Lentis/Sociology of Texting

right|300px|Cellular phone with QWERTY keyboard|thumb thumb|350px|Two women texting Text messaging, or texting, is a method of communication in which short text messages are exchanged using mobile phones. This chapter addresses the public attitudes toward and social effects of texting. There are a wide range of social aspects, including driving while texting or sexting, but the chapter will focus on language and relationships for children and teenagers. We will also consider how texting varies across cultures. Background The first text message was sent in 1992 through the Vodafone network in England. It took several years for cellphone manufacturers and telecommunication companies to make the feature easy to use Shannon, V. (2007). 15 Years of Text Messages, a 'Cultural Phenomenon', http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/05/technology/05iht-sms.4.8603150.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all . However, starting in around 1995, text messaging use has exploded in popularity. In the United States, the number of text messages exchanged increased from about 1.4 billion in 1998 to more than 1.8 trillion in 2010 International Association for the Wireless Telecommunications Industry (2010). CTIA Semi-Annual Wireless Industry Survey. While people of all ages own cellular phones with text messaging capabilities, a disproportionately large percentage of text messages are exchanged by teenagers, especially teenage girls. The average adult in the U.S. exchanges 10 text messages per day. Boys age 14-17 exchange 30 texts per day, while girls in the same age range average 100 texts per day Mashable(2010). The Rise of Text Messaging, http://mashable.com/2010/08/17/text-messaging-infographic/. Texting and Literacy The abbreviations and slang associated with text messaging is referred to as textese. The development of textese is often discussed with respect to its history Snowden, C. (2007). Casting a powerful spell: The evolution of SMS. In A. Kavooru, & N. Arceneaux (Eds.), The cell phone reader: Essays in social transformation () and its parallel development with internet slang as part of internet linguistics. There have been several cases where textese has been used outside of text messages. These incidents, along with several other factors, have led to debate about the impact of textese on the English language and its subsequent implications on the literacy of youth. Evidence of a Real Phenomenon In 2003, a 13 year old student in Scotland handed in an essay written entirely in textese Is txt mightier than the word?(2003, March 4). BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2814235.stm. In 2006, New Zealand’s Qualification Authority announced the use of textese would be permitted on national exams Officials: Students can use 'text speak' on tests.(2006, November 13). USA Today, http://www.usatoday.com/news/offbeat/2006-11-13-text-speak_x.htm . A study by the Pew Research center shows that teens who own cell phones are significantly more likely to incorporate textese into their school writing than teens who do not own cell phones Lenhart, A., Arafeh, S., Smith, A., & Macgill, A. (2008). Writing, technology and teens. Pew Internet and American Life Project, http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2008/Writing-Technology-and-Teens.aspx . Furthermore, authoritative reference guides, such as the AP Stylebook Jacques, A. (2010, February 1). Inside the world of the AP stylebook. Public Relations Tactics, http://www.prsa.org/Intelligence/Tactics/Articles/view/8510/1007/Inside_the_world_of_the_AP_Stylebook and the Merriam Webster Dictionary LOL: Definition from Merriam Webster.http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lol , also include textese. Criticisms of Textese right It is the relentless onward march of the texters, the SMS (Short Message Service) vandals who are doing to our language what Genghis Khan did to his neighbours eight hundred years ago. They are destroying it: pillaging our punctuation; savaging our sentences; raping our vocabulary. And they must be stopped. John Humphrys I h8 txt msgs: How texting is wrecking our language Some believe that the use of textese will lead to a decline in the quality of the English language. The Economist states, "Text messaging corrupts all languages" Txt msgng in frnc: Parlez-vous SMS?(2008, May 22). The Economist, http://www.economist.com/node/11412629 . Individuals, such as John Humphrys and John Sutherland, have also expressed frustration with the impact of textese Humphrys, J. (2007, September 24). I h8 txt msgs: How texting is wrecking our language. Mail Online, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-483511/I-h8-txt-msgs-How-texting-wrecking-language.html Sutherland, J. (2002, November 11). Cn u txt? The Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2002/nov/11/mobilephones2 . Popular culture also associates texting with poor language and grammar, as evidenced on the website GraphJam Period use in texting.http://cheezburger.com/TheMilkMan42/lolz/View/2197766912 , The ins 'n outs of txt messaging.http://graphjam.memebase.com/2010/01/29/funny-graphs-txt-messaging/ Commercials, such as Cingular’s “idk my bff jill” ad from 2007, also draw attention to the impact of texting on language - frustration especially for parents Cingular commercial: Idk my bff jill.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nIUcRJX9-o . One study in particular describes how over fifty percent of the students themselves who were surveyed felt that texting either does or will negatively affect their ability to remember standard English Drouin, M. and Davis, C. (2009). 'R u txting? Is the Use of Text Speak Hurting Your Literacy?', Journal of Literacy Research, 41: 1. . Another criticism of texting is its effect on literacy. A study published in the Journal of Research in Reading found that “the use of textisms was negatively correlated with scores for reading, nonword reading, spelling and morphological awareness… concerns that frequent texting may mask or even contribute to poor linguistic skills cannot be dismissed" Jonge, S. D., & Kemp, N. (2010). Text-message abbreviations and language skills in high school and university students. Journal of Research in Reading, . The chairman of the Queen’s English Society has described this issue as urgent Henry, J. (2004, November 7). Pupils resort to text language in GSCE ecams. The Telegraph, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/3346533/Pupils-resort-to-text-language-in-GCSE-exams.html. Support for Textese The impact of textese has also been described as a natural phenomenon Linguists mixed on effects of text messaging.(2003). USA Today, http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2003-02-14-messaging-linguists_x.htm . For centuries, people – such as William Shakespeare, Noah Webster, and George Orwell – have been innovating language Crystal, D. (2008, July 5). 2b or not 2b? The Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/jul/05/saturdayreviewsfeatres.guardianreview The death of english (LOL).(2008, August 1). Newsweek, http://www.newsweek.com/2008/08/01/the-death-of-english-lol.html . left But it is merely the latest manifestation of the human ability to be linguistically creative and to adapt language to suit the demands of diverse settings. There is no disaster pending... In texting what we are seeing, in a small way, is language in evolution. David Crystal 2b or not 2b One study of children ages 10 to 12 found positive correlation between the use of textese and literacy Plester, B., Wood, C., & Joshi, P. (2009). Exploring the relationship between children's knowledge of text message abbreviations and school literacy outcomes. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 27(1). . Other studies have simply shown that there is no negative correlation Plester, B.; Wood, C. and Bell, V. (2008). “Txt msg n school literacy: does texting and knowledge of text abbreviations adversely affect children's literacy attainment?.” Literacy, Drouin, M. and Davis, C. (2009). 'R u txting? Is the Use of Text Speak Hurting Your Literacy?', Journal of Literacy Research, 41: 1. . Even with these studies, some sources, such as the Former National Writing Project Executive Director Richard Sterling, feel that students are simply not given enough credit Phillips, S. (2008, November 9). Can MySpace make better writes? Miami Herald, http://www.nwp.org/cs/public/print/resource/2739 http://www.technologyreview.com/biztech/17927/ . Students themselves agree that they know when it is appropriate to use textese in their communications Linguists mixed on effects of text messaging.(2003). USA Today, http://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2003-02-14-messaging-linguists_x.htm. Furthermore, several studies have shown that the negative perception of the current state of textese – rife with abbreviation, misspellings, and grammatical mistakes – is exaggerated. As Crispin Thurlow describes in his study of 544 text messages, “abbreviations in fact accounted for less than 20% (18.75%) of the overall message content.” Thurlow, C. Generation txt? the sociolinguistics of young people's text messaging. Discourse Analysis Online, 1(1) http://extra.shu.ac.uk/daol/articles/v1/n1/a3/thurlow2002003-paper.html David Crystal cites similar figures Crystal, D. (2008, July 5). 2b or not 2b? The Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/jul/05/saturdayreviewsfeatres.guardianreview . Furthermore, as proposed by Thurlow in another study, media and popular culture create a heightened negative perception through both statistical and anecdotal manipulation Thurlow, C. (2006). From statistical panic to moral panic: The metadiscursive construction and popular exaggeration of new media language in the print media. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 11(3). . Future of Textese Despite this debate, it appears that texting is here to stay. Today, lesson plans that incorporate textese are readily available on the Internet Stephenson, A. If u cn rd ths u cn lrn to rite, http://www.teachersnetwork.org/ntol/howto/incorptech/texting.htm . One particularly interesting plan that appears on multiple teaching websites, including Scholastic and the Yale Teaching Initiative, suggests using textese to help students understand Shakespeare, learn about the evolution of language, and consider texting etiquette Ott, S. (2010, April 29). Use texting to teach shakespeare. Associated Content, https://archive.is/20130628113937/www.associatedcontent.com/article/2946268/use_texting_to_teach_shakespeare.html?cat=4 Lesson plan 5: Summarizing by text messaging shakespeare, http://www2.scholastic.com/browse/lessonplan.jsp?id=1402 Ernst, L. Shakespeare on the cell phone: Texting romance.http://teachers.yale.edu/curriculum/search/viewer.php?id=initiative_09.03.05_u . With a proposal by British mobile company Dot Mobile to condense classic literature to a series of text messages and a website offering Shakespeare’s works translated to textese, such ideas are not that unreasonable 2B? Nt2b? shakespeare texting treatment: Company claims shrinking the classics will help?(2005, November 18). MSNBC, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10084329/. It will be interesting to see how incorporating textese in the classroom will shift not only the amount and style of textese but also the perceptions of the impact of textese on language and literacy in the future. Texting and Relationships Changes in the Dynamic of Teenage Communication For many teenagers, text messaging has replaced calling or online instant messaging as the primary mode of communication. Most engage in extended conversations through text and some may take part in as many as nine conversations simultaneously D. Reid and F. Reid. (February 2004). Insights into the social and psychological effects of sms text messaging. University of Plymouth.. Texting also serves as support for or against the Walkman Effect. Teenagers can connect with many more people but at the expense of the depth of these connections. Studies indicate that teenagers text primarily for three reasons: "chatting, coordinating, and planning." R. Grinter and M. Eldridge. (2003). Wan2tlk?: everyday text messaging. CHI ’03: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, pgs 441–448. Some of the most popular reasons for sending a text message include asking or replying to a question, asking where someone is, making requests, announcing something, or informing of lateness Battestini, A., Setlur, V., and Sohn, T. (September 7-10, 2010). A Large Scale Study of Text Messaging Use, http://research.nokia.com/files/fp217-battestini.pdf . Text messaging has become such an integral part of many teenagers' lives that some have become uncomfortable with direct forms of communication such as face to face and phone conversations. There are various occasions when teenagers deem it socially appropriate to text rather than call or talk face to face, which exacerbates this issue. Romantic Relationships As in the video Texting In Class, “love letters are a thing of the past" due to the emergence of texting. Additionally, texting has had a major effect on the formality of asking someone to prom. A survey done in San Diego in April, 2010 showed that 40% of teens would consider using a text message to ask someone to prom and 64% of teens said that they would accept a date if they were asked via text message. While people like Drew Olanoff, director of community for GOGII, say “Texting is kind of becoming normal to them and it is okay”, there are individuals such as Elaine Swann, an etiquette expert, who say “what is happening to kids these days? It is inappropriate.” Godwin, P. (April 29, 2010). Teens ask out prom dates via text messages, http://www.fox5sandiego.com/news/kswb-prom-texting,0,289554.story Relationship-based Social Disorders There are several disorders associated with texting. Textaphrenia is thinking a message had arrived when it hadn't, textiety is the anxious feeling of not receiving or sending text messages, and binge texting is when teens send multiple texts to feel good about themselves and try to attract responses Fenech, S. (June 30, 2010). Teenagers are becoming texts addicts facing mental and physical issues. The Daily Telegraph, http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/lifestyle/teengers-are-becoming-text-addicts-facing-mental-and-physical-issues/story-e6frf00i-1225885927450 . All of these disorders have to do with the desire to maintain relationships with people. A lack of these relationships can lead to loneliness and depression. International Differences in Text Message Use The United States is not the only country that has embraced text messaging as a medium of communication. In fact, the U.S. has been one of the slower countries in adopting text messaging. The heaviest users come from Asian countries such as the Philippines, South Korea, and Japan Mashable(2010). The Rise of Text Messaging, http://mashable.com/2010/08/17/text-messaging-infographic/ . The biggest reason for the higher adoption rates is the lower cost of text messaging compared to other forms of communication. Philippines In the Philippines, which has been dubbed the "text message capital of the world", the cost of text messaging is much cheaper compared to talking over the phone or communicating over the Internet Jordan, M. (2006). Going Mobile: Text Messages Guide Filipino Protestors, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/24/AR2006082401379.html . In fact, mobile phone companies initially offered free texting to attract customers and the prices today remain a small fraction of what it costs to call. In addition, computer and Internet penetration remains low in this developing country. According to the World Bank, only about 5.6 million out of the 90 million people in the Philippines have access to the Internet World Bank (2010). World Development Indicators, http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators?cid=GPD_WDI . For Filipinos, text messaging has replaced phone calls and emails. As a Filipino journalist puts it, text messaging "isn't a craze. It's a way of life." Textually(2005). Text Messaging in the Philippines Explained, http://www.textually.org/textually/archives/2005/06/008823.htm South Korea and Japan The low costs of text messaging are also present in South Korea and Japan, thus motivating the South Koreans and the Japanese to text instead of call. In addition, both countries have made heavy investments in the mobile phone infrastructure, making cellular phone service faster and more ubiquitous than land lines. Cultural differences have also contributed to the more rapid adoption of text messaging in South Korea and Japan. The population of both countries are technologically savvy. New mobile technologies tend to enter the South Korean and Japanese markets earlier than other countries and they tend to be adopted faster. Both countries have also developed different norms and attachments to the mobile phone. In fact, the Japanese word for mobile phone, "keitai", which literally means "something you carry with you" Ito, M., Okabe, D. & Matsuda, M. (eds.) (2005). Personal, portable, pedestrian: Mobile phones in Japanese life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. . Text messaging has become so popular in Japan that textese has crossed the boundaries of short messages into short stories and novels. These stories composed in textese have come to dominate Japan's best seller lists Onishi, N.(2008). Thumbs Race as Japan's Bestsellers Go Cellular, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/20/world/asia/20japan.html . Text Messaging for Mass Communication Because of its low costs in the Philippines, South Korea, and many other countries, text messaging has also become a medium of mass communication just as email has in the United States. The technology has effectively mobilized the masses for political rallies and events. In the Philippines in 2006, a political protest of over one thousand students in front of the presidential palace was organized purely through text messaging Jordan, M. (2006). Going Mobile: Text Messages Guide Filipino Protestors, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/24/AR2006082401379.html . All major political parties and interest groups have a record of their supporters' phone numbers, which allows them to quickly and effectively mobilize their political base. Text messaging has decentralized political power to the point that anyone with a cellular phone can organize a political rally. Summary The rise of text messaging has changed how the world communicates. The trend of new communication technologies changing the English language and the dynamics of people's relationships is not a new concept. When evaluating new technologies, it is important to remember how younger generations will use it. At the same time, the technology has evolved to better satisfy the needs of its users. Finally, different countries have adopted text messaging differently due to the different economic, social, and cultural factors in each region. References