Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/Bradbury-Nielsen shutter

right|thumb|200 px|Schematic top view of a Bradbury-Nielsen shutter with voltages on (deflecting). A Bradbury-Nielsen shutter (or Bradbury-Nielsen gate) is a type of electrical ion gate, which was first proposed in an article by Norris Bradbury and Russel A. Nielsen, where they used it as an electron filter. Norris E. Bradbury and Russel A. Nielsen Absolute Values of the Electron Mobility in Hydrogen 1936 Physical Review 49 5 388–93 10.1103/PhysRev.49.388 Today they are used in the field of mass spectrometry where they are used in both TOF mass spectrometers and in ion mobility spectrometers, as well as Hadamard transform mass spectrometers (a variant of TOF-MS). Joel R. Kimmel, Friedrich Engelke, and Richard N. Zare Novel method for the production of finely spaced Bradbury–Nielson gates 2001 Review of Scientific Instruments 72 12 4354–4357 10.1063/1.1416109 Oh Kyu Yoon, Ignacio A. Zuleta, Matthew D. Robbins, Griffin K. Barbula, and Richard N. Zare Simple Template-Based Method to Produce Bradbury-Nielsen Gates 2007 Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 18 1901-1908 10.1016/j.jasms.2007.07.030 The Bradbury-Nielsen shutter is ideal for injecting short pulses of ions and can be used to improve the mass resolution of TOF instruments by reducing the initial pulse size as compared to other methods of ion injection. Theory of Operation The concept behind the Bradbury-Nielsen shutter is to apply a high frequency voltage in an 180° out-of-phase manner to alternate wires in a grid which is orthogonal to the path of the ion beam. This results in charged particles only passing directly through the shutter at certain times in the voltage phase (φ=nπ/2), when the potential difference between the grid wires is zero. At other times the ion beam is deflected to some angle by the potential difference between the neighboring wires. This deflection is divergent with ions that pass through alternate slits being deflected in opposite directions. The deflection angle can be calculated by tan α = k Vp / V0 where α is the deflection angle, k is a deflection constant, Vp is the wire voltage (+Vp on one wire set and -Vp on the other), and V0 is the ion acceleration voltage in eV. The deflection constant k can be calculated by k = π / 2ln[cot(πR/2d)] where R is the wire radius and d is the wire spacing. Micromachined ion gates A Bradbury-Nielsen shutter micromachined from a silicon wafer has been reported.Zuleta IA, Barbula GK, Robbins MD, Yoon OK, Zare RN Micromachined bradbury-nielsen gates Anal. Chem. 79 23 9160–5 2007 17966990 10.1021/ac071581e References