False Friends of the Slavist/Polish

pl 40 million Mylące słowa słowiańskie w języku polskim ff197 Algier has additional meanings in the language of about 258 million native speakers of Russian, Bulgarian. The Polish meaning ‘Algiers’ is shared by R. Алжир, Bg. Алжир. The meaning ‘Algeria’ (Algieria) is attested in R. Алжир, Bg. Алжир. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk.] ff202 angielski is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian. The Polish meaning ‘English’ is unique. The meaning ‘of angels, angel-like’ (anielski) is attested in R. ангельский. and Cz. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff160 arbuz is a complete false friend for about 45 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian; is a true friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. The Polish meaning ‘watermelon’ is shared by R. арбуз. The meaning ‘pumpkin’ (dynia) is attested in Blr. гарбуз, Ukr. гарбуз. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln.] ff68 baba has additional meanings in the language of about 11.5 million native speakers of Bosnian, Serbian; does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 17.5 million speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian. baba The Polish meaning ‘pejorative of a woman’ is shared by R. баба. The Polish meaning ‘old woman’ is shared by R. баба, Cr. baba, Bo. baba, Sb. баба. The meaning ‘grandmother’ (babcia) is attested in Bo. baba, baka, Sb. баба, бака. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff161 babka has additional meanings in the language of about 8 million native speakers of Belarusian; does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 250 million speakers of Russian. The Polish meaning ‘old woman’ is shared by R. бабка, Blr. бабка, Bg. бабка. The Polish meaning ‘a cake’ is shared by Blr. бабка. The meaning ‘rough boletus (a mushroom)’ (kozak, koźlarz) is attested in Blr. бабка. [NB: No information yet for Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk.] ff69 bańka is a complete false friend for about 269.5 million native speakers of Russian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. banka The Polish meaning ‘container, can’ is unique. The meaning ‘bank, credit bank’ (bank) is attested in Sln. banka, Cr. banka, Bo. banka, Sb. банка. The meaning ‘(Br.) tin, (Am.) can’ (puszka) is attested in R. банка. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Mk., Bg.] ff66 bielizna is a complete false friend for about 277.5 million native speakers of Russian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; has additional meanings in the language of about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian; is a true friend for about 8 million native speakers of Belarusian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Czech. belizna The Polish meaning ‘linen, laundry’ is shared by Blr. бялізна, Ukr. білизна. The meaning ‘whiteness’ (białość, biel) is attested in R. белизна, Ukr. білизна, Cr. bjelina, Bo. bjelina, Sb. белина, Mk. белина, Bg. белина. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln.] ff67 biesiada is a complete false friend for about 260 million native speakers of Bulgarian, Russian, Slovenian; is a true friend for about 8 million native speakers of Belarusian. The Polish meaning ‘party, ceremony’ is attested in Blr. бяседа. The meaning ‘word’ (słowo) is attested in Sln. beseda. The meaning ‘talk’ (rozmowa) is shared by R. беседа, Bg. беседа. [NB: No information yet for Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk.] ff85 brak is a complete false friend for about 19.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian; has additional meanings in the language of about 258 million native speakers of Russian, Bulgarian; does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 258 million speakers of Russian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian. The Polish meaning ‘defect, flaw’ is shared by R. брак, Ukr. брак. The Polish meaning ‘rejects, refuse, waste’ is shared by R. брак, Ukr. брак, Bg. брак. The Polish meaning ‘lack, want, shortage’ is shared by Ukr. брак. The meaning ‘marriage’ (małżeństwo) is attested in R. брак, Cr. brak, Bo. brak, Sb. брак, Mk. брак, Bg. брак. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln.] ff30 bułka is a complete false friend for about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 295 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. bulka The Polish meaning ‘roll, white bread’ is shared by R. булка, Blr. булка, Ukr. булка. The meaning ‘bride’ (narzeczona) is attested in Bg. булка. The meaning ‘young woman’ (kobieta, niewiasta) is attested in Bg. булка. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk.] ff112 ciasny is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian. The Polish meaning ‘narrow’ is unique. The meaning ‘private’ (prywatny, osobisty) is attested in R. частный. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff98 czajka is a complete false friend for about 258 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian; is a true friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech. The Polish meaning ‘peewit, lapwing’ is shared by Cz. čejka. The meaning ‘seagull’ (mewa) is attested in R. чайка, Blr. чайка. Note: Polish "czajka" can be used as a true friend of Russian "чайка" when referring to the play "The Seagull" by Anton Chekhov; in this case, the Polish "czajka" means "seagull" and not "peewit." [NB: No information yet for Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff4 czas is a complete false friend for about 271.5 million native speakers of Russian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 63 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Croatian. chas The Polish meaning ‘time’ is shared by Blr. час, Ukr. час, Cz. čas, Slk. čas, Sln. čas. The meaning ‘hour’ (godzina) is attested in R. час, Bo. čas, Sb. час, Mk. час, Bg. час. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff97 czek has additional meanings in the language of about 250 million native speakers of Russian; is a true friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Polish meaning ‘cheque’ is shared by R. чек, Cr. ček, Bo. ček, Sb. чек. The meaning ‘sales slip’ (bon, talon) is attested in R. чек. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff12 czerwiec is a complete false friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech; is a true friend for about 45 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Russian, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. chrvn The Polish meaning ‘June’ is shared by Blr. чэрвень, Ukr. червень. The meaning ‘July’ (lipiec) is attested in Cz. červenec. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff77 doba is a complete false friend for about 43.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian. doba The Polish meaning ‘day (24 hours)’ is unique. The meaning ‘time, era, period’ (czas, epoka) is attested in Cz. doba, Slk. doba, Sln. doba, Cr. doba, Bo. doba, Sb. доба, Bg. доба. The meaning ‘time, duration’ (okres, trwanie) is attested in Cz. doba, Slk. doba. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Mk.] ff76 dodatni is a complete false friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 45 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Russian, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian. dodatn The Polish meaning ‘positive’ is shared by Blr. дадатны, Ukr. додатний. The meaning ‘additional’ (dodatkowy) is attested in Cr. dodatni, Bo. dodatni, Sb. додатни. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Sln., Mk.] ff155 doktor has additional meanings in the language of about 287 million native speakers of Russian, Ukrainian; does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 287 million speakers of Russian, Ukrainian. The Polish meaning ‘doctor, physician’ is shared by R. доктор, врач, Ukr. доктор. The Polish meaning ‘PhD, DSc’ is unique. The meaning ‘habilitated doctor’ (doktor habilitowany) is attested in R. доктор наук, Ukr. доктор. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff31 duma is a complete false friend for about 303 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian. duma The Polish meaning ‘pride’ is unique. The meaning ‘word’ (słowo) is attested in Bg. дума. The meaning ‘thought’ (myśl) is attested in R. дума (arch.), мысль, Blr. думка, дума, Ukr. дума. The meaning ‘East Slavonic folk song’ (pieśń ludowa) is attested in R. дума, Blr. дума, Ukr. дума. The meaning ‘parliament’ (parlament) is attested in R. дума, Blr. дума, Ukr. дума. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln.] ff199 Dunaj is a complete false friend for about 2 million native speakers of Slovenian; is a true friend for about 293.5 million native speakers of Russian, Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. dunaj The Polish meaning ‘Danube’ is shared by R. Дунай, Cz. Dunaj, Slk. Dunaj, Cr. Dunaj, Bo. Dunaj, Sb. Дунај, Mk. Дунав, Bg. Дунав. The meaning ‘Vienna’ (Wiedeń) is attested in Sln. Dunaj. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo.] ff25 dworzec is a complete false friend for about 285.5 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Czech, Slovak. dvorc The Polish meaning ‘railway station’ is shared by Ukr. двірець. The meaning ‘palace’ (pałac) is attested in R. дворец, Blr. дварэц, Cr. dvorac, Bo. dvorac, Sb. дворац, Mk. дворец, Bg. дворец. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Sln.] ff83 dynia is a complete false friend for about 316.5 million native speakers of Russian, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. dynja The Polish meaning ‘pumpkin’ is unique. The meaning ‘watermelon’ (arbuz) is attested in Bg. диня. The meaning ‘sweet melon’ (melon) is attested in R. дыня, Ukr. диня, Sln. dinja, Cr. dinja, Bo. dinja, Sb. диња, Mk. диња. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk.] ff33 dywan is a complete false friend for about 285.5 million native speakers of Russian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 8 million native speakers of Belarusian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Ukrainian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. divan The Polish meaning ‘carpet’ is shared by Blr. дыван. The meaning ‘settee, sofa’ (kanapa) is attested in R. диван, Cz. divan, Slk. diván, Sln. divan, Cr. divan, Bo. divan, Sb. диван. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff3 godzina is a complete false friend for about 27.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 250 million speakers of Russian; is a true friend for about 61 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Slovenian. godina The Polish meaning ‘hour’ is shared by Blr. гадзіна, Ukr. година, Cz. hodina, Slk. hodina. The Polish meaning ‘time, hour (poet.)’ (godzina, czas) is shared by R. година, Blr. гадзіна, час, Ukr. година, час, Cz. hodina, čas, Slk. hodina, čas. The meaning ‘year’ (rok) is attested in Cr. godina, Bo. godina, Sb. година, Mk. година, Bg. година. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff40 góra is a complete false friend for about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; has additional meanings in the language of about 6 million native speakers of Slovak; is a true friend for about 324.5 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Macedonian. gora The Polish meaning ‘mountain’ is shared by R. гора, Blr. гара, Ukr. гора, Cz. hora, Slk. hora, Sln. gora, Cr. gora, Bo. gora, Sb. гора. The meaning ‘forest’ (las) is attested in Slk. hora, Bg. гора. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff29 grać does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about ? million speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. igrati The Polish meaning ‘to play (a game)’ is shared by R. играть, Ukr. грати, Cz. hrát, Slk. hrať, Sln. igrati, Cr. igrati, Bo. igrati, Sb. играти, Mk. игра, Bg. играя. The Polish meaning ‘to play (theatre)’ is shared by R. играть, Blr. іграць, Ukr. грати, Cz. hrát, Slk. hrať, Sln. igrati, Mk. игра, Bg. играя. The Polish meaning ‘to play (music)’ is shared by R. играть, Blr. іграць, Ukr. грати, Cz. hrát, Slk. hrať, Sln. igrati. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff214 grad is a complete false friend for about 12 million native speakers of Czech, Slovenian; has additional meanings in the language of about 267.5 million native speakers of Russian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. grad The Polish meaning ‘hail’ is shared by R. град, Cr. grad, Bo. grad, Sb. град. The meaning ‘fortress’ (twierdza, forteca) is attested in Cz. hrad, Sln. grad. The meaning ‘town’ (miasto) is attested in R. град (arch.), город, Cr. grad, Bo. grad, Sb. град. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Mk., Bg.] ff115 grób is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian. The Polish meaning ‘grave’ is unique. The meaning ‘coffin’ (trumna) is attested in R. гроб. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff157 gwar is a complete false friend for about 320.5 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian. govor The Polish meaning ‘noise’ is unique. The meaning ‘dialect’ (gwara) is attested in R. говор, Blr. гаворка, Ukr. говір, Bg. говор. The meaning ‘talking’ (gadanie, plotka) is attested in R. говор, Blr. гаворка. The meaning ‘speech’ (mowa) is attested in Cr. govor, Bo. govor, Sb. говор, Bg. говор. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk.] ff58 jagoda is a complete false friend for about 27.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; has additional meanings in the language of about 18 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Slovenian; is a true friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian. The Polish meaning ‘berry’ is shared by R. ягода, Cz. jahoda, Slk. jahoda, Sln. jagoda. The meaning ‘strawberry’ (truskawka) is attested in Cz. jahoda, Slk. jahoda, Sln. jagoda, Cr. jagoda, Bo. jagoda, Sb. јагода, Mk. јагода, Bg. ягода. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo.] ff219 je is a complete false friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Russian. The Polish meaning ‘eats’ is unique. The meaning ‘is’ (jest) is attested in Cr. je, Bo. je, Sb. је. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff70 jutro is a complete false friend for about 267.5 million native speakers of Russian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. utro The Polish meaning ‘tomorrow’ is unique. The meaning ‘morning’ (poranek) is attested in R. утро, Cr. jutro, Bo. jutro, Sb. јутро. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff121 kit is a complete false friend for about 287 million native speakers of Russian, Ukrainian. The Polish meaning ‘putty, cement’ is unique. The meaning ‘whale’ (waleń, wieloryb) is attested in R. кит. The meaning ‘cat’ (kot) is attested in Ukr. кіт. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff81 koła has additional meanings in the language of about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian. The Polish meaning ‘wheels’ is shared by R. колёса, Cr. kola, Bo. kola, Sb. кола. The meaning ‘car, cart’ (wóz) is attested in Cr. kola, Bo. kola, Sb. кола. The meaning ‘motorcar’ (samochód) is attested in Cr. kola, Bo. kola, Sb. кола. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff82 koło is a complete false friend for about 2.0 million native speakers of Kashubian, Slovenian. The Polish meaning ‘circle’ is unique. The Polish meaning ‘nearby’ is (?). The meaning ‘bicycle’ (rower) is attested in Ka. kòło, Sln. kolo,Cz. kolo [NB: No information yet for R., Blr., Ukr., LSo., USo., Slk., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff198 kolonia/Kolonia does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 267.5 million speakers of Russian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Polish meaning ‘Cologne’ (Kolonia) is unique. The Polish meaning ‘colony’ (kolonia) is shared by R. колония, Cr. kolonija, Bo. kolonija, Sb. колонија. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff36 kraj is a complete false friend for about 303.5 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; has additional meanings in the language of about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian. kraj The Polish meaning ‘country’ is shared by Ukr. край. The meaning ‘edge’ (brzeg, skraj) is attested in R. край, Blr. край, Ukr. край, Cz. kraj, Slk. kraj, Sln. kraj, Cr. kraj, Bo. kraj, Sb. крај, Bg. край. The meaning ‘end’ (koniec) is attested in Ukr. край, Sln. kraj, Cr. kraj, Bo. kraj, Sb. крај, Mk. крај, Bg. край. The meaning ‘region’ (okolica) is attested in R. край, Blr. край, Ukr. край, Cz. kraj, Slk. kraj, Sln. kraj, Cr. kraj, Bo. kraj, Sb. крај, Mk. крај, Bg. край. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff138 kryminalista is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian. The Polish meaning ‘criminal’ is unique. The meaning ‘criminologist’ (specjalista w dziedzinie kryminologii, kryminolog) is attested in R. криминалист. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff34 krzesło is a complete false friend for about 311 million native speakers of Russian, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian; has additional meanings in the language of about 8 million native speakers of Belarusian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian. krslo The Polish meaning ‘chair’ is shared by Blr. крэсла. The meaning ‘armchair’ (fotel) is attested in R. кресло, Blr. крэсла, Ukr. крісло, Cz. křeslo, Slk. kreslo, Bg. кресло. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff226 ksiądz is a complete false friend for about 312.5 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech. The Polish meaning ‘priest’ is shared by Cz. kněz. The meaning ‘prince, duke’ (książę (kniaź)) is attested in R. князь, Blr. князь, Ukr. князь, Cr. knez, Bo. knez, Sb. кнез. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff9 kwiecień is a complete false friend for about 260 million native speakers of Russian, Czech; is a true friend for about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. kvetn The Polish meaning ‘April’ is shared by Ukr. квітень. The meaning ‘pollen’ (pyłek kwiatowy) is attested in R. цветень. The meaning ‘May’ (maj) is attested in Cz. květen. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff50 lato has additional meanings in the language of about 2 million native speakers of Slovenian; does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 74.5 million speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 266 million native speakers of Russian, Czech, Slovak. leto The Polish meaning ‘summer’ is shared by R. лето, Blr. лета, Ukr. літо, Cz. léto, Slk. leto, Cr. ljeto, Bo. ljeto, Sb. лето, Mk. лето, Bg. лято. The Polish meaning ‘year (in the plural), e.g. 30 years’ (lato (30 lat)) is shared by R. лето (30 лет), Cz. léto (30 lét), Slk. leto (30 let), Sln. leto (30 let). The meaning ‘year (in the sg.)’ (rok) is attested in Sln. leto. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff107 leń is a complete false friend for about 267.5 million native speakers of Russian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Polish meaning ‘idler, do-nothing’ is unique. The meaning ‘laziness’ (lenistwo) is attested in R. лень. The meaning ‘lazy’ (leniwy) is attested in Cr. lijen, Bo. lijen, Sb. лен. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff73 lepiej is a complete false friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Russian. lepshje The Polish meaning ‘better’ is unique. The meaning ‘more beautiful’ (ładniej) is attested in Cr. ljepše, Bo. ljepše, Sb. лепше. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff167 lico has additional meanings in the language of about 261.5 million native speakers of Russian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 267.5 million speakers of Russian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 2 million native speakers of Slovenian. lice The Polish meaning ‘face’ is shared by R. лицо, Sln. lice, Cr. lice, Bo. lice, Sb. лице. The Polish meaning ‘cheek’ is shared by Sln. lice. The meaning ‘person’ (osoba) is attested in R. лицо, Bo. lice, osoba, Sb. лице, особа. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Mk., Bg.] ff11 lipiec is a complete false friend for about 6 million native speakers of Croatian; is a true friend for about 45 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Russian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. lipn The Polish meaning ‘July’ is shared by Blr. ліпень, Ukr. липень. The meaning ‘June’ (czerwiec) is attested in Cr. lipanj. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff43 list is a complete false friend for about 289.5 million native speakers of Russian, Czech, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; has additional meanings in the language of about 51.0 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Kashubian, Slovak. list The Polish meaning ‘letter’ is shared by Blr. ліст, пісьмо, Ukr. лист, Ka. lëst, Slk. list. The meaning ‘sheet of paper’ (arkusz) is attested in R. лист, Blr. ліст, аркуш, Ukr. лист, Cz. list, Slk. list, Sln. list, Cr. list, Bo. list, Sb. лист, Mk. лист, Bg. лист. The meaning ‘leaf’ (liść) is attested in R. лист, Blr. ліст, Ukr. лист, Ka. lëst, Cz. list, Slk. list, Sln. list, Cr. list, Bo. list, Sb. лист, Mk. лист, Bg. лист. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff8 listopad has additional meanings in the language of about 6 million native speakers of Croatian; does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 283.5 million speakers of Russian, Upper Sorbian, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 57 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovenian. listopad The Polish meaning ‘November’ is shared by Blr. лістапад, Ukr. листопад, USo. listopad, Cz. listopad, Sln. listopad. The Polish meaning ‘falling of leaves’ is shared by R. листопад, Blr. лістапад, Ukr. листопад, Cz. listopad, Slk. listopad, Sln. listopad, Cr. listopad, Bo. listopad, Sb. листопад, Mk. листопад, Bg. листопад. The meaning ‘October’ (październik) is attested in Cr. listopad. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo.] ff231 łóżko does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 10 million speakers of Czech. The Polish meaning ‘hospital bed; berth (on a train)’ is shared by Cz. lůžko. The Polish meaning ‘bed’ is unique. [NB: No information yet for R., Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff120 lubić has additional meanings in the language of about 267.5 million native speakers of Russian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian. The Polish meaning ‘to like’ is shared by R. любить, Ukr. любити, Cr. ljubiti, Bo. ljubiti, Sb. љубити. The meaning ‘to love’ (kochać) is attested in R. любить, Cr. ljubiti, Bo. ljubiti, Sb. љубити. The meaning ‘to kiss’ (całować) is attested in Cr. ljubiti, Bo. ljubiti, Sb. љубити. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff94 ług is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian; is a true friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Polish meaning ‘lye’ is shared by Cr. lug, Bo. lug, Sb. луг. The meaning ‘meadow’ (łąka) is attested in R. луг. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff95 łuk has additional meanings in the language of about 267.5 million native speakers of Russian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Polish meaning ‘bow (weapon)’ is shared by R. лук, Cr. luk, Bo. luk, Sb. лук. The meaning ‘onion’ (cebula) is attested in R. лук, Cr. luk, Bo. luk, Sb. лук. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff96 luka is a complete false friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Polish meaning ‘hatch’ is unique. The meaning ‘port’ (port) is attested in Cr. luka, Bo. luka, Sb. лука. [NB: No information yet for R., Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff148 łyżwy is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian. The Polish meaning ‘skates’ is unique. The meaning ‘skis’ (narty) is attested in R. лыжи. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff56 masa has additional meanings in the language of about 10 million native speakers of Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 330.5 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. masa The Polish meaning ‘mass’ is shared by R. масса, Blr. маса, Ukr. маса, Cz. masa, Slk. masa, Sln. masa, Cr. masa, Bo. masa, Sb. маса, Mk. маса, Bg. маса. The meaning ‘table’ (stół) is attested in Mk. маса, Bg. маса. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff116 maszyna has additional meanings in the language of about 267.5 million native speakers of Russian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. machina The Polish meaning ‘machine’ is shared by R. машина, мотор, Cr. mašina, Bo. mašina, Sb. машина. The meaning ‘car’ (samochód) is attested in R. машина, автомобиль. The meaning ‘locomotion’ (parowóz, lokomotywa) is attested in Cr. mašina, Bo. mašina, Sb. машина. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff28 matka is a complete false friend for about 47 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; has additional meanings in the language of about 268 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Czech; does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 266 million speakers of Russian, Czech, Slovak; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. matka The Polish meaning ‘mother’ is shared by Blr. матка, Cz. matka, Slk. matka. The Polish meaning ‘dam, female animal’ is shared by R. матка, Blr. матка. The meaning ‘womb, uterus’ (macica) is attested in R. матка, Blr. матка, Ukr. матка, Mk. матка, Bg. матка. The meaning ‘nut (to screw on a bolt)’ (nakrętka) is attested in Cz. matka. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff2 mąż has additional meanings in the language of about 65 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 275.5 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. muzh The Polish meaning ‘husband’ is shared by R. муж, Blr. муж, Ukr. муж, чоловік, Cz. muž, Slk. muž, Sln. mož, Cr. muž, Bo. muž, Sb. муж, Mk. маж, Bg. мъж. The meaning ‘man’ (mężczyzna) is attested in Ukr. муж, Cz. muž, Slk. muž, Sln. mož, moški, Mk. маж, Bg. мъж. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff79 mecz is a complete false friend for about 313 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech, Bulgarian; has additional meanings in the language of about 2 million native speakers of Macedonian; is a true friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Polish meaning ‘match, game’ is shared by Cr. meč, Bo. meč, Sb. меч, Mk. меч. The meaning ‘sword’ (miecz) is attested in R. меч, Blr. меч, Ukr. меч, Cz. meč, Mk. меч, Bg. меч. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln.] ff196 Meksyk does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 250 million speakers of Russian; is a true friend for about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian. The Polish meaning ‘Mexico City’ is shared by Bg. Мексико. The Polish meaning ‘Mexico (country)’ is shared by R. Мексика, Bg. Мексико. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk.] ff135 mieszczanin is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian. The Polish meaning ‘inhabitant, townsman’ is unique. The meaning ‘petty bourgeois’ (drobnomieszczanin) is attested in R. мещанин. The meaning ‘Philistine’ (mieszczuch, filister) is attested in R. мещанин. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff220 mir has additional meanings in the language of about 260 million native speakers of Russian, Czech; does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 277.5 million speakers of Russian, Kashubian, Czech, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. mir The Polish meaning ‘peace’ (mir (arch.), pokój, zgoda ) is shared by R. мир, Ka. mir, Cz. mír, Cr. mir, Bo. mir, Sb. мир. The Polish meaning ‘quiet, stillness’ (mir (arch.), spokój ) is shared by R. мир, покой, Ka. mir, Cz. mír, Cr. mir, Bo. mir, Sb. мир. The Polish meaning ‘authority, prestige’ is unique. The meaning ‘world’ (świat) is attested in R. мир, свет. The meaning ‘hist. municipality, parish, commune’ (gromada, gmina) is attested in R. мир, Cz. mír, občina. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff117 motor does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 250 million speakers of Russian. The Polish meaning ‘motor’ is shared by R. мотор. The Polish meaning ‘motorbike’ is unique. The Polish meaning ‘contriver’ is unique. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff19 na prawo is a complete false friend for about 27.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 311.0 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Kashubian, Czech, Slovak; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Slovenian. pravo The Polish meaning ‘to the right’ is shared by R. направо, Blr. направа, Ukr. направо, Ka. w prawo, w prawą, Cz. napravo, Slk. napravo. The meaning ‘straight on’ (prosto) is attested in Cr. pravo, Bo. pravo, Sb. право, Mk. (на)право, Bg. (на) право. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff21 nagły is a complete false friend for about 260 million native speakers of Russian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; has additional meanings in the language of about 62.5 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 18 million native speakers of Belarusian, Czech. nagl The Polish meaning ‘sudden’ is shared by Blr. наглы (reg.), раптоўны, Ukr. наглий, Cz. náhlý, Slk. náhly, Sln. nagel, Cr. nagao, Bo. nagao, Sb. нагао. The meaning ‘naughty’ (bezchelny, bezwstydny) is attested in R. наглый, Ukr. нахабний, наглий, Bg. нагъл. The meaning ‘fast, quick’ (szybki) is attested in Sln. nagel. The meaning ‘vehement, hasty’ (porywczy) is attested in Slk. náhly, Sln. nagel, Cr. nagao, Bo. nagao, Sb. нагао, Mk. нагло. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff45 niedziela is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian; has additional meanings in the language of about 23.5 million native speakers of Czech, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian; is a true friend for about 67 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bulgarian. nedelja The Polish meaning ‘Sunday’ is shared by Blr. нядзеля, Ukr. неділя, Cz. neděle, Slk. nedeľa, Sln. nedelja, Cr. nedjelja, Bo. nedjelja, Sb. недеља, Mk. недела, Bg. неделя. The meaning ‘week’ (tydzień) is attested in R. неделя, Cz. týden, neděle, Bo. nedjelja, sed-mica, Sb. недеља, седмица, Mk. недела. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff188 obchód is a complete false friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech; does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 250 million speakers of Russian. The Polish meaning ‘round, circuit’ is shared by R. обход. The Polish meaning ‘party’ is unique. The meaning ‘shop’ (sklep) is attested in Cz. obchod. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff174 obraz is a complete false friend for about 19.5 million native speakers of Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; has additional meanings in the language of about 258 million native speakers of Russian, Bulgarian. obraz The Polish meaning ‘picture, painting’ is shared by R. образ, Bg. образ. The meaning ‘manner’ (sposób) is attested in R. образ. The meaning ‘cheek’ (policzek, lico) is attested in Cr. obraz, Bo. obraz, Sb. образ, Bg. образ. The meaning ‘face’ (lico) is attested in Sln. obraz, Cr. obraz, Bo. obraz, Sb. образ, Bg. образ. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Mk.] ff136 obywatel is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian. The Polish meaning ‘inhabitant’ (?) is unique. The Polish meaning ‘citizen’ is unique. The meaning ‘petty bourgeois’ (drobnomieszczanin) is attested in R. обыватель. The meaning ‘Philistine’ (kołtun, filister) is attested in R. обыватель. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff52 ochotnik has additional meanings in the language of about 287 million native speakers of Russian, Ukrainian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. The Polish meaning ‘volunteer’ is shared by R. охотник (редко), доброволец, Ukr. охочий. The meaning ‘hunter’ (myśliwy) is attested in R. охотник. The meaning ‘amateur’ (amator) is attested in Ukr. охочий. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb.] ff42 owoce is a complete false friend for about 287 million native speakers of Russian, Ukrainian; is a true friend for about 33.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Slovenian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. ovokti The Polish meaning ‘fruits’ is shared by Cz. ovoce, Slk. ovocie, Cr. voće, Bo. voće, Sb. воће. The meaning ‘vegetables’ (jarzyna) is attested in R. овощи, Ukr. овочі. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff24 pamiętnik is a complete false friend for about 301 million native speakers of Russian, Ukrainian, Slovak, Bulgarian; has additional meanings in the language of about 50,000 native speakers of Kashubian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Czech, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian. pamjatnik The Polish meaning ‘diary’ is shared by Ka. dniewnik, wspomnik, pamiãtnik. The meaning ‘monument’ (pomnik) is attested in R. памятник, Ukr. пам’ятник, Ka. pamiãtnik, pomnik, Slk. pamätník, Bg. паметник. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff189 papa has additional meanings in the language of about 267.5 million native speakers of Russian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 304.5 million speakers of Russian, Ukrainian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Polish meaning ‘dad’ is shared by R. папа. The Polish meaning ‘cardboard, pasteboard’ is unique. The Polish meaning ‘bye-bye!’ (papa!) is shared by Ukr. папа!, Cr. papa!, Bo. papa!, Sb. папа!. The meaning ‘the Pope’ (papież) is attested in R. папа римский, Cr. papa, Bo. papa, Sb. папа. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff80 para does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 295.5 million speakers of Russian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 45 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian. The Polish meaning ‘pair’ is shared by R. пара, Blr. пара, Ukr. пара. The Polish meaning ‘a couple of, some’ (parę) is shared by R. пара, Blr. пара, Ukr. пара. The Polish meaning ‘steam’ is shared by Blr. пара, Ukr. пара, Cz. pára, Slk. para, Sln. para, Cr. para, Bo. para, Sb. пара, Mk. пара, Bg. пара. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff131 pies has additional meanings in the language of about 250 million native speakers of Russian; does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 250 million speakers of Russian. The Polish meaning ‘male dog’ is shared by R. пёс. The Polish meaning ‘dog’ is unique. The meaning ‘cur, tyke’ (kundel) is attested in R. пёс. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff90 pisać is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian; is a true friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Polish meaning ‘to write’ is shared by Cr. pisati, Bo. pisati, Sb. писати. The meaning ‘to påå’ (szczać) is attested in R. писать. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff87 pisak is a complete false friend for about 7.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian. The Polish meaning ‘pencil, crayon’ is unique. The meaning ‘mouthpiece’ (ustnik, munsztuk) is attested in Cr. pisak, Bo. pisak. [NB: No information yet for R., Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff88 pisarz does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 267.5 million speakers of Russian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Bulgarian. The Polish meaning ‘writer’ is unique. The Polish meaning ‘scribe’ is shared by R. писарь, Sln. pisar, Cr. pisar, Bo. pisar, Bg. писар. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sb., Mk.] ff178 pismo is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian; has additional meanings in the language of about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 27.5 million speakers of Czech, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Polish meaning ‘font, handwriting’ is shared by Cz. písmo, Cr. pismo, Bo. pismo, Sb. писмо. The Polish meaning ‘document’ is unique. The meaning ‘letter’ (list) is attested in R. письмо, Cr. pismo, Bo. pismo, Sb. писмо. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff187 piwnica is a complete false friend for about 27.5 million native speakers of Czech, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Russian. The Polish meaning ‘cellar’ is unique. The meaning ‘pub’ (piwiareń) is attested in Cz. pivnice, Cr. pivnica, Bo. pivnica, Sb. пивница. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff60 płot is a complete false friend for about 258 million native speakers of Russian, Bulgarian; has additional meanings in the language of about 2 million native speakers of Macedonian; is a true friend for about 29.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. The Polish meaning ‘fence’ is shared by Cz. plot, Sln. plot, Cr. plot, Bo. plot, Sb. плот, Mk. плот. The meaning ‘body, flesh’ (ciało) is attested in R. плоть, Mk. плот, Bg. плът. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk.] ff44 pokój is a complete false friend for about 22 million native speakers of Slovenian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; has additional meanings in the language of about 266.0 million native speakers of Russian, Kashubian, Czech, Slovak; does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 274.0 million speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Kashubian, Czech, Slovak; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Ukrainian, Croatian. pokoj The Polish meaning ‘room’ is shared by R. покой (arch.), комната, Blr. пакой, Cz. pokoj. The Polish meaning ‘peace’ is shared by Ka. pòkùj, Slk. pokoj. The meaning ‘quiet’ (spokój) is attested in R. покой, Ka. pòkùj, Cz. pokoj, Slk. pokoj, Sln. pokoj, Sb. покој, Mk. покој, Bg. покой. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo., Bo.] ff53 północ does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 295.5 million speakers of Russian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 45 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian. polnokt The Polish meaning ‘north’ is shared by Blr. поўнач, Ukr. північ. The Polish meaning ‘midnight’ is shared by R. полночь, Blr. поўнач, Ukr. північ, Cz. půlnoc, Slk. polnoc, Sln. polnoč, Cr. ponoć, Bo. ponoć, Sb. поноћ, Mk. полноќ, Bg. полунощ. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff54 południe does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 332.5 million speakers of Russian, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 8.0 million native speakers of Belarusian, Kashubian. poldn The Polish meaning ‘south’ is shared by Blr. поўдзень, Ukr. південь, Ka. pôłnié. The Polish meaning ‘noon’ is shared by R. полдень, Blr. поўдзень, Ka. pôłnié, Cz. poledne, Slk. poludnie, Sln. poldan, Cr. podne, Bo. podne, Sb. подне, Mk. пладне, Bg. пладне. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff168 popielniczka is a complete false friend for about 8 million native speakers of Slovenian, Croatian; is a true friend for about 266 million native speakers of Russian, Czech, Slovak; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Bosnian, Serbian. pepelnica The Polish meaning ‘ash-tray’ is shared by R. пепельница, Cz. popelník, Slk. popolník. The meaning ‘Ash Wednesday’ (popielec, środa popielcowa) is attested in Sln. Pepelnica, Cr. Pepelnica. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Mk., Bg.] ff230 pościel is a complete false friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech; has additional meanings in the language of about 250 million native speakers of Russian. The Polish meaning ‘bed linen, bed sheets’ is shared by R. постель. The meaning ‘bed’ (łóżko) is attested in R. постель, Cz. postel. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff154 poseł is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian. The Polish meaning ‘royal messenger’ (?) is unique. The Polish meaning ‘member of parliament’ is unique. The meaning ‘ambassador’ (ambasador) is attested in R. посол. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff26 powieść is a complete false friend for about 293.5 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Serbian. povest The Polish meaning ‘novel’ is shared by Ukr. повість. The meaning ‘novelette’ (krótka powieść) is attested in R. повесть, Blr. аповесць, Mk. повест, Bg. повест. The meaning ‘history’ (historia) is attested in Cr. povijest, Bo. povijest. The meaning ‘fame, reputation’ (opinia, reputacja) is attested in Cz. pověst, Slk. povesť. The meaning ‘legend’ (podanie, legenda) is attested in Cz. pověst, Slk. povesť, Sln. povest. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff20 prosto does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 295.5 million speakers of Russian, Kashubian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 45 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian. prosto The Polish meaning ‘simple, simply’ is shared by R. просто, Blr. проста, Ukr. просто, Ka. prosto, Cz. prostě, Slk. proste, Sln. prosto, Cr. prosto, Bo. prosto, Sb. просто, Mk. просто, Bg. просто. The Polish meaning ‘straight on’ is shared by Blr. проста, прамо, наўпрост, Ukr. просто. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff223 pupa is a complete false friend for about 50,000 native speakers of Kashubian. The Polish meaning ‘bottom, buttocks’ is unique. The meaning ‘doll’ (lalka) is attested in Ka. pùpa. [NB: No information yet for R., Blr., Ukr., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff170 puszka is a complete false friend for about 269.5 million native speakers of Russian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. pujuka The Polish meaning ‘(Br.) tin, (Am.) can’ is unique. The meaning ‘rifle’ (karabin, broń) is attested in Sln. puška, Cr. puška, Bo. puška, Sb. пушка. The meaning ‘canon’ (armata, działo) is attested in R. пушка. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Mk., Bg.] ff72 rano is a complete false friend for about 267.5 million native speakers of Russian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. rano The Polish meaning ‘in the morning’ is unique. The Polish meaning ‘morning’ is unique. The meaning ‘early’ (wcześnie) is attested in R. рано, Cr. rano, Bo. rano, Sb. рано. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff113 relacja does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 250 million speakers of Russian. The Polish meaning ‘report, account (military)’ is shared by R. реляция. The Polish meaning ‘report, account’ is unique. The Polish meaning ‘relation(ship)’ is unique. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff39 rodzina is a complete false friend for about 287.5 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 53 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak. rodbina The Polish meaning ‘family’ is shared by Ukr. родина, Cz. rodina, Slk. rodina. The meaning ‘motherland, home region’ (ojczyzna) is attested in R. родина, Blr. радзіна, Bg. родина. The meaning ‘relations’ (pokrewieństwo) is attested in Sln. rodbina, Cr. rodbina, Bo. rodbina, Sb. родбина, Mk. родбина. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff62 rok is a complete false friend for about 271.5 million native speakers of Russian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian; is a true friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Bulgarian. rok The Polish meaning ‘year’ is shared by Cz. rok. The meaning ‘destiny, fate’ (los) is attested in R. рок. The meaning ‘fixed time, set term, deadline’ (termin, okres) is attested in Sln. rok, Cr. rok, Bo. rok, Sb. рок, Mk. рок. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk.] ff91 rosyjski does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 250 million speakers of Russian; is a true friend for about 45 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Czech, Croatian, Bosnian. rossijskij The Polish meaning ‘Russian (of the people or the language)’ is shared by Blr. расейскі, рускі, Ukr. російський. The Polish meaning ‘Russian (of the country or the state)’ is shared by R. российский, Blr. расейскі, рускі, Ukr. російський. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff213 rozkaz is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian. The Polish meaning ‘command’ is unique. The meaning ‘story’ (opowieść) is attested in R. рассказ. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff92 ruski is a complete false friend for about 267.5 million native speakers of Russian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; has additional meanings in the language of about 8 million native speakers of Belarusian; is a true friend for about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian. Russian-skij The Polish meaning ‘Ruthenian, East Slavic’ is shared by Blr. рускі, усходнеславянскі, Ukr. руський. The meaning ‘Russian’ (rosyjski) is attested in R. русский, Blr. рускі, расейскі, Cr. ruski, Bo. ruski, Sb. руски. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff17 rzecz is a complete false friend for about 293.5 million native speakers of Russian, Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 47 million native speakers of Belarusian, Ukrainian, Slovenian. rech The Polish meaning ‘matter’ is shared by Blr. рэч, Ukr. річ, Sln. reč. The meaning ‘word’ (słowo) is attested in Cr. riječ, Bo. riječ, Sb. реч. The meaning ‘speech’ (mowa) is attested in R. речь, Cz. řeč, Slk. reč, Mk. реч, Bg. реч. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff172 sad is a complete false friend for about 285.5 million native speakers of Russian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Bulgarian. sad The Polish meaning ‘orchard’ is unique. The meaning ‘garden’ (ogród) is attested in R. сад, Cz. sad, Slk. sad. The meaning ‘fruit’ (owoc) is attested in Sln. sad. The meaning ‘now’ (teraz) is attested in Cr. sad, Bo. sad, Sb. сад. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Mk.] ff13 sierpień is a complete false friend for about 6 million native speakers of Croatian; has additional meanings in the language of about 2 million native speakers of Slovenian; is a true friend for about 47 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Czech; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Russian, Belarusian, Slovak, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. srpn The Polish meaning ‘August’ is shared by Ukr. серпень, Cz. srpen, Sln. veliki srpen. The meaning ‘July’ (lipiec) is attested in Sln. mali srpen, Cr. srpanj. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff222 skład is a complete false friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; has additional meanings in the language of about 287 million native speakers of Russian, Ukrainian; does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 287 million speakers of Russian, Ukrainian. sklad The Polish meaning ‘storehouse’ is shared by R. склад, Ukr. склад. The Polish meaning ‘shop, store’ is unique. The Polish meaning ‘composition’ is shared by Ukr. склад. The meaning ‘harmony’ (zgodność, harmonia) is attested in Cr. sklad, Bo. sklad, Sb. склад. The meaning ‘turn, habit, mentality’ (rodzaj, zwyczaj, mentalność) is attested in R. склад, Ukr. склад. The meaning ‘body, constitution’ (konstytucja ciała, budowa ciała) is attested in R. склад, Ukr. склад. The meaning ‘syllable’ (sylaba) is attested in R. склад (устар.), слог, Ukr. склад. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff171 sklep is a complete false friend for about 299.0 million native speakers of Russian, Ukrainian, Kashubian, Czech, Slovenian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian. sklep The Polish meaning ‘shop’ is unique. The meaning ‘decision’ (postanowienie, decyzja) is attested in Sln. sklep. The meaning ‘cellar’ (piwnica, suterena) is attested in Ukr. склеп, Ka. sklep, Cz. sklep. The meaning ‘tomb, vault’ (krypta, grobowiec) is attested in R. склеп, Ukr. склеп, Ka. sklep. [NB: No information yet for Blr., LSo., USo., Slk., Mk.] ff65 śliwki is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. The Polish meaning ‘plums’ is unique. The meaning ‘cream’ (śmietanka) is attested in R. сливки. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln.] ff5 słoweński is a complete false friend for about 28 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Serbian, Macedonian; is a true friend for about 312.6 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Kashubian, Lower Sorbian, Upper Sorbian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Bulgarian. slovensk- The Polish meaning ‘Slovenian’ is shared by R. словенский, Blr. славенскі, Ukr. словінський, Ka. słowensczi, LSo. słowjeński, USo. słowjenski, Sln. slovenski, Cr. slovenski, Bo. slovenski, Bg. словенски. The meaning ‘Slovak’ (słowacki) is attested in Cz. slovenský, Slk. slovenský. The meaning ‘Slavonic’ (słowiański) is attested in Sb. словенски, Mk. словенски. [NB: Information complete.] ff16 słowo is a complete false friend for about 19.5 million native speakers of Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 319 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Macedonian. slovo The Polish meaning ‘word’ is shared by R. слово, Blr. слова, Ukr. слово, Cz. slovo, Slk. slovo, Bg. слово. The meaning ‘letter (of the alphabet)’ (litera) is attested in Cr. slovo, Bo. slovo, Sb. слово. The meaning ‘leave-taking, farewell’ (pożegnanie) is attested in Sln. slovo. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff206 słyszeć has additional meanings in the language of about 250 million native speakers of Russian; is a true friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech. The Polish meaning ‘to hear’ is shared by R. слышать, Cz. slyšet. The meaning ‘to smell, to feel a smell’ (wąchać) is attested in R. слышать (носом). [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff102 śmietana is a complete false friend for about 287 million native speakers of Russian, Ukrainian; is a true friend for about 2 million native speakers of Slovenian. The Polish meaning ‘cream’ is shared by Sln. smetana. The meaning ‘sour cream’ (śmietanka, kożuszek na mleku) is attested in R. сметана, Ukr. сметана. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff47 sto has additional meanings in the language of about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; is a true friend for about 323 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. The Polish meaning ‘a hundred’ is shared by R. сто, Blr. сто, Ukr. сто, Cz. sto, Slk. sto, Sln. sto, Cr. sto, Bo. sto, Sb. сто, Mk. сто, Bg. сто. The meaning ‘table’ (stół) is attested in Cr. sto, Bo. sto, Sb. сто. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff46 stół is a complete false friend for about 12 million native speakers of Slovenian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 328.5 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. stol The Polish meaning ‘table’ is shared by R. стол, Blr. стол, Ukr. стіл, Cz. stůl, Slk. stôl, Cr. stol, Bo. sto, Sb. сто. The meaning ‘chair’ (krzesło) is attested in Sln. stol, Mk. стол, Bg. стол. The meaning ‘canteen’ (stołówka) is attested in Bg. стол. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff184 stół is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian; is a true friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Ukrainian, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. The Polish meaning ‘table’ is shared by Cz. stůl. The meaning ‘chair’ (krzesło) is attested in R. стул. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff48 stolica is a complete false friend for about 37.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian; is a true friend for about 303.0 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Kashubian, Bulgarian. stolica The Polish meaning ‘capital’ is shared by R. столица, Blr. сталіца, Ukr. столиця, Ka. stolëca, Bg. столица. The meaning ‘chair’ (krzesło) is attested in Cz. stolice, Slk. stolica, Cr. stolica, Bo. stolica, Sb. столица, Mk. столица. The meaning ‘professorship’ (katedra) is attested in Sln. stolica. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff35 strona is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian; has additional meanings in the language of about 45.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 37.0 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Kashubian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian. storna The Polish meaning ‘side’ is shared by Ukr. сторона, Ka. strona, Cz. strana, Slk. strana, Sln. stran, Cr. strana, Bo. strana, Sb. страна, Mk. страна, Bg. страна. The meaning ‘page’ (stronica) is shared in Cz. strana, Slk. strana, Sln. stran, Cr. strana, Bo. strana, Sb. страна, Mk. страна. The meaning ‘country’ (kraj) is attested in R. страна, Bg. страна. The meaning ‘cheek’ (policzek) is attested in Bg. страна. The meaning ‘political party’ (partia, stronnictwo) is attested in Cz. strana, Slk. strana. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff221 świat is a complete false friend for about 7.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian; has additional meanings in the language of about 260 million native speakers of Russian, Serbian; does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 270 million speakers of Russian, Czech, Serbian. The Polish meaning ‘world’ is shared by R. свет, мир, Cz. svět, Sb. свет. The Polish meaning ‘very far/long’ is unique. The meaning ‘council’ (rada) is attested in Cr. svjet, savjet, Bo. svjet, savjet, Sb. свет. The meaning ‘light’ (światło) is attested in R. свет. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff57 sztuka is a complete false friend for about 35.5 million native speakers of Czech, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian; does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 250 million speakers of Russian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Slovenian. shtuka The Polish meaning ‘piece’ is shared by R. штука. The Polish meaning ‘art’ is unique. The meaning ‘pike’ (szczupak) is attested in Cr. štuka, Bo. štuka, Sb. штука, Bg. щука. The meaning ‘stucco’ (tynkowanie) is attested in Cz. štuka. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Mk.] ff6 szyna is a complete false friend for about 266 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Bulgarian; has additional meanings in the language of about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian; is a true friend for about 19.5 million native speakers of Kashubian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Czech, Slovak, Slovenian. schiene The Polish meaning ‘rail’ is shared by Ukr. шина, Ka. szina, Cr. šina, Bo. šina, Sb. шина, Mk. шина. The meaning ‘tyre’ (opona) is attested in R. шина, Blr. шына, Ukr. шина, Bg. шина. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] ff144 tęcza is a complete false friend for about 259.5 million native speakers of Russian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian. The Polish meaning ‘rainbow’ is unique. The meaning ‘rainy cloud’ (chmura) is attested in R. туча. The meaning ‘hail’ (grad) is attested in Sln. toča, Cr. tuča, Bo. tuča. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff169 trudny is a complete false friend for about 19.5 million native speakers of Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; has additional meanings in the language of about 8 million native speakers of Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian. trudn The Polish meaning ‘hard’ is shared by R. трудный, Bg. труден. The meaning ‘tired’ (zmęczony) is attested in Sln. truden, Cr. trudan (arch.), umoran, Bo. trudan (arch.), umoran, Sb. трудан (arch.), уморан. The meaning ‘pregnant’ (w ciąży, brzemienna) is attested in Cr. trudna, Bo. trudna, Sb. трудна, Bg. трудна (arch.), бременна. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Mk.] ff159 trup is a complete false friend for about 17.5 million native speakers of Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; has additional meanings in the language of about 250 million native speakers of Russian. trup The Polish meaning ‘dead body’ is shared by R. труп. The meaning ‘trunk, body’ (tułów) is attested in Cr. trup, Bo. trup, Sb. труп. The meaning ‘trunk (of a tree)’ (pień (drzewa)) is attested in Cr. trup, Bo. trup, Sb. труп. The meaning ‘carcass (of an animal)’ (padlina, ścierwo) is attested in R. труп, Cr. trup, Bo. trup, Sb. труп. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Mk., Bg.] ff103 uroda is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian; is a true friend for about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian. The Polish meaning ‘crop’ (?) is shared by Ukr.  . The Polish meaning ‘beauty’ is shared by Ukr. врода. The meaning ‘malformed person’ (dziwoląg) is attested in R. урод. The meaning ‘monster’ (potwór) is attested in R. урод. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff162 wiec is a complete false friend for about 293.5 million native speakers of Russian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Ukrainian, Macedonian. The Polish meaning ‘assembly’ is unique. The meaning ‘matter, thing’ (rzecz) is attested in R. вещь, Cz. věc, Slk. vec, Bg. вещ. The meaning ‘already’ (już) is attested in Cr. već, Bo. već, Sb. већ. The meaning ‘more’ (więcej) is attested in Sln. več. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff59 wiek does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 279.5 million speakers of Russian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech. vek The Polish meaning ‘age (of a person)’ is shared by Cz. věk. The Polish meaning ‘age, epoch’ is shared by R. век, Cz. věk, Sln. vek, Mk. век, Bg. век. The Polish meaning ‘century’ is shared by R. век, столетие, Cz. věk, Sln. vek, Cr. vijek, Bo. vijek, Sb. век, Mk. век, Bg. век. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk.] ff32 wieść is a complete false friend for about 295.5 million native speakers of Russian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Ukrainian. The Polish meaning ‘message’ is unique. The meaning ‘matter’ (rzecz) is attested in R. вещь, Cz. věc, Slk. vec, Bg. вещ. The meaning ‘clever’ (zręczny) is attested in Sln. vešč, Cr. vješt, Bo. vješt, Sb. вешт, Mk. вешт. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff180 woń is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian; is a true friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech. von The Polish meaning ‘scent, fragrance’ is shared by Cz. vůně. The meaning ‘stench, stink’ (smród) is attested in R. вонь. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff22 wredny is a complete false friend for about 279.5 million native speakers of Russian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Belarusian, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak. vredny The Polish meaning ‘nasty, repulsive’ is unique. The Polish meaning ‘insidious, deceitful’ is unique. The meaning ‘harmful’ (szkodliwy) is attested in R. вредный, Bg. вреден. The meaning ‘precious’ (cenny, wartościowy) is attested in Sln. vreden, Cr. vrijedan, Bo. vrijedan, Sb. вредан. The meaning ‘able, clever’ (dzielny, zdolny, zręczny) is attested in Mk. вреден, Bg. вреден. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff18 wróg is a complete false friend for about 35.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; has additional meanings in the language of about 2 million native speakers of Macedonian; is a true friend for about 303 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian. vorg The Polish meaning ‘enemy’ is shared by R. враг, Blr. вораг, Ukr. ворог, Mk. враг, Bg. враг. The meaning ‘devil, demon’ (czart) is attested in Sln. vrag, Cr. vrag, Bo. vrag, Sb. враг, Mk. враг. The meaning ‘murderer’ (morderca) is attested in Cz. vrah, Slk. vrah. The meaning ‘slyboots, smartie’ (sprzyciarz, chytrus) is attested in Mk. враг. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff211 za is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian. The Polish meaning ‘in, after (a time span)’ is unique. The meaning ‘in, during (a time span)’ (przez) is attested in R. за. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff86 zachód is a complete false friend for about 33.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian; does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 254 million speakers of Russian, Slovenian, Macedonian; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Bulgarian. The Polish meaning ‘west’ is shared by Sln. zahod. The Polish meaning ‘sunset’ is shared by R. заход, Sln. zahod, Mk. заод. The Polish meaning ‘trouble, effort’ is unique. The meaning ‘toilet’ (toaleta) is attested in Cz. záchod, Slk. záchod, Cr. zahod, Bo. zahod, Sb. заход. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo.] ff179 zakaz is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian; is a true friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech. The Polish meaning ‘prohibition’ is shared by Cz. zákaz. The meaning ‘order’ (zamówienie) is attested in R. заказ. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff181 zapach is a complete false friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech; is a true friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian. The Polish meaning ‘smell (neutral)’ is shared by R. запах. The meaning ‘bad smell, stench’ (smród) is attested in Cz. zápach. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff23 zapomnieć is a complete false friend for about 270 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian, Slovenian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech; does not have any formally similar counterparts in Ukrainian, Slovak, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian. zapomniti The Polish meaning ‘to forget’ is shared by Cz. zapomenout. The meaning ‘to memorize’ (zapamiętać) is attested in R. запомнить, Blr. запомніць, Sln. zapomniti, Mk. запомни, Bg. запомня. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff61 zawód is a complete false friend for about 289.5 million native speakers of Russian, Czech, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian. zavod The Polish meaning ‘occupation, profession, trade’ is unique. The Polish meaning ‘disappointment’ is unique. The meaning ‘contest’ (zawody) is attested in Cz. závod. The meaning ‘factory, works’ (fabryka, zakład) is attested in R. завод, Cz. závod, Mk. завод, Bg. завод. The meaning ‘institute’ (instytut) is attested in Sln. zavod, Cr. zavod, Bo. zavod, Sb. завод, Mk. завод. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk.] ff224 zgniły is a complete false friend for about 50,000 native speakers of Kashubian. The Polish meaning ‘rotten’ is unique. The meaning ‘lazy’ (leniwy) is attested in Ka. zgniełi. [NB: No information yet for R., Blr., Ukr., LSo., USo., Cz., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff232 zmęczony is a complete false friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech. The Polish meaning ‘tired’ is unique. The meaning ‘diminished, made smaller, reduced’ (zmniejszony) is attested in Cz. zmenšený. [NB: No information yet for R., Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff1 żona is a complete false friend for about 37 million native speakers of Ukrainian; has additional meanings in the language of about 45.5 million native speakers of Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 258 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian. zhena The Polish meaning ‘wife’ is shared by R. жена, Blr. жонка, Cz. žena, Slk. žena, Sln. žena, Cr. žena, Bo. žena, Sb. жена, Mk. жена, Bg. жена. The meaning ‘woman’ (kobieta) is attested in Ukr. жінка, Cz. žena, Slk. žena, Sln. žena, ženska, Cr. žena, Bo. žena, Sb. жена, Mk. жена, Bg. жена. [NB: No information yet for Ka., LSo., USo.] ff142 Żyd/żyd is a complete false friend for about 250 million native speakers of Russian; is a true friend for about 10 million native speakers of Czech. jaid The Polish meaning ‘Jew (ethnically)’ (Żyd) is shared by Cz. Žid. The Polish meaning ‘Jew (religiously)’ (żyd) is shared by Cz. žid. The meaning ‘Jew (pejoratively)’ (Iwrej) is attested in R. жид. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ukr., Ka., LSo., USo., Slk., Sln., Cr., Bo., Sb., Mk., Bg.] ff173 żyto is a complete false friend for about 277.5 million native speakers of Russian, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Bulgarian; has additional meanings in the language of about 6 million native speakers of Slovak; is a true friend for about 47 million native speakers of Ukrainian, Czech. The Polish meaning ‘rye’ is shared by Ukr. жито, Cz. žito, Slk. žito, raž. The meaning ‘grain, cereals, (Br.) corn’ (zboże) is attested in R. жито, Sln. žito, Cr. žito, Bo. žito, Sb. жито. The meaning ‘wheat’ (pszenica) is attested in Slk. pšenica, žito, Bg. жито. [NB: No information yet for Blr., Ka., LSo., USo., Mk.] ff7 żywot does not have all its Polish meanings in the mother tongue of about 82.5 million speakers of Ukrainian, Kashubian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian, Macedonian, Bulgarian; is a true friend for about 258 million native speakers of Russian, Belarusian. životъ The Polish meaning ‘belly, body’ (brzuch, żywot) is shared by R. живот, Blr. жывот, Ukr. живіт, Sln. život. The Polish meaning ‘life’ (żywot, życie) is shared by R. живот (arch.), жизнь, Blr. жывот (arch.), жыццё, Ka. żëwot, żëcé, Cz. život, Slk. život, Cr. život, Bo. život, Sb. живот, Mk. живот, Bg. живот. [NB: No information yet for LSo., USo.] There is no Polish word like Blr. зрок, Cz. zrak, Slk. zrak, Sln. zrak, Cr. zrak, Bo. zrak, Sb. зрак, Mk. зрак. zork There is no Polish word like Cr. šuma, Bo. šuma, Sb. шума, Mk. шума, Bg. шума. shuma There is no Polish word like Ka. rujan, Cz. říjen, Cr. rujan. rujn There is no Polish word like R. студень, Blr. студзень, Cr. studeni. studn There is no Polish word like R. ковчег, Sln. kovček, Cr. kovčeg, Bo. kovčeg, Sb. ковчег, Bg. ковчег. kovieg There is no Polish word like R. майка, Blr. майка, Cr. majka, Bo. majka, Sb. мајка, Mk. мајка, Bg. майка. majka There is no Polish word like R. выход, Blr. выхад, Ukr. вихід, Cz. východ, Slk. východ. vychod There is no Polish word like R. мрак, Cz. mrak, Slk. mrak, Cr. mrak, Bo. mrak, Sb. мрак. mork There is no Polish word like R. люлька, Blr. люлька, Cr. lula, Bo. lula, Sb. лула, Mk. луле, Bg. лула. There is no Polish word like R. краска, Blr. краска, Bg. краска. kraska There is no Polish word like R. с утра, Cr. sutra, Bo. sutra, Sb. сутра. sutra There is no Polish word like R. более, Sln. bolje, Cr. bolje, Bo. bolje, Sb. боље. There is no Polish word like R. искусство, Cr. iskustvo, Bo. iskustvo, Sb. искуство, Bg. изкуство. There is no Polish word like R. существовать, Cr. suučestvovati, Bg. съществувам. There is no Polish word like Ukr. травень, Sln. traven (mali, veliki), Cr. travanj. travn There is no Polish word like Ukr. лікарня, Cz. lékárna, Slk. lekáreň, Sln. lekarna. lekarna Polish-Slavonic Julian Birbrajer. Friends and false friends: A dictionary of "false friends" between Polish and Russian with an English translation of all entries. Stockholm 1987. M. Karpaczewa, Christa Simeonova, Emil Tokarz. Pułapki leksykalne: Słownik aproksymatyzmów polsko-bułgarskich. Katowice 1994. Ignacy Kozielewski. Słownik wyrazów o podobnym brzmeniu a odmiennym znaczeniu w języku rosyjskim i polskim. Warszawa 1959. Krzysztof Kusal. Rosyjsko-polski słownik homonimów międzyjęzykowych. Русско-польский словарь межъязыковых омонимов. Wrocław 2002 (Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis, 2462). R. Leszczyński. Hornjoserbsko-polski i polsko-hornjoserbski słownik pozdatnych ekwiwalentów. Górnołużycko-polski i polsko-górnołużycki słownik ekwiwalentów pozornych. Warszawa 1996. Edvard Lotko. Zrádná slova v polštine a češtine: Lexik-ologický pohled a slovník. Olomouc 1992. Czesko-polski słownik zdradliwych wyrazów i pułapek frazeologicznych. Ed. Teresa Zofia Orłoś. Kraków 2003. M. Pančiková. Zrádne slova v polštině a slovenčině: Lexikólogia polského jazyka. Bratislava 1993. Danko Šipka (ed.). Rečnik srpsko-poljskih međujezičkih homonima i paronima. Słownik serbsko-polskich homonimów i paronimów. Poznań 1999. Marek Szałek, Jiří Nečas. Czesko-polska homonimia: Czesko-polski słownik wyrazów o identycznym lub podobnym brzmieniu oraz wyrazów o identycznym lub podobnym zapisie, lecz o odmiennym znaczeniu. Poznań 1993. Emil Tokarz. Pułapki leksykalne: Słownik aproksymatów polsko-chorwackich. Katowice 1998. Emil Tokarz. Pułapki leksykalne: Słownik aproksymatów polsko-słoweńskich. Katowice 1999.