
| solid angle
| align="center" |soronak
|-
|hertz
| align="center" | Hz
| frequency
| align="center" |aghezunak
|-
|newton
| align="center" | N
| force, weight
| align="center" |agninak
|-
| pascal
| align="center" | Pa
| pressure, stress
| align="center" | agpoanak
|-
| joule
| align="center" | J
| energy
| align="center" | agjinak
|-
| watt
| align="center" | W
| power
| align="center" | agwunak
|-
| coulomb
| align="center" | C
| electric charge
| align="center" |agcanak
|-
| volt
| align="center" | V
| electrical potential difference
| align="center" | agvunak
|-
| farad
| align="center" | F
| capacitance
| align="center" | agfenak
|-
| ohm
| align="center" | Ω
| electrical resistance
| align="center" | agomeganak
|-
| Siemens
| align="center" | S
| electrical conductance
| align="center" | agsonak
|-
| Weber
| align="center" | Wb
| magnetic flux
| align="center" | agwubanak
|-
| tesla
| align="center" | T
| magnetic flux density
| align="center" | agtonak
|-
| henry
| align="center" | H
| inductance
| align="center" | aghenak
|-
| degree Celsius
| align="center" | °C
| temperature
| align="center" | nogagcanak
|-
| lumen
| align="center" | lm
| luminous flux
| align="center" | liminak
|-
| lux
| align="center" | lx
| illuminance
| align="center" | lixunak
|-
| becquerel
| align="center" | Bq
| radioactivity
| align="center" | agbakonak
|-
| gray
| align="center" | Gy
| absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation)
| align="center" | aggeyunak
|-
| sievert
| align="center" | Sv
| equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation)
| align="center" | agsovunak
|-
| katal
| align="center" | kat
| catalytic activity
| align="center" | kiatonak
|-
| byte
| align="center" | b
| 8 bits of information
| align="center" | banak
|}
Convenient Non-SI Units
Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable:
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ Convenient non-SI units
|-
! EnglishName
! SymbolicWrittenAbbreviation
! QuantityUnit
! MiradPronunciation
|-
|litre
| align="center" | L
| volume
| align="center" |aglonak
|-
|hectare
| align="center" | ha
| area
| align="center" |heanak
|-
|ton
| align="center" | t
| area
| align="center" |tonak
|-
|decibel
| align="center" | dB
| loudness
| align="center" |daagbanak
|-
|fathom
| align="center" | ftm
| depth of water
| align="center" |fetominak
|}
Pronunciation of Coherent Derived Unit Formulae
The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means per or divided by and is pronounced gol. The symbol x means times and is pronounced gal. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced gar plus the number (with -wa, if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced gor plus the number (again, with -wa if a unit number). See Arithmetical Expressions for further information on these terms.
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units
|-
! Name
! SymbolicFormula
! DerivedQuantity
! TypicalSymbol
! MiradPronunciation
|-
| square meter
| align="center" | m2
| area
| align="center" |A
| align="center" | minak-gar-ewa
|-
| cubic meter
| align="center" | m3
| volume
| align="center" | V
| align="center" | minak-gar-iwa
|-
| meter per second
| align="center" | m/s
| speed, velocity
| align="center" | v
| align="center" | minak-gol-sonak
|-
| meter per second squared
| align="center" | m/s2
| acceleration
| align="center" | a
| align="center" | minak-gol-sonak-gar-ewa
|-
|rowspan=2| reciprocal meter
|rowspan=2 align="center" | m−1
| wavenumber
| align="center" | σ, ṽ
| align="center" | minak-gor-awa
|-
| vergence (optics)
| align="center" | V, 1/f
|-
| kilogram per cubic meter
| align="center" | kg/m3
| density
| align="center" | ρ
| align="center" | kigenak-gol-minak-gar-iwa
|-
| kilogram per square meter
| align="center" | kg/m2
| surface density
| align="center" | ρA
| align="center" | kigenak-gol-minak-gar-ewa
|-
| cubic meter per kilogram
| align="center" | m3/kg
| specific volume
| align="center" | v
| align="center" | minak-gar-iwa-gol-kinak-ge
|-
| ampere per square meter
| align="center" | A/m2
| current density
| align="center" | j
| align="center" | aganak-gol-minak-gar-ewa
|-
| Amperes per meter|ampere per meter
| align="center" | A/m
| magnetic field strength
| align="center" | H
| align="center" | aganak-gol-minak
|-
| mole per cubic meter
| align="center" | mol/m3
| concentration
| align="center" |c
| align="center" | minolinak-gol-minak-gar-iwa
|-
| kilogram per cubic meter
| align="center" | kg/m3
| Mass concentration (chemistry)|mass concentration
| align="center" | ρ, γ
| align="center" | kinak-ge-gol-minak-gar-iwa
|-
| candela per square meter
| align="center" | cd/m2
| luminance
| align="center" | Lv
| align="center" | canak-da-gol-minak-gar-ewa
|}
SI Macro and Micro Prefixes
The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a kilometer is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). Agbanak means byte, so garale-agbanak is terabyte. This breaks down to 1012 bytes. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes:
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;"
|+ Scalar Metrics
|-
! colspan=4 | Macro !! colspan=4 | Micro
|-
! Base10!! US/UK Name!!Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !!SI Symbol !! Base10 !! (US/UK Name) !! Mirad Prefix....SI Prefix !! SI Symbol
|-
| 1 || one || an- *... mono-, uni- || ||1/1 ||whole || ayn-....holo-, uni- ||
|-
| 2 ||two || en-....bi- || || 1/2 ||half||eyn-....demi-, di-||
|-
| 3 ||three || in-....tri- || || 1/3 ||third ||iyn-....terci-||
|-
| 4 ||four || un-....tetra- || || 1/4 ||fourth || uyn-....quadri-||
|-
| 5 ||five || yown- ....penta- || || 1/5 ||fifth ||yoyn....quinti-||
|-
| 6 ||six || yawn-....hexa- || || 1/6 ||sixth ||yayn....sexti-||
|-
| 7 ||seven || yen-....hepta- || || 1/7 ||seventh || yeyn....septi-||
|-
| 8 ||eight || yin....octo- || || 1/8 ||eighth || yiyn....octi-||
|-
| 9 ||nine || yun....nona- || || 1/9 ||ninth || yuyn....novi-||
|-
| 10 ||ten || alon-....deca- || da || 1/10 ||tenth || aloy-....deci-|| d
|-
| 102 ||hundred || aso-....hecto- **|| h || 10-2 ||hundredth || asoy-....centi-|| c
|-
| 103 ||thousand || amso-....kilo- ||k || 10-3 ||thousandth)|| amsoy-....milli-|| m
|-
| 106 ||million || amlo-....mega- || M || 10-6 ||millionth || amloy-....micro-|| r
|-
| 109 ||billion /milliard || amro-....giga- || G || 10-9 ||billionth/ milliardth || amroy-....nano-|| n
|-
| 1012 ||trillion /billion || garale-....tera- || T || 10-12 ||trillionth / billionth)|| gorale-....pico-|| p
|-
| 1015 ||quadrillion)/ billiard|| garalyo-....peta- || P||10-15 ||quadrillionth) / billiardth || goralyo-....femto-||f
|-
| 1018 ||quintillion / trillion || garalyu-....exa- || E||10-18 ||quintillionth)/ trillionth || goralyu....atto-||a
|-
| 1021 ||sextillion)/ trilliard || garela-....zetta- || Z||10-21 ||sextillionth / trilliardth || gorela....zepto-||z
|-
| 1024 ||septillion)/ quadrillion || garelu-....yotta- || Y ||10-27 ||septillionth / quadrillionth|| gorelu....yocto-||y
|}
**Note: The gar (to a plus power) and gor (to a minus power) forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, billion (109) could be expressed as garyu-(ten) to the 9th power, while billionth could be expressed by goryu ((ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix garya- is composed of the positive exponential operator gar (to the power of), followed by the number 6. The prefix gorale- is composed of the negative exponential operator gor (to the root of), followed by the number 12.
Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols
The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Greek letter are rendered by their names in Greek. Upper case equivalents are preceded with ag-. Here is a table showing grams:
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols
|-
! colspan=2 | MACRO !! colspan=2 | MICRO
|-
! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation !! Symbol (Expansion) !! Mirad Pronunciation
|-
| dag (decagram)|| daagenak || dg |(decigram)||dagenak
|-
| hg (hectogram)|| hegenak || cg (centigram)||cagenak
|-
| kg (kilogram) || kogenak || mg (milligram)||migenak
|-
| Mg (macrogram)|| agmigenak ||μg (microgram)|| mugenak
|-
| Gg (gigagram)|| aggegenak || ng (nanogram)|| nigenak
|-
| Tg (teragram)|| agtogenak || pg (picagram)|| pogenak
|-
| Pg ( petagram)|| agpogenak || fg (femtogram)|| fegenak
|-
| Eg (exagram)|| agegenak || ag (attogram)|| agenak
|-
| Zg (zettagram)|| agzegenak || zg (zeptogram) || zegenak
|-
| Yg (yottagram)|| agyugenak || yg (yoctogram) || yugenak
|}
The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by gar ewa (squared) and gar iwa (cubed), respectively:
10 km²....(pronounced as:) alo kominaki gar ewa
12 mm³....(pronounced as:) ale miminaki gar iwa
Expressing Frequency
There are two ways to form determiners of frequency:
Using jod(i) meaning occasion(s), instance(s), time(s), or
Using xag meaning frequency
Here is a chart showing the most common frequency determiners:
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ Frequentative Determiners
|-
! "Jod" Method !! "Xag" Method !! Meaning
|-
| duhogla jodi? || duhoxag? || how often?, how many times?
|-
| hogla jodi || hoxag || how often, how frequently
|-
| hagla jodi || haxag || the frequency
|-
| hegla jodi || hexag || sometimes, on some occasions
|-
| higla jodi || hixag || this often, this many times
|-
| hugla jodi || huxag || that often, that many times, so many times
|-
| huugla jodi || huuxag || so often, so many times
|-
| hyogla jodi || hyoxag || never
|-
| hyagla jodi || hyaxag || always, at all times
|-
| hyegla jodi || hyexag || any number of times, however often
|-
| hyigla jodi || hyixag || as often, the same number of times
|-
| hyugla jodi || hyuxag || not as often, some other number of times
|-
| ga jodi || gaxag (vyel) || more often (than)
|-
| ge jodi || gexag (vyel) || as many times (as), as often (as)
|-
| go jodi || goxag (vyel) || less often (than)
|-
| gla jodi || glaxag || many times, often
|-
| gle jodi || glexag || quite a few times, quite often
|-
| glo jodi || gloxag || not so many times, seldom
|-
| gra jodi || graxag || too often
|-
| gre jodi || grexag || often enough
|-
| gro jodi || groxag || too seldom
|-
| gwa jodi || gwaxag || as often as possible, most often, most times
|-
| gwe jodi || gwexag || an average number of times
|-
| gwo jodi || gwoxag || least often, as seldom as possible
|-
| owa jod || oxag || never, at no time, zero times
|-
| awa jod || axag || once, one time
|-
| awa ga jod || ga axag || again, once more
|-
| ewa jodi || exag || twice, two times
|-
| iwa jodi || ixag || thrice, three times
|-
| alo jodi || aloxag || ten times
|-
|- asoni bi jodi || -- || hundreds of times
|-
|- yowa gal haxag vyel zojab || yoxag vyel zojab || five times as often as last year
|}
Examples:
Duhoxag et pe ha tayegoblam?....How often do you go to the barber shop?
Duhogla jodi et akaye hia ekun?....How many times have you won this game?
At teataye hua dyezun iwa ey uwa jodi.....I have seen that film three or four times.
At teataye is huugla jodi (or: huuxag) van at bokseye.....I have seen it so many times that I am getting sick.
Hus xwaye gaxag vyel et te.....That has happened more often than you know.
Mathematical Expressions
90px|thumb|none
Mathematical vocabulary is based mostly on deriviatives of the degree word ga....more.
Chart of Arithmetical Operations
The following chart shows Mirad mathematical operation terms and symbols:
+ Arithmetical Operation Vocabulary Verb Operation Patient Subject Operator Sign Result gaber....add gaben....addition gabwas....addend, summand gabus....augend gab....plus gabsiyn....plus sign (+) gabix....sum galer....multiply galen....multiplication galwas....multiplicand galus....multiplier, factor gal....times galsiyn....times sign (x) galix....product garer....raise to the power ofegarer....to squareigarer....to cube garen....exponentiation garwas....base garus....exponent gar....raised to the power of garix....power gazer....logarithmize gazen....logarithmization gazwas....basegazus....antilogarithm gaz....the log of gazix....logarithm gober....subtract goben....subtraction gobwas....minuend gobus....subtrahend gob....minus gobsiyn....minus sign (-) gobix....difference goler....divide golen....division.... fraction golwas....dividend, numerator golus....divisor, denominator gol....divided by golsiyn....division sign (÷) golix....quotient gorer....derive the nth root of goren....root extraction gorwas....radicand gorus....degree gor....the nth root of gorsiyn....radical sign (√) gorix....root gexer....equal gexen....equation gexwas....thing being equated gexus....equator ge....equal to gesiyn....equal sign (=)
How to Verbalize Math Expressions
1 + 1 = 2.....Awa gab awa gese ewa.
3 - 1 = 2.....Iwa gob awa gese ewa.
2 x 4 = 8.....Ewa gal uwa gese yiwa.
10 % 2 = 5.....Alo gol ewa gese yuwa.
52 = 25.....Yowa gar ewa gese elyu.
23 = 8.....Ewa gar iwa gese yiwa.
4 √2 = 2 = 2.....Uwa gor ewa gese ewa.
log10 1000 = 3.....Aro gaz alo gese iwa.
Note 1: gese (equals) can be substituted with se (is), eg.:
Ewa gab ewa se uwa.....Two plus two is four.
Note 2: If numbers are used as numeric adjectives, the units take the suffix -wa, eg.:
Ewa sicirufebi gab awa marofeb gese yanmul.....Two oranges plus one apple equals a salad.
Examples of mathematical expressions:
Ewa gab ewa gese uwa.....Two plus two equals four.
Ewa gal iwa gese yawa.....Two times three equals six.
Iwa gar ewa gese yuwa.....Three to the second power equals nine.
Ewa gob ewa gese owa.....Two minus two equals zero.
Yuwa gol iwa gese iwa.....Nine divided by three equals three.
Yuwa gor iwa gese iwa.....Nine cubed equals three.
Aso gor ewa gese alo.....One hundred squared equals ten.
Aro gaz alo gese iwa.....Log10(1000) = 3. (= Log base 10 of 1000 equals three)
Decimal Expressions
Decimal expressions like 2.5 use the word nod....point as in English.
Hia lisovol kyinse ga vyel 10.8 (alo nod yiwa) kigenaki.....This tomato weighs more than 10.8 (ten point eight) kilograms.
Calendar and Time Expressions
The word for calendar is judar. The sections below explain how calendar expressions are formed and used:
Basic Calendar Units
thumb|none
Time is divided using the following basic terms:
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ Calendar Units
|-
! Mirad !! English
|-
| job || time
|-
| jab || year
|-
| jeb || season
|-
| jib || month
|-
| jub || day
|-
| jwob* || hour
|-
| jwab* (jwap) || minute (moment)
|-
| jweb* (jwep) || second (instant)
|}
Note: These would ordinarily be jyob, jyab, and jyeb respectively, but the w glide is much easier to pronounce after the letter j, and is therefore substituted.
Other Calendar Units
Other calendar units are formed through the agglutination of numerical stubs to some of the time units above:
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ Other Calendar Units
|-
! Mirad !! English !! Numerical Formula
|-
| rojab || millenium || year x 1,000
|-
| sojab || century || year x 100
|-
| lojab || decade || year x 10
|-
| eynjab || half year || year x 1/2
|-
| uynjab || quarter || year x 1/4
|-
| yajib || semester || month x 6
|-
| yejub || week || day x 7
|-
| yejubuj || weekend || day x 7 end
|-
| eynjwob || half hour || hour x 1/2
|}
This, next, last, etc. are expressed as follows:
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ Day Pointers
|-
! Mirad !! English
|-
| hijubhiyejubhijab || todaythis weekthis year
|-
| zojubzoyejubzajab || yesterdaylast weeklast year
|-
| zajubzayejubzajab || tomorrownext weeknext year
|-
| hujubhuyejubhujab || that daythat weekthat year
|-
| jazojubja ewa yejubijazojab || the day before yesterdaytwo weeks agothe year before last
|-
| jozajubjo ewa yejubijozajab || the day after tomorrowtwo weeks from nowthe year after next
|-
| Duhojub?|| Which day?
|-
| hyajub || every day1
|-
| hyejub || any day
|-
| hejub || someday
|-
| hejubi || some days
|-
| bi jub bu jub || from day to day
|-
| e jubi jay || two days ago
|-
| gla jubi joy || many days later
|}
1 All day is expressed by ha ayna jub or hya ha jub.
Seasons of the Year
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Seasons of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for season jeb:
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ Seasons of the Year
|-
! Mirad !! English
|-
| jeab || spring
|-
| jeeb || summer
|-
| jeib || autumn, Fall
|-
| jeub || winter
|}
Examples of usage:
be jeab....in spring
ja jeeb....before summer
ju jeib....until autumn
ji jeub....since winter
je ha jeb....during the season
ub ha uj bi jeeb....toward the end of summer
eb jeab ay jeeb....between spring and summer
jeeba gemoj....vernal equinox
jeiba fayebi....autumn leaves
jeba til....seasonal drink
jeubyena jebmalyen....wintry climate
jeabyena malyen....spring-like weather
jeuben....hibernation
hijeab....this season
zajeab....next season
zojeab....last season
hyajeab....every season
Months of the Year
Months of the year are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for month jib. Unlike in English, the months of the year in Mirad are not capitalized. Nor are days of the week.
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;"
|+ Months of the Year
|-
! Mirad !! English
|-
| jiab || January
|-
| jieb || February
|-
| jiib || March
|-
| jiub || April
|-
| jiyob || May
|-
| jiyab || June
|-
| jiyeb || July
|-
| jiyib || August
|-
| jiyub || September
|-
| jilob || October
|-
| jilab || November
|-
| jileb || December
|}
Some expressions using the months:
be jilob....in October
ja jiyab....before June
lojo zajiyeb....by next July (lojo = not after)
hijib....this month
zojib....last month
zajib....next month
bi-jib-bu-jiba jobnis....month-to-month rent
jibay....monthly
jibi joy....months later
jiba sindrurun....monthly magazine
hujiba jobnis....that month's rent
hya ionjib....every trimester
jibiler....to menstruate
byi zojilob....since last October
ub zejib....toward mid-month
Days of the Week
Days of the week are expressed by internally scalarizing the word for day jub:
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ Days of the Week
|-
! Mirad !! English
|-
| juab || Monday
|-
| jueb || Tuesday
|-
| juib || Wednesday
|-
| juub || Thursday
|-
| juyob || Friday
|-
| juyab || Saturday
|-
| juyeb || Sunday
|}
Here are some common terms relating to days of the week:
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ Day Expressions
|-
! Mirad !! English
|-
| Duhojub? || Which day?
|-
| hojub... || the day that...
|-
| hejub || someday
|-
| hijub || today
|-
| hujub || that day
|-
| hyijub || (on) the same day
|-
| hyajub || every day
|-
| hyejub || any day
|-
| zajub || yesterday
|-
| zojub || tomorrow
|-
| ha jajubbe ha jana jub || the day before, (on) the previous day
|-
| ha jojubbe ha jona jub || the day after, (on) the following day
|-
| jazojub || the day before yesterday
|-
| jozajub || the day after tomorrow
|-
| hya ea jub || every other/second day
|-
| hyajub boy juyeb || every day except Sunday
|-
| yejub || week
|-
| hiyejeb || this week
|-
| yejubuj || weekend
|-
| yexjub (or) zeyejub || weekday
|-
| enyejuba(y) || bi-weekly
|-
| zoyejub || last week
|}
Examples of Usage:
(be) juyob....on Friday
ju juib....until Wednesday
ji zojub....since yesterday
lojo jubuj....by [Lit: not after] day's end
jo zajub....after tomorrow
je ha jub....during the day
bi juab bu juub....from Monday to Friday
yejubuja ponpop....a weekend getaway
Parts of the Day
Here are the principal parts of a day:
+ Parts of the Day Daytime Nighttime maj....daytime, day moj....nighttime, night bi maj....A.M. bi moj....P.M. jamajij....pre-dawn jamojij....pre-dusk majij....daybreak, dawn mojij....dusk amaryap....sunrise, sunupamaryop....sunset, sundown jwamaj....morningzajwamaj....tomorrow morninghijwamaj....this morningzojwamaj....yesterday morninghujwamaj....that morninghyajwamaj....every morningjwamoj....eveningzajwamoj....tomorrow eveninghijwamoj....this eveningzojwamoj....yesterday eveninghujwamoj....that eveninghyajwamoj....every evening zemaj....noonzemoj....midnight jozemaj....afternoonjozemoj....after midnight majuj....twilight jwomoj....late night
Examples of Usage:
At tijpa ja majij.....I woke up before dawn.
At iyfe tuyjer be ha jwoa jozemaj.....I like to nap in the late afternoon.
It yexe bi amaryap bu amaryop.....He works from sunup to sundown.
Be gwa jwamoji, at teaxe yibsin.....Most evenings, I watch television.
Expressing Dates
The following is a how a date (jud) is normally expressed:
be juab, 11 jieb 2018 joK.....on Monday, February 11th, 2018 A.D.
A date like 2018 can be expressed as twenty eighteen (elo alyi) or two thousand eighteen (ero alyi).
The day 11 in the above expression is pronounced ala.
The acronym for B.C. is jaK, short for ja Krist (before Christ).
The acronym for the de-Christianized "BCE", meaning Before the Common/Current Era is expressed in Mirad with jaEJ (ja ha Eja Joeb).
The acronym for A.D. is joK, short for jo Krist (after Christ).
The acronym for the de-Christianized C.E. is EJ, short for ha Eja Joeb (the Current Era).
Other date expressions follow:
be ha 1800 jabi (alyi aso jabi)....In the 1800's (eighteen hundreds)
ja ha 20a (eloa) asojab....before the 20th (twentieth) century
eb 1920 (yulo elo) ay 2001 (emso awa)....between 1920 (nineteen twenty) and (two thousand one)
hyaje hua alojab....throughout that decade
At yexa hum je gla jabi.....I worked there for [Lit: during] many years.
Ujbu his lojo jiyab.....Finish this by [Lit: not after] May.
Iyt so him ub ha uj bi 2 (ewa) jiab.....She will be here toward the end of January 2nd.
At taja je ha Podea Eloni.....I was born in the Roaring Twenties.
Telling Time
thumb|
Clock time expressions use mostly the word jwob (hour) or jwobi (hours).
Times of the day are expressed in the 24-hour European system, or what might be called by Americans "military clock time." So, 3PM in U.S. parlance should be expressed in Mirad as 15 hours (ulo jwobi), which is the same as 15:00 or 15 hundred hours.
The usual time-of-day question is Se duhojwob?....What time is it? [Lit: is what-hour?]
The typical answer is in the format Se alo (jwobi) yuwa. (Lit: (It) is ten hours five). The use of jwobi is optional, but if jwobi is modified by awa....one, then the singular form jwob is used.
Here are some typical answers:
Se awa jwob.....It is one o'clock AM [Lit: It is one hour.]
Se ewa jwobi.....It is two o'clock AM [Lit: It is two hours.]
Se ale jwobi.....It is twelve o'clock AM.
Se alyu jwobi elo.....It is 15:30 (3:30 PM).
Se eli jwobi ali.....It is 23:13 (11:13 PM).
Se elu jwobi.....It is 24:00 (12 PM).
The words jwob and jwobi can be abbreviated as j..
be elo j.....At 8:00 PM
The designation AM and PM can be used but are not necessary in the 24-hour clock system:
bi maj....(AM)
bi moj.... (PM)
Se vyavay 15:10 (= alu alo).....It is exactly 7:10 P.M.. [Lit: It is exactly fifteen ten.]
Et sa jwoa bey alo jwabi.....You were late by 10 minutes. [Lit: You were late by ten minutes.]
Has ijo yuz 21:30 (= ela jwobi ilo).....It will begin around 10:30 PM.
Puu him lojo vyel 15:00 j.....Get here no later than 3 PM.
Ha yuzpar puo hum yeb 10 jwabi.....The bus will arrive there within 10 minutes.
Ha jwobar izeade1 17:00.....The clock says [Lit. indicates] 5 PM.
Yit pua be 3 j. be ha nod.....They arrived at 3 on the dot.
Note 1: izeade (indicates) can be substituted with de (says).
Note the following clock time idioms:
{| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;;font-size:smaller;"
|+ Clock Idioms
|-
! Mirad !! English
|-
| jwa || early
|-
| jwe || on time
|-
| jwo || late
|-
| Se vyavay elo j. || It is exactly 8 PM.
|-
| yub bi zemajor yuz bi zemaj. || around noon
|-
| ub zemoj || toward midnight
|-
| yeb bi jwebi || within seconds
|-
| alo jwabi ja hij || ten minutes ago [= before now]
|-
| lojo 3 j. || no later than / by 3 o'clock AM.
|-
| jwobay || hourly / by the hour / on the hour
|-
| Hia pop efxe 2 1/2 (= ewa gab eyn) jwobi. || This trip takes (Lit: necessitates) 2 1/2 hours.
|-
| ju awa jwob bi hij || until one hour from now
|-
| ji zojub be 10a j. || since yesterday at 10 o'clock.
|-
| je ha jana 12 jwabi || for/during/over the last 12 minutes
|-
| ja ojo 10 j. || before / by 10 AM.
|-
| lojo 10 jwobi. || by / in / within 10 hours.
|-
| jo 10 j. || after 10 o'clock AM.
|-
| At saye him ji ewa jwobi. || I have been here for [= since] two hours.
|}
Expressing Age
thumb|
Many expressions relating to age are built on the Mirad word for age: jag.
The typical question is:
Duhojaga et se?....How old are you? (Lit. what-aged)
A typical answer is one of the following.
At se eli jabi jaga.....I am twenty-three years old.
At se eli jaga.....I am age twenty-three.
At se eli.....I am twenty-three.
Here are some ways to compare age:
gejaga vyel et....as old as you, the same age as you
gajaga vyel et....older than you
gojaga vyel et....not as old as you
gajoga vyel et....younger than you
grajaga....too old
grejaga....old enough
grojagat....a minor (an underaged person)
zejaga....middle aged
gwajogat....the youngest one
gwajagat....the oldest one
ha gwajagat bi ha tixutyan.....the oldest one in (= of) the class.
Fiyzuu eta gajagati.....Respect your elders.
iwa jabi gajaga vyel et....three years older than you
Here is a chart showing the words used to describe people at various ages. Note, that starting with teenager, the number part of the expression means somewhere in a range of numbers, so the letter y is added to the number.
{| class="wikitable" style="background: lightyellow;;
|+ People of different ages
|-
! Mirad !! English
|-
| awajubjagat || one day old baby
|-
| awajagat || one-year-old
|-
| alojagat || ten-year-old
|-
| aloyjagat || teenager
|-
| eloyjagat || vicenarian, twenty-something-year-old
|-
| iloyjagat || tricenarian, thirty-something-year-old
|-
| uloyjagat || quadracenarian, forty-something-year-old
|-
| yoloyjagat || quinquacenarian, fifty-something-year-old
|-
| yaloyjagat || sexagenarian, sixty-something-year-old
|-
| yeloyjagat || octogenarian, eighty-something-year-old
|-
| yiloyjagat || nonagenarian, ninety-something-year-old
|-
| asoyjagat || centenarian, hundred-something-year-old
|-
| aybasoyjagat || supercentenarian, hundred-and-ten-something-year-old
|}
Here is a list of important age expressions and categories:
duhojaga?....how old?
hojoga....of the age (that...)
hajaga....of the age
hejaga....of some age
hijaga....this old
hujaga....that old
huujaga....so old
hyajaga....of every age
hyejaga....of any age
hyijaga / gejaga....of the same age, as old
hyujaga / ogejaga....of a different age, not as old
zejaga .... middle-aged
jaga....old
jayga....oldish
joga....young
joyga .... youngish
gle jaga....rather old, oldish
gla jaga....very old
glo jaga....not very old
gra jaga....too old, super-aged
gro jaga....under-aged, minor
ge jaga....as old, of the same age
awa (jab) jaga....one year old
ewa (jabi) jaga....two years old
alo (jabi) jaga....ten years old
ga jaga vyel et....older than you
ga joga vyel at....younger than me
go jaga vyel wit....less old than him
ge joga vyel iyt....as young as her
ha gwa jagat bi ata tidetyan....the youngest of my siblings
gajagat .... an elder
grojagat....a minor
jagat .... old person, elder, senior
jagwat .... old man
jagayt .... old woman
jogat....a youth
jogwat....a boy, a male youth
jogayt....a girl, m female youth
grejagat....an adult, someone of age
grojagat....a minor (one insufficiently old)
jagseat....an adolescent
jagsyat/agsyat....a grownup
tud .... child, offspring
twud .... male child, son
tuyd .... female child, daughter
tudet .... baby, infant
tobet .... youth, young person
twobet .... boy, young man
toybet .... girl, young woman, maiden
Some other examples of usage:
Et jagseye fi.....You are aging well.
At voy jogseye hyegla.....I am not getting any younger.
His se taam av ha jagati.....This is a home for the elderly.
Gawaku eta jogan!....Regain your youth!
At se ga jaga vyel ha memyazi.....I am older than the hills.
Teaxu ata gwa joga tud.....Look at my youngest child.
Yat ife yata awajagat.....We love our one-year-old.
Jagseatan se yika joob bi tej.....Adolescence is a difficult period of life.
Agsu!....Grow up!
Note the difference:
agaser....to get bigger
agser....to grow
Currency Nomenclature
thumb
The ISO abbreviation for the currency expressions from various countries of the world are used to form the Mirad equivalents. The lowercase ISO code abbreviation for a particular country's denomination is spelled out in Mirad alphabetics and then the letter n is suffixed (mnemonic for nas....money). Then, since a monetary unit can be considered a proper noun, the first letter is capitalized, eg.:
The ISO code abbreviation for "U.S. dollar" is "USD".
Lowercase is "usd"
Spelled out in Mirad alphabetics is u so da.
This, with n suffixed, results in usodan.
Finally, the first letter is capitalized, giving Usodan.
Pluralized, Usodan becomes Usodani (= U.S. dollars).
The Euro is therefore Euron.
The Thai baht is Toheban.
The Russian ruble is Rouban.
The ISO codes can be found at List of circulating currencies. A portion of that file is replicated here:
+ Currencies English Currency Name CurrencysymbolISO code Mirad NameJordanian dinarJDJODJiodanMoroccan dirhamDHMADMiadanAustralian dollar$AUDAudan Bitcoin ₿ (BTC) BatocanBrunei dollar$BNDBanidanEastern Caribbean dollar$XCDXucadanHong Kong dollar$HKDHekidanNew Zealand dollar$NZDNizudanSingapore dollar$SGDSogedanUnited States dollar$USDUsodanArmenian dram֏AMDAmidanEuro€EUREuronCentral African CFA francFrXAFXuafenCFP francFrXPFXupofenSwiss francFrCFNCufeninWest African CFA francFrXOFXuofenNetherlands Antillean guilderƒANGAnigenDanish kronekrDKKDakikinTurkish lira₺TRYToroyunMauritanian ouguiyaUMMRUMirounSterling£GBPGebaponSaint Helena pound£SHPSoheponSouth African randRZARZuaronRussian rouble₽RUBRoubanIndian rupee₹INRInironIsraeli new shekel₪ILSIlison
The hundredth fractional unit for most currencies can be converted into Mirad by appending the word -asoyn to the end of the Mirad name of the currency.
For example:
The American cent is Usodan-asoyn.
The Euro cent is Euron-asoyn.
The British penny is Gebapon-asoyn.
In context, all of the above can be abbreviated to asoyn.
The symbol used for each currency can also be taken from the Wikipedia table referenced above. The symbol precedes the number and a comma is used for the thousand breaker and a period is used for the decimal breaker. For example:
Five point six Euros ==> Yowa nod yawa Euroni ==> €5.6
Two thousand nine dollars ==> Emro yuwa Usodani ==> $2,009
Note: : The bitcoin has the ISO code BTC, so it is translated into Mirad as Batocan. Its billionth fractional unit is called a satoshi and is translated into Mirad as Batocan-amroyn.
Other monetary vocabulary:
nas....money
nasa....monetary
kyaxler nas....convert money
nasam....bank
nasnexam....savings bank
nasyen....currency
nases....change
biner nases av....to get change for
nasbol....subsidy
nasbyok....fine, penalty
nasdab....plutocracy
nasdref....check
drer nasdref....to write a check
ilnasaxer nasdref....to cash a check
nyember nasdref'....to deposit a check
nasdrev....bill, note, banknote
drefnas....paper money
alo Usodan nasdrev....ten dollar bill
nasdim....fund
nasgab....tip
nasgon....stock, share
nasgon ebkyaxam....stock exchange
nasgon ebkyaxut....stock broker
nasgon nunuiem....stock market
nasgon buiut....stock broker
nasgonbexut....shareholder
nasgonuer....to invest
nasilp....cash flow
nastun....finance
nasvek....bet
nasvekiam....gambling casino
nasmug....coin
nasmug exwa....coin-operated
nasmugxer....to mint
nasmugyeb....coin purse
nasok....deficit
nasokya....bankrupt
nasokrer....go bankrupt
nasak....profit
nasaker....to profit
nasakgon....dividend
nasakyaker....to speculate
nasnyaxun....nest-egg
nasyeb....wallet
nasyef....debt
nasyef draf....debit card
nasyuv....bond
ilnas....cash
ilnasuer....to dispense cash
ilnasuir....ATM
ilnasaxer....to cash
nax....price
nayx....cost
nayxer....to cost
nam....store
namper....to shop
nampen zen....shopping center
nayxer....to cost
naz....value
nazier....to be worth
nazder....to appraise
nyaxer....to accumulate, to amass
nyaxun....pile, stack, heap
nyaz....wealth, luxury
nyaza....wealthy, rich
nyazaser....to get rich
nexer....to save, to economize
nexyea....thifty
donex....economy
nyexer....to store, to stock
nyexam....storehouse, warehouse
nyexim....stock room
nyexwa....stocked, in stock
nyexundrer....to inventory
nyexunyeb....storage bin
nyexuun....consignment
nyexun....stocked item
nyexunyan....inventory
nyeb....container
nyem....box
nier....to demand, to consume
niut....consumer
nixer....to earn
nixbuer....to sell
jobnixbuer....to loan
nixun....earnings
nyixer....to order, to requisition
nyixwa....ordered, on order
nyixdref....order form
nyixut....client
nyixutyan....clientele
nuer....to supply, to procure, to equip, to furnish
nuier....to merchandize
nuien....supply and demand, merchandizing
nuix....budget
nuixer....to budget
nuxer....to pay
nuxut....payer
nuxun....payment
nuxuer....to charge
nuxbier....to buy, to purchase
jobnuxbier....to rent
ojnux....credit
ojnux draf....credit card
nyuer....to produce
nyun....commodity
nyuun....product
nyuut....producer
nyuf....package, parcel
nyufber....to package
nyuyf....packet
nyus....freight, shipment, cargo
nyuv....wrap
nyuvber....to wrap up
nyuxer....to deliver, to ship
nyuxun....delivery, shipment
nyuxdraf....shipping invoice
nyuxen boy nax....FOB
nyuxier....to take delivery of
nyuxyofwa....undeliverable, out of stock
ebkyaxer....to exchange
ebkyaxem....stock market
ebkyaxder....to bargain, to negotiate
bier....to take
jobbier....to borrow, to rent
buer....to give
nixbuer....to sell
jobbuer....to lend, to rent out, to let
buier....to barter
Determiners Pronouns