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Polish/Instrumental case

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Narzędnik (Instrumental) The instrumental case in Polish is used in the following situations: Indicates the object of a sentence when it is used with certain verbs, prepositions, or phrases. Idę z Piotrem. - I'm going with Piotr. (Piotrem is in the instrumental case) Used for sentences of the type "to jest …" when the subject is not a pronoun. To jest moim domem. - This is my house. (moim domem is in the instrumental case) Indicates the means or way something is done. Piszę długopisem. - I'm writing with a pen. (długopisem is in the instrumental case) The instrumental case answers the questions with who? (z kim?) and with what? (z czym?). Singular The singular form of the instrumental case is formed by adding specific endings to the nominative form. Noun Declension See Polish/Hard and soft consonants Gender Ending Examples Masculine -em (after a hard consonant), -iem (after a soft consonant) chłopakiem, kotem, psem, komputerem, stołem Neuter -em (after a hard consonant), -iem (after a soft consonant) dzieckiem, piwem, spotkaniem, imieniem, muzeum Feminine -ą (after a hard consonant), -ią (after a soft consonant) dziewczyną, kawą, mrówką, panią, miłością, myszą Adjective Declension Gender Ending Examples Masculine/Neuter -ym (after a hard consonant), -im (after a soft consonant) dużym, małym, dobrym, wysokim, długim, drogim Feminine -ą (after a hard consonant), -ią (after a soft consonant) dużą, małą, dobrą, wysoką, długą, drogą Plural In the plural form, nouns in Polish are declined based on gender, either as virile (masculine personal) or nonvirile (masculine animate, masculine inanimate, feminine, and neuter). Noun Declension Gender Ending Examples Virile -ami chłopakami, kotami, psami, komputerami, stołami Nonvirile -ami dziewczynami, kawami, mrówkami, paniąmi, miłościami, myszami Adjective Declension Gender Ending Examples Virile -ymi dużymi, małymi, dobrymi, wysokimi, długimi, drogimi Nonvirile -ymi dużymi, małymi, dobrymi, wysokimi, długimi, drogimi Personal Pronouns English Instrumental I mną you (singular) tobą he nim she nią it nim we nami you (plural) wami they (masculine or mixed gender) nimi they (feminine) nimi Possessive Pronouns Gender my, mine your, yours (singular) your, yours (plural) our, oursSingular Masculine moim twoim waszym naszym Neuter moim twoim waszym naszym Feminine moją twoją waszą nasząPlural Virile moimi twoimi waszymi naszymi Nonvirile moimi twoimi waszymi naszymi