Proto-Turkic/Vocabulary 2

Welcome to tenth lesson of Proto-Turkic! This is the second of vocabulary lesson and in this lesson we will improve our vocabulary. Vocabulary Let's start with a text. green Yạrïn blue ōtagïmïŕnï brown buŕsa red köčme(k) üčün purple ătïmïŕka grey olturtuorange muŕ. blue Teŋride green küneĺ grey bār, purple bulut brown yōk orange erti. brown Eligimiŕ bi(r)le green köŕümüŕni purple kapma(k)dan pink ālïmïŕnï red körmese sǖrtüorange müŕ. orange Ïsïg red erti. brown Yẹ̄miĺč pink ạlmïĺ ertiorange miŕ, green biŕte bōlmagan grey sub purple erti. red Kạrïnïmïŕ brown tōlï, green tilimiŕ pink kūrïk orange erti. purple Kȫl green tăpmasa ertiorange miŕ, red ölür ertiorange miŕ. orange Teŋri red sạkïdï. Translation: green Today (morning) orange we grey mounted purple our horses red to migrate brown while gathering blue our tents. grey There orange was green sun blue in the sky, (but) brown there orange were brown no purple clouds. orange We red couldn't see pink in front of us purple by covering green our eyes brown with our hands. red It (the weather) was orange hot. orange We pink took brown food (with us), green what we didn't have purple was grey water. red Our stomach orange was brown full (but) green our tongue orange was pink dry. orange We red would die green if orange we green didn't find purple a lake. orange God red forbad.Since plurality is a controversial issue in Proto-Turkic, plural cases other than pronouns are written in singular in this text. There is no previously unprocessed grammar in the text. The body parts mentioned in the text are given below. Simple verbs come right after it. Words related to time will be explained in the next lesson. Parts of body alt=Yüzün Bölümleri|thumb|Parts of Face in Proto-Turkic English Proto-Turkic head *baĺč face *yǖŕ hair *s(i)ač eyebrow *k(i)āĺč eyelash *kirpik eye *köŕ ear *kulkak nose *burun (Shaz)*sumsa (Lir) lip *tōtak mouth *agïŕ tongue *til chin *ēŋek alt=Vücudun bölümleri|thumb|Parts of Body in Proto-Turkic English Proto-Turkic neck *bōyn (shaz?) throat *boguŕ Adam's apple *bogurdak shoulder *omuŕ*egin shoulder blade *yarïn breast *kögüŕ*tȫĺ breast (female) *čičig arm, hand *kol forearm *kar elbow *čïkan(ak) belly *kạrïn waist *bẹ̄l(k) hand *elig handful *ạbuč finger *biarŋak fingernail *tïrŋak anus, buttocks *köt leg, thigh *būt (shaz) thigh, hip *satan calf of leg *b(i)altïr (shaz) foot *adak sole *tāpan Basic Verbs English Proto-Turkic to take *ạl- to give *bēr- to come *kẹl- to go (away) *bar-, *kē(y)t- to walk *yorï-/*yüri- to organize, make *ēt- to do, make *kïl- to know (something) *bil- to know (someone) *tạnu- to sit *oltur- to stand *tur- to stay behind, remain *kiāl- to put, leave, abandon *kod- to put, throw *sal- to live *tīri- to see *kör- to look, watch *bạk- to hear *ẹĺit- to speak *kele-, *seble- to say *tē- to say, tell; to ask, demand *ạyït- to touch *tẹg- to eat *yē- to migrate *köč- The exception of the palatals We've talked about this before. However, as we start to learn new words, we need to mention it again, as it is a situation that you will encounter more and more. Contrast noun-verb You may have noticed above. Aren't the word *köŕ and the word *kör- similar? Similar? Only when it is noun the r sound is palatal, when it is a verb it is not palatal. Some words in Turkic have both noun and verb forms. For some reason, when the r sound, which is palatal in some words, is at the end, it lacks palatal in the verb form. *köŕ (“eye”) but *kör- (“to see”) *semiŕ (“fat”) but *semir- (“to fatten”) *kūtuŕ (“mad, enraged”) but *kūtur- (“to become mad, rage”) Contrast without suffix-with suffix Some words with suffixes are without palatal. But when there is no suffix, it is palatal. *sakïŕ (“gum, resin”) but *sakïrtka (“tick (animal)”) (The existence of an r-form in a Shaz language is sufficient to prove that the word belongs to the Proto-Turkic language. Because if there was a formation formed in Shaz Turkic, it would be sakïz+tka=sakïztka. But this word is not in that form because it was formed in the Proto period.) *boguŕ (“throat”) but *bogurdak (“Adam's apple”) Grammar In an agglutinative language, suffixes form the structure of the language. There are two types of suffixes. Inflectional suffixes Inflectional suffixes are suffixes that do not change the structure. Suffixes such as plural suffixes, case suffixes, tense suffixes are inflectional suffixes. Verbs can take tenses only once. If the latter is needed, it is provided with an auxiliary verb. Derivational suffixes Derivational suffixes are suffixes that change the structure. All suffixes in the seventh lesson are derivational suffixes. Verbals are also derivational suffixes (The meaning of if mentioned in the lesson verbals is not a derivational suffix.). It is debatable whether the negative suffix is a derivational suffix. Next lesson: Equative, instrumental and imperatives