Old English/Old English Phrasebook

DISCLAIMER: This is a very informal resource. It may not be well maintained, and internal consistency may not be absolute. Also, this page uses some neologisms, which should be explicitly marked with italics, but there is no guarantee that they are. Pronunciation - Acƿeðung See fōresprǣċe for pronunciation. Meeting and Greeting - Mētung and Grētungƿord Greetings -Grētungƿord Ēalā, lā - yo, hey (used to catch someone's attention) Ƿes hāl - hello; goodbye (to one person) Far ġesund - farewell (to a single person who is leaving) Ƿesaþ hāle - hello; goodbye (to more than one person) Farað ġesunde - farewell (to more than one person who is leaving) Notice all the different forms for "hello"? It's because Old English often uses different forms of the same word for different genders. Also, notice that there are different forms for "you" for one person and "you" for more than one person. It used to be like this in Modern English - Shakespeare used "thou" and "thee" for one person The phrases for "hello" and "goodbye" are the same in Old English. It literally means "be well" - appropriate for a greeting, right? Hū eart þū?/Hū meaht þū? - How are you? (to one person) Hū sindon ġit?/Hū magon ġē? - How are you? (to two people) Hū sindon ġē?/Hū magon ġē - How are you? (to more than two people) Iċ eom ġesund/Iċ mæġ ƿel - I'm well Ƿit sindon ġesunde/Ƿit magon ƿel - We're both well Ƿē sindon ġesunde/Ƿē magon ƿel - We're well (for more than two people) Letters - Bōcstafas In formal letters, people would write both the recipient and the sender in the one opening sentence: Iōhannes grēt Hrōþgār - John greets Roger Note that a superior would usually write "x grēt y frēondliċe" - "x greets y amicably/kindly". A person of lower status would usually say "x grēt y ēadmōdliċe" - "x greets y humbly". Relevant titles were usually included, hence, "x cyning grēt y munuc frēondliċe" - "King x greets the monk y amicably". There likely no or very few informal letters extant in OE, however, a modern informal style which imitates spoken speech could easily be developed: Iōhannes, hū eart þū? Of Hrōðgāre ġesended. - John, how are you? (Sent) by Hrothgar Forms of address and titles - Hādas and titulas In Old English, people didn't have last names - not in the modern, formal, legal sense, anyway. However, often they would have an extra part that would be added to their name, which was like a surname, or a nickname, and helped specify people: Sċyld (proper name) Sċēfinġ (patronymic, "the Sheafite/son of Sheaf") Titles were used in Old English, and were usually put after the name: Ælfrēd Cyninġ - King Alfred Ælfrīċ Munuc - Alfric the Monk There is no record of an equivalent to "Mr." or "Mrs." being commonly used, but a respectful form of address was "lēof", which could also be put in front of a name. "Hlǣfdiġe" was a title of respect of noble women. If you insisted on using a Mr./Mrs. title (not authentic historical practice), you could use the words "ƿer" (man) and "ƿīf" as titles, hence "Mr. Jones" - "Jones ƿer" - "Jones the man", and "Mrs. Grey" - "Grǣġ ƿīf" - "Grey the woman". Otherwise, you could simply use the modern titles "Mr." and "Mrs." Some documented OE titles are: Bisċeop - bishop Brōðor - (used by itself by older monks for younger monks) Cyninġ - king Ealdormann - mayor, or same as "eorl" Eorl - lord, high ranking person Hlǣfdiġe - lady, queen Lēof - sir, dear (used to show respect) Munuc - monk Non - (used by itself by younger monks for older monks) Places - Stōƿa Where is...? - Hƿǣr is...? a hospital - lǣċehūs a hotel - gæsthūs; cumena inn an accommodation - ƿunung a toilet - nīedhūs; gangsetl; gangstol; gangpytt the city centre; downtown - þǣre byriġ sē middel the market - sēo ċēapstōƿ the police station - þæt burhƿeardhūs Is there... near here? - Is... nēah? I'm... - iċ eom... at home - æt hāme away - āƿeġ inside - on innanhealfe outside - on ūtanhealfe I'm going to... - Iċ gā tō...(dative noun) my friend's house - mīnes frēondes/frīend hūse your house - þīnum hūse Other words: (the) building - (þæt) bold; (se) timber (the) city - (sēo) burg (the) country - (þæt) ūppland (the) forest - (sē) ƿeald (the) hill - (sē) hyll (the) house - (þæt) hūs (the) mountain - (sē) beorg, (sē) munt (the) ocean - (sē) gārseċġ (the) sea - (sē/sēo) sǣ Family - Cynn I have... - Iċ hæbbe... a brother; two/three/four/five/six brothers - brōðor; tƿeġen/þrīe/fēoƿer/fīf/seox ġebrōðru a child; two/three/four/five/six children - ċild; tū/þrēo/fēoƿer/fīf/seox ċildru a daughter; two/three/four/five/six daughters - dōhtor; tƿā/þrēo/fēoƿer/fīf/seox dōhtra a sibling; two/three/four/five/six siblings - sibbling; tƿeġen/þrīe/fēoƿer/fīf/seox sibblingas a sister; two/three/four/five/six sisters - sƿeostor; tƿā/þrēo/fēoƿer/fīf/seox sƿeostora a son; two/three/four/five/six sons - sunu; tƿeġen/þrīe/fēoƿer/fīf/seox suna I don't have... - Iċ næbbe... any children - nǣngu ċildru any siblings - nǣnġe sibblingas a husband - ƿer a wife - ƿīf ... is dead - ... is dēad My father - Mīn fæder My grandfather - Mīn ealdorfæder My grandmother - Mīn ealdormōdor My mother - Mīn mōdor My grandparents are dead - Mīn ealdorfæder and mīn ealdormōdor sind dēad My parents are dead - Mīne ieldran sind dēade Food - Fōda I'm hungry - Mē hyngreð I'm thirsty - Mē þyrsteð I'd like to eat... - Iċ ƿille... etan a cake - ċeacan a meal - ġereord a muffin - cēċil an egg - æġ a scone - bannuc a vegetable - ƿyrte bacon - spiċ beef - hrīðer bread - hlāf breakfast - fæstenbriċe, morgenmete, undernġereord, undernmete, undernsƿǣsendu chicken - hāmhæne dinner - ǣfenġereord food - fōdan, ǣt fruit - ofet hare - haran lamb - lamm lunch - sƿǣsendu, dæġmete, middæġes ġereord meat - flǣsċmete mutton - sċǣp I'd like to drink... - Iċ ƿille... drincan a drink - drincan a fizzy drink - ƿapuldrincan a hot chocolate - ārbēandrenċ an alcoholic beverage - līþ ale - ealu beer - bēor coffee - deorcdrenċ fruit juice - ofetes sēaƿ goat's milk - gǣt meolce (herbal) tea - ƿyrtdrenċ juice - sēaƿ mead - meodu milk - meolce vodka - ƿæterlīþ water - ƿæter wine - ƿīn Where is...? - Hƿǣr is...? a cafe - deorcdrenċærn a fast food restaurant - arodǣtærn a market street - ċēapstrǣt an eatery - ǣtærn a restaurant - ǣthūs a shop - ċēapærn a supermarket - miċel ǣtċēaphūs a vege shop - ƿyrtċēaphūs the market - sēo ċēapstōƿ Could you please... that? - ... þū þæt lā. bake - Bac boil - Sēoð cook - Ġecōcsa fry - Abrǣd not cook - Ne ġecōcsa roast - Ahierst Religion - Þēodsċipe I'm... - Iċ eom... a Buddhist - Budden (new term) a Catholic - Rēmisċ Crīsten (new term) a Christian - Crīsten a Confucianist - leornungmann (m) Conges Þēodsċipes þæs Lārēoƿes (new term), Conginġ (m) (new term) a Germanic Pagan - Germanisċ Hǣðen (new term) a Hindu - Indiaþēodsċipen (new term), Hindu (m) (new term) a Jew - Ġudan (new term) a Muslim - Allahdōminġ (m) (new term), Musslim (m) (new term) a neo-pagan - nīƿhǣðen (new term) a New Ager - Nīƿyldmann (m) (new term) an Orthodox Christian - Ǣfæst Crīsten (m) (new term) a pagan - hǣðen a Protestant - Edhiƿodre Ċiriċre Crīsten (m) (new term) a spiritualist - gǣstedōmmann (new term) a Taoist - Ānfealdƿeġmann (new term), Taƿinġ (m) (new term) an atheist - godlēas (new term) a Wiccan - Nīƿƿiċċa (m) (for men) (new term), Nīƿƿiċċe (f) (for women) (new term) a witch - ƿiċċa (m) (for men), ƿiċċe (f) (for women) I'm a deist - Iċ ġelīefe þætte God nū on Middanġearde ne ƿyrce I'm agnostic - Iċ nāt ġif God sīe I'm hard agnostic (I do not believe that you can know if God exists) - Iċ ġelīefe þætte mann ne cunne ƿitan ġif God sīe I believe in... - Iċ ġelīefe on... astrology - steorƿiġlunge fate - ƿyrde God - Gode luck - ƿēasġelimpe magic - drēocræfte spirits - gǣstum spirituality - gǣstedōme the gods - þǣm godum the zodiac - ċirculcræfte Other words: Buddhism - Buddendōm (m) (new term) Catholicism - sēo Rēmisċe Ċiriċe (f) (new term) Christianity - Crīstendōm (m) Confucianism - Conges Þēodsċipe þæs Lārēoƿes (m) (new term) Germanic Paganism - Germanisċ Hǣðerdōm (m) (new term) Hinduism - Indiaþēodsċipe (m) (new term) Islam - Allahdōm (m) (new term) Judaism - Ġudandōm (m) (new tem) Neo-paganism - nīƿe hǣðendōm (m) (new term) New Ageism - Nīƿylddōm (m) (new term) Christian Orthodoxy - Ǣfæst Crīstendōm (m) (new term) Protestantism - sēo Edhiƿode Ċiriċe (f) (new term) Taoism - se Ānfealdƿeġ (m) (new term) Wicca - Nīƿƿiċċung (f) (new term) witchcraft - ƿiċċung (f) Transport - Oferferung I need to go somewhere - Iċ þearf gān ahƿider I need to go... - Iċ þearf gān... I want to go... - Iċ ƿille gān... east - ēast into the city - in þā burh north - norþ south - sūþ to the airport - tō þǣre lyfthæfene to the beach - tō þǣm strande to the city - tō þǣre byriġ to the hospital - tō þǣm lǣcehūse to the market - tō þǣre ċēapstōƿe to the port - tō þǣm porte west - ƿest Turn... - Ƿend... here - þider into that driveway - in þone hūsƿeġ (new term) into this driveway - in þisne hūsƿeġ (new term) left - tō þǣre ƿystran healfe now - nū right - tō þǣre sƿīðran healfe up this street... - in þās strǣte... .. on the right - on sƿīðran healfe on the left - on ƿynstran healfe Go straight ahead - Gā rihte forþ Stop! - Stand! Please drive fast, I'm in a hurry - Bidde þætte þū fare sƿifte, iċ eom on hrædinġe Where is...? - Hƿǣr is...? a bus stop - folcƿæġnsteall (new word) a train station - rōdƿæġnsteall (new word) the airport - sēo lyfthæfen the beach - strand the port - se port I travel... - Iċ fare...(accusative noun) by aeroplane - on lyftƿæġne (new term) by boat - on bāte by bicycle - on tƿihƿēole (new term) by camel - on olfende by cart - on cræte by chariot - on crætƿæġne, on sċride, on sċridƿæġne by car - on ƿæġne (new usage), on searuƿæġne (new term) by go-cart - on searucræte (new term) by horse - on horse by motorbike - on searutƿihƿǣle (new term) by plain - on lyftƿæġne (new term) by ship - on sċipe by wagon - on ƿæġne, on sċride I like to... - Iċ... ġeorne hurry - sċynde run - ierne sprint - rǣse walk - fēðe Other words: aeroplane - lyftƿæġn (m) (new term), flyhtsċrid (n) (new term) car - ƿæġn (m) (new usage) come (to) - cuman (cymþ, cƿōm, cƿōmon, cumen) fly (to) - flēogan (flēogeþ, flēah, flugon, flogen) go (to) - gān (iċ gā, þū gǣst, hē gǣþ, ƿē gāþ, ēode, gān) helicopter - ƿendfeðercræft (m) (new word), þƿera (m) (new word) transport (to) - oferferian (od) travel (to) - faran (færþ, fōr, fōron, faren) Education - Leornung I'm studying... - Iċ leorniġe... I teach... - Iċ tǣċe... Classical Greek - Eald Crēacisċ (new term) engineering - searucræft Gothic - Gotisċ (new term) history - stǣr languages - sprǣca Latin - Lǣden linguistics - sprǣċcræft (new term) literature - bōccræft mathematics - rīmcræft mechanics - ġetinġcræft, ƿeorccræft, orþancsċipe, ƿoruldƿeorces cræft, searucræft medicine - lǣċecræft Modern English - Nīƿe Englisċ Modern French - Nīƿe Frenċisċ Modern German - Nīƿe Hēahalamannisċ (new term) Modern Russian - Nīƿe Russisċ (new term) science - ƿitenacræft (new term) technology - searucræft How do you study? - Hū leornast þū? I go to.. - Iċ leorniġe... a course - be lārrine (new term) school - be scole university - be ēormengylde (new term) I study by correspondence - Iċ leorniġe þurh ǣrend I have... - Iċ hæbbe... a Bachelor's degree - hagostealdcartan (new term) a degree - lārcartan (new term) a diploma - lēafcartan (new term) a Doctor of Philosophy - ȳþƿitcartan (new term) a Master's degree - mæġistercartan (new term) a qualification - costnungcartan (new term) Health - Hǣlo How do you feel? - Hƿæt ġefrēdest þū? I feel... - Iċ ġefrēde... dizzy - sƿīman ill - sēocnesse nausea - ƿlǣtunge tired - ateorunge well - hǣlo I'm allergic to... - Mīn līċ ne cann... adrēogan egg - æġ gluten - līmtimber (new term) lactose - meolcsƿētunge (new term) milk - meolce pollen - bēobrēad sugar - sƿētunge (new term) wheat - hƿǣt Do you have any health problems? - Eart þū mid unhǣlo? I... - Iċ... am fine - eom ġesund am poisoned - eom ġeǣttrod am sick - eom sēoc am wounded - eom ġeƿundod have a broken bone - eom mid ġebrocodum bāne have a broken bone - eom mid ġebrocodum bāne have a broken arm - eom mid ġebrodocum earme have a broken finger - eom mid ġebrocodum fingre have a broken leg - eom mid ġebrodocum sċeancan have a broken rib - eom mid ġrbrocodum ribbum have a broken toe - eom mid ġebrocodre tān have a cold - eom mid ġepose have a cough - eom mid hƿōstan have a cut - eom ġeƿundod mid snide have a fever - hriðiġe have a graze - eom ġesċrepen have a headache - eom mid hēafodæċe have a migraine - eom mid healfes hēafdes æċe have an abscess - eom mid tōborstennesse have an ulcer - eom mid pocce have a tumour - eom mid heardum ġesƿelle have a virus - eom mid clēofangunde (new term) have blisters from poison - eom mid āttorġeblǣdum have cancer - eom mid cancerādle, eom mid bīte have chest pain - eom mid brēostƿræċe have diarrhea - eom mid ūtsihte have stomachache - eom mid magan ƿræċe Communication - Sprǣċ Do you speak...? - Spreċest þū...? I speak... - Iċ spreċe... Arabic - Arabisċ Chinese - Ċīnisċ (new term), Midrīċisċ (new term) Classical Latin - Bōclǣden Danish - Denisċ Dutch - Niðerlendisċ (new term), Holtlendisċ (new term) French - Frenċisċ Frisian - Frēsisċ Gaelic - Īrisċ, Sċyttisċ German - Alamannisċ (new term), Sƿǣfisċ (new term) Gothic - Gotisċ Greek - Crēacisċ Hebrew - Ebrēisċ Icelandic - Īslendisċ (new term), Thīlisċ (new term) Latin - Lǣden Low German - Seaxisċ Modern English - Nīƿe Englisċ Old English - Englisċ Norwegian - Norren Old Norse - Eald Norren (new term) Pihtisċ - Pictish Russian - Russisċ (new term) Spanish - Spēonisċ Swedish - Sƿēosprǣċe (new term) Welsh - Ƿēalisċ, Brytisċ What is your address? - Hƿǣr is þīn ƿunung? What is your postal code? - Hƿæt hāteþ þīn ǣrendġetæl (new term)? What is your phone number? - Hƿæt hāteþ þīn feorrsprecendġetæl (new term)? My phone number is... - Mīn feorrsprecendġetæl (new term) hāteþ... Do you have email? - Hafast þū speorcǣrend (new term)? What is your email address? - Hƿæt hāteþ þīn speorcǣrendnama (new term)? My email address is... - Mīn speorcǣrendnama (new term) hāteþ... What is your cellphone number? - Hƿæt hāteþ þīn handsprecendġetæl (new term)? My cellphone number is... - Mīn handsprecendġetæl (new term) hāteþ... Entertainment - Gamen What do you like? - Hƿæt lysteþ þec? What do you like doing? -Hƿæt lysteþ þeċ dōn? I like... - Meċ lysteþ... music - drēam to dance - sealtian, frician to listen to music - hīeran drēam to meet new people - mētan nīƿe hādas to paint - mētan to play American football - pleġan Ġeānedrīċisċne fōtþōðer (new term) to play Aussie rules - pleġan Sūþlendisċne fōtþōðer (new term) to play on the computer - mid þǣm spearctellende (new term) pleġan to play rugby - pleġan hrōcburhpleġan (new term) to play sports - pleġan pleġan to read - rǣdan to socialize - sibbian to sing - singan to write - ƿrītan I admire/am a fan of... - Iċ aƿundriġe... art - list movies - scēaƿspell (new term) music - drēam the theater - ƿæfernessa Science - Ƿitenacræft I am interested in... - Iċ carie ymbe... art - liste astronomy - tungolcræft foreign languages - fremda sprǣca geography - eardlandlāre (new term) geology - landcræft (new term) geometry - eorþġemet, eorþcræft grammar - stæfcræft, grammatisċcræft history - stǣr jurisprudence - ǣcræft liberal arts - bōccræft linguistics - sprǣċcræft (new term) logic - flītcræft magic - drȳcræft mathematics - rīmcræft medicine - lǣċecræft military science - beadocræft, gūþcræft, ƿīġcræft musical theory - drēamcræft poetry - lēoþcræft psychology - mōdlāre (new term) science - ƿitenacræft (new term) technology - searucræft Time and Date - Stund and Tælmearc What day is it? - Hƿelċ dæġ is hit tōdæġ? It's... - Hit is... tōdæġ. Monday - Mōnandæġ Tuesday - Tīƿesdæġ Wednesday - Ƿōdnesdæġ Thursday - Þunresdæġ Friday - Friġedæġ Saturday - Sæternesdæġ Sunday - Sunnandæġ What's the date today? - Hƿelċ tælmearc is hit tōdæġ? It's... – Hit is... tōdæġ. the third of January - se þridda dæġ þæs Ǣrran Ġēolan the first of the second two thousand and twelve - se forma dæġ þæs ōðres mōnaðes þæs tƿā þūsendoðan and tƿelftan ġēares What month is it? - Hƿelc mōnaþ is þes mōnaþ? It's... - Þes mōnaþ is... January - se Æfterra Ġēola, Ianuarius February - Solmōnaþ, Februarius March - Hlȳda, Hrēþmōnaþ, Martius April - Ēasterōnaþ, Aprēlis May - Þrīmilċe, Maius June - se Ǣrra Līða, Searmōnaþ, Iunius July - se Æfterra Līða, Mǣdmōnaþ, Iulius August - Ƿēodmōnaþ, Augustus September - Hāliġmōnaþ, Hærfestmōnaþ, September October - Ƿinterfylleþ, October November - Blōtmōnaþ, November December - se Ǣrra Ġēola, December What's the time? - Hƿelċ tīd is hit nū? It's... - Hit is... nū. one AM - sēo forme tīd þæs morgenes two AM - sēo ōðer tīd þæs morgenes three AM - sēo þridde tīd þæs morgenes four AM - sēo fēorðe tīd þæs morgenes daybreak - dæġrēd five AM - sēo fīfte tīd þæs morgenes six AM - sēo sixte tīd þæs morgenes seven AM - sēo seofoðe tīd ̈þæs morgenes eight AM - sēo eahotðe tīd þæs morgenes the morning - morgen nine AM - undern, sēo niġeðe tīd þæs morgenes ten AM - sēo tēoðe tīd þæs morgenes eleven AM - sēo endleofoðe tīd þæs morgenes midday - middæġ one PM - sēo forme tīd æfter middæġe two PM - sēo ōðer tīd æfter middæġe three PM - nōn, sēo þridde æfter middæġe the afternoon - ofernōn four PM - sēo fēorðe tīd æfter middæġe five PM - sēo fīfte tīd æfter middæġe six PM - sēo sixte tīd æfter middæġe evening - ǣfen seven PM - sēo seofoðe tīd æfter middæġe eight PM - sēo eahtoðe tīd æfter middæġe nine PM - fōranniht, sēo nigoðe tīd æfter middæġe ten PM - sēo tēoðe tīd æfter middæġe eleven PM - sēo endleofoðe tīd æfter middæġe midnight - tō midre nihte It's... - Hit is... nū. five past one - fīf tīdincla (new term) æfter þǣre forman tīde quarter past one - prican æfter þǣre forman tīde half past one - healfre tīde æfter þǣre forman tīde quarter to two - prican fōre þǣre ōðerre tīde Countries - Land I am... - Iċ eom... Abkhazian - Apslendisċ (new term), Abhasisċ (new term) Afghan - Affganisċ (new term) African - Affricisċ Albanian - Albanisċ (new term) Algerian - Alġerisċ (new term) American (of the United States) - Ġeānedrīċisċ (new term); (of the Americas) Ƿīnlendisċ Andorran - Andorrisċ (new term) Angolisċ (new term) Antiguan - Gamolīġisċ (new term), Antigƿisċ (new term) Arabian - Arabisċ Argentine - Seolforlendisċ (new term), Argentinisċ (new term) Armenian - Armenisċ Asian - Asisċ (new term) Austrian - Ēastrīċisċ (new term) Australian - Sūþlendisċ (new term), Aƿstralisċ (new term) Azerbaijani - Aturpatlendisċ (new term), Aserbæġċġanisċ (new term) Bahamian - Undēopīġisċ (new term), Bahamisċ (new term) Bahraini - Tƿisǣīġisċ (new term), Bahræġnisċ (new term) Bangladeshi - Bangladesċisċ (new term) Barbadian - Sūþbeardīġisċ (new term), Barbadisċ (new term) Barbudan - Norþbeardīġisċ (new term), Barbudisċ (new term) Basotho - Soþþolendisċ (new term) Basque - Bascisċ (new term) Batswana - Ċiƿanisċ (new term) Belarusian - Hƿītrussisċ (new term) Belgian - Belgicisċ (new term) Belizean - Belisisċ (new term) Beninese - Beninisċ (new term) Berber - Æðellibisċ (new term), Amasigisċ (new term), Masyisċ (new term), Berberisċ (new term) Bhutanese - Þūrƿyrmlendisċ (new term), Druciulisċ (new term), Butanisċ (new term) Bissau-Guinean - Norþgynēisċ (new term), Bissaƿgynēisċ (new term) Bolivian - Bolifisċ (new term) Bosnian - Bosnisċ Brazilian - Brasilisċ (new term) British (United Kingdom) - Ġeānedcynerīċisċ (new term) British (Welsh) - Brytisċ, Ƿēalisċ Bruneian - Bruneġisċ (new term) Bulgarian - Bulgarisċ (new term) Burkinabé - Ārlendisċ (new term), Burcinaffassƿisċ (new term) Burmese - Burmisċ (new term) Cambodian - Cambodisċ (new term) Cameroonian - Sċrimmlendisċ (new term), Camerōnisċ (new term) Canadian - Canatisċ (new term), Canadisċ (new term), Þorplendisċ (new term) Chadian - Ċædisċ (new term), Laglendisċ (new term) Chilean - Ċilisċ (new term) Chinese - Ċīnisċ (new term), Midrīċisċ (new term) Colombian - Colombisċ (new term), Culfrlendisċ (new term) Comoran - Mōnīġisċ (new term)m Comorisċ (new term) Congolese - Congƿisċ (new term) Congolese-Brazzaville - Norþcongƿisċ (new term) Congolese-Kinshasa - Sūþcongƿisċ (new term) (a) Cook Islander - Cōcīġisċ (new term) Cornish - Cornƿilisċ (new term) Croatian - Croƿātaland (n) (new term) Cuban - Cubisċ (new term) Cypriot - Cyprisċ (new term) (a) Czech - Ċekisċ (new term) Danish - Denisċ Djibouti - Ċibutisċ (new term) Dominican (Dominica) - Sunndæġlendisċ (new term), Dominikisċ (new term) Dominican (Dominican Republic) - Dryhtenlendisċ (new term), Dominikisċ (new term) Dutch - Niðerlendisċ (new term), Holtlendisċ (new term) East Timorese - Ēastēastīġisċ (new term), Ēasttimorisċ (new term) Ecuadorean - Midmearclendisċ (new term), Ecƿadorisċ (new term) Egyptian - Ægyptisċ Emirati - Eorlarabisċ (new term), Ġeānedarabeorldōmisċ (new term), Emiratisċ English - Englisċ Equatorial Guinean - Midmearcgyēnisċ (new term) Eritrean - Rēadsǣlendisċ (new term), Eritrēisċ (new term) Estonian - Ēstisċ (new term) Ethiopian - Siġelhearƿen European - Europisċ (new term) Fijian - Fiċġīġisċ (new term) Finnish - Finnisċ (new term) French - Frenċisċ Gabonese - Hedenlendisċ (new term), Gabonisċ (new term) Gambian - Cābƿisċ (new term) Georgian - Cartlendisċ (new term), Georgisċ (new term) German - Alamannisċ (new term) Ghanaian - Gūþcynglendisċ (new term), Ganisċ (new term) Greek - Crēacisċ (a) Greendlander - Grēnlendisċ (new term) Grenadian - Grenadisċ (new term) Guatemalan - Ƿealdlendisċ (new term), Gƿatemalisċ (new term) Guinean - Gynēisċ (new term) Guyanese - Felaƿæterlendisċ (new term), Guianisċ (new term) Haiti - Beorglendisċ (new term), Haġitisċ (new term) Herzegovinian - Heretoglendisċ (new term) Honduran - Dēoplendisċ (new term), Hondurisċ (new term) Hungarian - Ungerlendisċ (new term), Ungerisċ (new term) (an) Icelander - Īslendisċ (new term), Thīlisċ (new term) I-Kiribati - Ġīsilbeorhtīġisċ (new term) Indian - Indisċ Indonesian - Indīġisċ (new term) Iranian - Persisċ Iraqi - Irācisċ (new term) Irish - Īrisc Israeli - Israhēlisċ (new term) Italian - Italisċ (new term), Ēotolisċ (new term) Ivorian - Elpenbānstrandisċ (new term) Jamaican - Ƿealdƿæterlendisċ (new term), Hæġmacisċ (new term) Japanese - Sunnlendisċ (new term), Iapanisċ (new term) Jewish - Iudēisċ Jordanian - Iordanisċ (new term) (a) Kazakh - Ċeorllendisċ (new term), Kasahstǣnisċ (new term) Kenyan - Hƿītbeorglendisċ (new term), Keniġisċ (new term) (a) Khmer - Cmerisċ (new term) Kittian - Crīstophorusisċ (new term), Crīstophorusīġisċ (new term), Sanctecrīstophorusīġisċ (new term) Korean - Corēisċ (new term) Kosovan - Ōslfeldisċ (new term), Cosofƿisċ Kuwaiti - Ƿæterbyrġisċ (new term), Cuƿæġtisċ (new term) Kyrgyzstani - Fēoƿertiġþēodisċ (new term), Cyrgysisċ (new term) Laotian - Laƿsisċ (new term) Latvian - Latfisċ (new term) Lebanese - Hƿītstōƿisċ (new term) Liberian - Frēolendisċ (new term), Liberisċ (new term) Libian - Libisċ (new term) (a) Liechtensteiner - Lēohtenstǣnisċ (new term) Lithuanian - Liþþƿanisċ (new term) (a) Luxembourger - Luxemburgisċ (new term) Macedonian - Mæcedonisċ Malawian - Bryneƿæterlendisċ (new term), Malaƿisċ (new term) Malaysian - Malæġisċ (new term) Malaysian (ethnic) - Malæġþēodisc (new term) Maldivian - Reċedīġisċ (new term), Maldifisċ (new term) Malian - Malisċ (new term) Maltese - Huniġlendisċ (new term), Matlisċ (new term) Maori - Māƿrisċ (new term) Marshallese - Mearhsċealcīġisċ (new term), Mærsċallisċ (new term) Mauritanian - Maƿrlendisċ (new term), Maƿritanisċ (new term) Mexican - Mexicƿisċ (new term) Micronesian - Lytelīġisċ (new term), Micronesisċ (new term) Moldovan - Moldofisċ (new term) Monegasque - Ānbotlisċ (new term), Monacƿisċ (new term) Mongolian - Mongolisċ (new term) Montenegrin - Blæċbeorgisċ (new term) Moroccan - Ƿestrīċisċ (new term), Moroccisċ (new term), Godlendisċ (new term) Mozambican - Mosambikisċ (new term) Nagorno-Karabakhan - Nagornocarabahisċ (new term) Namibian - Sūþƿestaffricisċ (new term), Namiblendisċ (new term), Nāƿihtlendisċ (new term), Namibisċ (new term) Nepalese - Cūhirdlendisċ (new term), Nepalisċ (new term) Nevisian - Snāƿƿolcenīġisċ (new term), Nefisċ (new term) (a) New Zealander - Nīƿsǣlendisċ (new term) Nicaraguan - Nicaroƿæterlendisċ (new term), Nacaragƿisċ (new term) Nigerian - Sūþgirlendisċ (new term), Nigerianisċ (new term) Nigerien - Norþgirlendisċ (new term), Nigerisċ (new term) Niuean - Niƿēisċ (new term) North Korean - Norþcorēisċ (new term) Northern Cypriot - Norþcyprisċ (new term) Norwegian - Norren Omani - Omanisċ (new term) Pakistani - Clǣnlendisċ (new term), Pacistǣnisċ (new term) Palauan - Belaƿisċ (new term) Palestinian - Palestīnisċ (new term) Panamanian - Panamisċ (new term) Papua New Guinean - Nīƿgynēisċ (new term), Papƿisċ (new term), Ēastpapƿisċ (new term), Papƿanīƿgynēisċ (new term) Paraguayan - Paragƿæġisċ (new term) Peruvian - Perƿisċ (new term) Philippine - Philipusīġisċ (new term), Æðelīġisċ (new term), Ēabūendlendisċ (new term) Polish - Ƿīslelendisċ (new term), Polisċ (new ter,) Portuguese - Portugalisċ (new term) Puerto Rican - Rīcportisċ (new term), Pƿertorikisċ (new term) Qatari - Catarisċ (new term) Quebecois - Kebekisċ (new term) Romanian - Datisċ (new term), Rūmanisċ (new term) Russian - Russisiċ (new term) Rwandan - Ruƿandisċ (new term) Sahrawi - Norþƿestæffricƿēstisċ (new term), Sahrāƿisċ (new term) Saint Lucian - Sanctaluciaīġisċ (new term) Salvadorian - Hǣlendlendisċ (new term), Salfadorisċ (new term) Sammarinese - Sanctemarniusīġisċ (new term) Samoan - Samƿisċ (new term) Santomean - Thomasisċ (new term), Thomasīġisċ (new term), Sanctethomasīġisċ (new term) Saudi Arabian - Saƿdarabisċ (new term) Scottish - Sċyttisċ Seychellois - Seġċellisċ (new term) Senegalese - Senagisċ (new term), Senegalisċ (new term) Serbian - Serbisċ (new term) Siberian - Siberisċ (new term) Sierra Leonean - Lēobeorġisċ (new term) Singaporean - Lēobyrġisċ (new term), Singaporisċ (new term) Slovakian - Norþslafisċ (new term), Slofacisċ (new term) Slovenian - Slaflendisċ (new term) (a) Solomon Islander - Salomonīġisċ (new term), Salomonisċ (new term) Somali - Somalisċ (new term) (a) Somalilander - Norþsomalisċ (new term) South African - Sūþaffricisċ (new term) South Korean - Sūþcorēisċ (new term) South Ossetian - Sūþossetisċ (new term) South Sudanese - Sūþblæclendisċ (new term), Sūþsudanisċ (new term) Sri Lankan - Deprobanisċ (new term) Spanish - Spēonisċ, Ispānisċ Sudanese - Blæċlendisċ (new term), Sudanisċ (new term) Surinamese - Surinisċ (new term) Swazi - Sƿatisċ (new term), Sƿatilendisċ (new term) Swedish - Sƿēoþēodisċ (new term) Swiss - Sƿitsisċ (new term) Syrian - Syrisċ Taiwanese - Tæġƿanisċ (new term) Tajikistani - Tasikisċ (new term), Tasikalendisċ (new term), Tasikistǣnisċ (new term) Tanzanian - Tanganiġicablæċstrandisċ (new term), Tansanisċ (new term) Thai - Tæġisċ (new term) Tibetan - Tibetisċ (new term) Tobagonian - Rēocƿēodīġisċ (new term), Tobagisċ (new term) Togolese - Stæþlendisċ (new term), Togƿisċ (new term) Tongan - Tongisċ (new term) Transnistrian - Deniestrlendisċ (new term) Trinidadian - Þrȳnessīġisċ (new term), Trinidadisċ (new term) Tunisian - Tunisisċ (new term), Tunislendisċ (new term) Turkish - Turcisċ (new term) Turkmenistani - Turclīċ, Turclīċlendisċ (new term), Turcmenilendisċ (new term), Turcmenisċ (new term), Turcmenistǣnisċ (new term) Tuvaluan - Eahtaīġisċ (new term), Tufalƿisċ (new term) Ukrainian - Ucræġnisċ (new term) Ugandan - Godsibblendisċ (new term), Godsibbisċ (new term), Gandisċ (new term) Uruguayan - Sċilfisċflōdisċ (new term), Urugæġisċ (new term) Uzbekistan - Frēomanlendisċ (new term), Usbecalendisċ (new term), Usbekistǣnisċ (new term) Vanuatuan - Fanƿatƿisċ (new term) Venezuelan - Fenesƿelisċ (new term) Vietnamese - Sūtfietisċ (new term), Fietnamisċ (new term) Vincentian - Santefincentiusīġisċ (new term), Fincentisċ (new term) Welsh - Ƿilisċ, Brytisċ Yemeni - Ġemenisċ (new term) Yugoslavian - Sūþslafisċ (new term), Iugoslafisċ (new term) Zambian - Sambesisċ (new term), Sambeselendisċ (new term) Zimbabwean - Stānhoflendisċ (new term), Simbabƿisċ (new term) Place name names: Abkhazia - Apsland (n) (new term), Abhasia (f indec) (new term) Afghanistan - Affganland (n) (new term), Affganistān (m) (new term) Africa - Affrica (f indeclinable), Affircaland (n) Albania - Albania (f indec) (new term) Algeria - Algerland (n) (new term), Algeria (f indec) (new term) America (United States) - Ġeāndu Rīcu Ƿīnlandes (n pl) (new term) Andorra - Andorra (f indec) (new term) Angolia - Angolland (n) (new term), Angolia (f indec) (new term) Antiguan - Gamolīġa (f pl) (new term), Antigƿa (f indec) (new term) Arabian - Arabia (f indec) Argentine - Seolforland (n) (new term), Argentina (f indec) (new term) Armenian - Armenia (f indec) Asia - Asia (f indec) Austria - Ēastrīċe (n) (new term) Australia - Sūþland (n) (new term), Aƿstralia (f indec) (new term) Azerbaijan - Aturpatland (n) (new term), Aserbæġċġan (n) (new term) Bahamas - Undēopīġa (f pl) (new term), Bahamaīġa (f pl) (new term) Bahrain - Tƿisǣīġ (f) (new term), Bahræġn (n) (new term) Bangladesh - Bangladesċ (n) (new term) Barbadin - Sūþbeardīġ (f) (new term), Barbadīġ (f) (new term) Barbuda - Norþbeardīġ (f) (new term), Barbudīġ (f) (new term) Basque country - Bascland (n) (new term) Belarus - Hƿītrussland (n) (new term) Belgium - Belgica (f indec) Belizean - Belise (n) (new term) Beninese - Benin (n) (new term) Bhutan - Þūrƿyrmland (n) (new term), Druciul (n) (new term), Butan (n) (new term) Bissau-Guinean - Norþgynisċ (new term), Bissaƿgynisċ (new term) Bolivia - Bolifarland (n) (new term), Bolifia (f indec) (new term) Bosnian - Bosnaland (n) (new term), Bosnia (f indec) (new term) Botswana - Ċiƿanland (n) (new term) Brazil - Brasil (n) (new term) Britain - Bretland (n), Breoton (f) Bruneian - Bruneġ (n) (new term) Bulgaria - Bulgarland (n) (new term) Burkina Faso - Ārland (n) (new term), Burcinaffasso (n) (new term) Burma - Burma (f indec) (new term) Cambodia - Cambodia (f indec) (new term) Cameroon - Sċrimmland (n) (new term), Camerōn (n) (new term) Canada - Canata (f indec) (new term), Canada (f indec) (new term), Þorpland (n) (new term) Chad - Ċæd (n) (new term), Lagland (n) (new term) Chile - Ċile (n) (new term) China - Ċīna (f indec) (new term), Midrīċe (n) (new term) Colombia - Colombia (f indec) (new term), Culfrland (n) (new term) Comoran - Mōnīġisċ (new term), Comorisċ (new term) Congo - Congo (n) (new term) Congolese-Brazzaville - Norþcongƿisċ (new term) Congolese-Kinshasa - Sūþcongƿisċ (new term) Cook Islands - Cōcīġa (f pl) (new term) Cornwall - Cornƿeal (m) Croatia - Croƿātaland (n) (new term) Cuba - Cuba (f indec) (new term) Cyprus - Cyprus (m indec) (new term) Czech Republic - Ċekland (n) (new term) Denmark - Denemearc (f) Djibouti - Ċibute (n) (new term) Dominica - Sunndæġland (n) (new term), Dominica (f indec) (new term) Dominican Republic - Dryhtenland (n) (new term), Dominikisċ Cyneƿīse (f) (new term) East Timor - Ēastēastīġ (f) (new term), Ēasttimor (n) (new term) Ecuadorean - Midmearcland (n) (new term), Ecƿador (n) (new term) Egyptian - Ægypte (m nat pl) England - Englaland (n), Engle (m nat pl) Equatorial Guinea - Midmearcgynēa (f indec) Eritrea - Rēadsǣland (n) (new term), Eritrēa (f indec) (new term) Estonian - Ēste (m nat pl) Ethiopian - Siġelhearƿenarīċe (n), Ethiopia (f indec), Ethiopialand (n) European - Europe (f indec) Fiji - Fiċġīġā (f pl) (new term) Finland - Finnland (n) (new term), Finnas (m pl) France - Francencarīċe (n), Galliarīċe (n), Francland (n) Gabon - Hedenlendisċ (new term), Gabonisċ (new term) Gambia - Cābuland (n) (new term) Georgia - Cartland (n) (new term), Georgia (f indec) (new term) German - Alamanne (m nat pl) Ghanaian - Gūþcynġland (n) (new term), Gania (f indec) (new term) Greece - Grēcland (n) Greendland - Grēnland (n) (new term) Grenadia - Grenada (f indec) (new term) Guatemala - Ƿealdland (n) (new term), Gƿatemala (f indec) (new term) Guinea - Gynēa (f indec) (new term) Guyana - Felaƿæterland (n) (new term), Guiana (f indec) (new term) Haiti - Beorgland (n) (new term), Haġite (n) (new term) Herzegovina - Heretogland (n) (new term) Honduras - Dēopland (n) (new term), Honduras (n) (new term) Hungarian - Ungerland (n) Iceland - Īsland (n) (new term), Thīla (f indec), Tȳle (f indec) India - India (f indec), Indialand (n) Indonesia - Indīġā (f indec) (new term) Iran - Persia (f indec), Perse (m nat pl), Persēas (m nat pl), Persida (f indec), Persēarīċe (n) Iraq - Irāc (n) (new term) Ireland - Īrland (n0 Israel - Israhēlas (m pl) Italian - Itala (f indec), Ēotolƿaru (f) Ivory Coast - Elpenbānstrand (m) (new term) Jamaica - Ƿealdƿæterland (n) (new term), Hæġmaca (f indec) (new term) Japanese - Sunnland (n) (new term), Iapan (n) (new term) Jordan - Iordanland (n) (new term) Kazakhstan - Ċeorlland (n) (new term), Kasahstān (m) (new term) Kenya - Hƿītbeorgland (n) (new term), Kenia (f indec) (new term) Kiribati - Ġīsilbeorhtīġa (f pl) Korea - Corēa (f indec) (new term) Kosovo - Ōslfeld (m u-stem) (new term), Cosofo (n) (new term) Kuwait - Ƿæterburh (f i-mut) (new term), Cuƿæġt (n) (new term) Kyrgyzstani - Fēoƿertiġþēodland (n) (new term), Cyrgysstān (m) (new term) Laotian - Laƿs (n) (new term) Latvia - Latfimearc (f), Latfia (f indec) Lebanon - Hƿītstōƿ (f) Lesotho - Soþþoland (n) (new term) Liberian - Frēoland (n) (new term), Liberia (f indec) (new term) Libian - Libia (f indec) Liechtenstein - Lēohtenstān (m) (new term) Lithuania - Liþþƿaland (n) (new term), Liþþƿania (f indec) (new term) Luxembourg - Luxemburg (f i-mut) (new term) Macedonia - Mæcedonia (f indec) Malawi - Bryneƿæterland (n) (new term), Malaƿe (n) (new term) Malaysia - Malæġaland (n) (new term) Maldivian - Reċedīġa (f pl) (new term), Maldifīġa (f pl) (new term) Malian - Male (n) (new term) Maltese - Huniġland (n) (new term), Malta (f indec) (new term) Marshallese - Mearhsċealcīġā (f pl_ (new term), Mærsċallīġa (f indec) (new term) Mauritanian - Maƿrland (n) (new term), Maƿritania (f indec) (new term) Mexican - Mexico (n) (new term) Micronesian - Lytelīġa (f pl) (new term), Micronesia (f indec) (new term) Moldova - Moldofaland (n) (new term), Moldofa (f indec) (new term) Monaco - Ānbotlland (n) (new term), Monaco (n) (new term) Mongolia - Mongolaland (n) (new term), Mongolia (f indec) Montenegrin - Blæċbeorg (m) (new term) Morocco - Ƿestrīċe (n) (new term), Morocco (n) (new term), Godland (n) (new term) Mozambican - Mosambik (n) (new term) Nagorno-Karabakh - Nagornocarabahland (n) (new term) Namibia - Sūþƿestaffrica (f indec) (new term), Namibland (n) (new term), Nāƿihtland (n) (new term), Namibia (f indec) (new term) Nepal - Cūhirdland (n) (new term), Nepal (n) (new term) New Zealand - Nīƿe Sǣland (n) (new term) Nicaraguan - Nicaroƿæterland (n) (new term), Nacaragƿa (f indec) (new term) Nigeria - Sūþgirland (n) (new term), Nigeria (f indec) (new term) Niger - Norþgirland (n) (new term), Niger (n) (new term) Niue - Niƿe (n) (new term) North Korea - Norþcorēa (f indec) (new term) Northern Cyprus - Norþcyprus (m indec) (new term) Norway - Norƿeġ (m) St Kitts and Nevis - Crīstophorīġ (f) and Snāƿƿolcenland (n) (new term), Crīstophorīġ (f) and Nefis (n) (new term) Old - Modern English ādl (f) – disease Affric (ad) – African Affrica (f indeclinable/irregular sf/wm) – Africa Affricanisċ (ad) – African Affricisċ (ad) – African Asia (f indeclinable/w) - Asia Asianisċ (ad) (new term) - Asian Asisċ (ad) (new term) - Asian æġ (n; plural forms have "-r-" between the stem and grammatical ending) – egg bān (m) – bone bāt (m) – boat bēobrēad (n) – pollen bīte (m) – bite; cancer blōma (m) - metal Budden (ad) (new term) - Buddhist Buddendōm (m) (new term) - Buddhism burg (f) (possessive singular and nominative plural: byriġ) cachūs (n) - toilet cancer (m) - cancer cancerādl (f) - cancer ċeace (f) - cake clēofangund (n) (new term) - virus Crīsten (ad) - Christian Crīstendōm (m) - Christianity Crīstenmann (m) (genitive singular and nominative plural: -menn) cēċil (m) - cake cȳċel (m) - cake dēad (ad) - dead deorcdrenċ (m) (new term) - coffee deorcdrenċbēan (f) - coffee bean deorcdrenċhūs (n) (new term) - cafe earm (m) - arm ēast - towards the east, east Europe (f indeclinable) - Europe Europeanisċ (ad) - European Europisċ (ad) (new term) - European Europeland (n) - Europe finġer (m)- finger flyhtsċrid (n) (new term) - aeroplane gāst (m) - spirit gǣstedōm (m) - spirituality ġelīefan (ed) - to believe ġelīefan on (+dative) - to believe in, to believe on ġereord (n) - food; meal ġeƿos (n) - common cold, head cold God (m) - God god (n) - god gōd (ad) (betera, betst) - good gold (n) - gold (metal) gylden (ad) - made of gold hǣðen (ad) - heather, pagan hēafodæċe (m) - headache healfes hēafdes æċe (m) - migraine heard ġesƿell (n) - tumour hēr (av) - here hors (n) - horse hungriġ (ad) - hungry hūs (n) - house; building hƿǣr (av) - where? hƿǣte (m) - wheat hƿōsta (m) - cough iċ (pronoun) (accusative: meċ, mē; dative: mē; genitive: mīn) - I Indiaþēodsċipe (m) (new term) Hinduism īs (n) - ice īsen (n) - iron; an implement made of iron lǣċa (m) - doctor lǣċedōm (m) - medicine lǣċehūs (n) - hospital leorniġan (od) - to learn lyfthæfen (f) (new term) - airport lyftƿæġn (m) (new term) - aeroplane magan ƿræċ (m) - stomach ache mann (m) (genitive singular and nominative plural: menn) - man; human; person mē - (see "iċ) meċ - (see "iċ) medu (m) - mead mennisċ (ad) - human meolc (f) - milk norþ - towards the north, north Norþƿīnland (n) (new term) - North America nū (av) - now olfend (m) - camel port (m) - port ribb (n) - rib sċeanca (m) - leg sċip (n) - ship snāƿ (m) - snow snide (m) - cut standan (stōd; standen) - to stand; to come to a stop, to stop stēl (n) - steel tōborstenness (f) - abscess þǣr (av) - there þǣr is/sind - there is/are þider (av) - there, to there þurstiġ (ad) - thirsty unhǣlo (f indeclinable) - health problem, bad health ūtsiht (f) - diarrhea pocc (m) - ulcer rīmcræft (m) - mathematics, arithmetic sċolu (f) - school; group of people searutƿihƿēol (m) (new term) - motorbike sēocness (f) - sickness seolfor (n) - silver (metal) seolfren (ad) - made of silver strand (m) - beach; shore sūþ - towards the south, south Sūþland (n) (new usage) - Australia Sūþlendisċ (ad) (new term) - Australian Sūþƿīnland (n) (new term) - South America tƿihƿēol (m) (new term) - bicycle ƿæter (n) - water ƿēasġelimp (n) - luck, chance ƿest (av) - towards the west, west ƿiċċa (wm) - (male) witch ƿiċċe (wf) - (female) witch ƿīn (n) - wine Ƿīnland (n) (new term) - all of America, the Americas Ƿīnlendisċ (ad) - American, pertaining to the Americas ƿyrd (f) - fate yfel (ad) (ƿirsa, ƿirst) - bad