Social Science Research/Well-being in city

Social Science Research Well-being in city Human Activities as a Cause of Climate Change Well-being in city The publication https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10039331, titled "Healthy Cities, A comprehensive dataset for environmental determinants of health in English cities," introduces Healthy Cities, a comprehensive dataset exploring the environmental factors that influence health in English cities. The goal is to provide a unified and detailed tool for researchers and urban planners to discover correlations between the urban environment and public health and promote healthier and more sustainable cities. The publicly accessible dataset is available on Github here: https://github.com/0oshowero0/HealthyCitiesDataset Dataset Description The "Healthy Cities" dataset, "all_data.csv," includes a wide range of environmental and health data for English cities, collected and aggregated at the MSOA (Middle Layer Super Output Area) level, similar to our neighborhoods and cities. Regarding Health Outcomes, the dataset covers three main aspects: Life Expectancy: Data on overall life expectancy and healthy life expectancy, both gender-specific and at the MSOA level, are included. Physical Health: The dataset includes costs (expenditures) per citizen related to several common noncommunicable diseases in cities: Asthma Cancer Dementia Diabetes Hyperlipidemia Hypertension Obesity Mental Health: This dataset includes costs (expenditures) per citizen related to general mental disorders. Environmental Determinants are organized into four perspectives: Basic Statistics: These provide essential information on the composition of urban spaces: Population at the MSOA and city level. Area in km² at the MSOA and city level. Population Density calculated for MSOAs and cities. Geographical Centroids in WGS84 format for cities and MSOAs. Geographic Boundaries as polygons in GeoJSON format with MSOA and city codes, also in WGS84. Behavioral Environment: Focuses on the availability of places that influence health behaviors. Tobacco Availability: Calculated as the fraction of the number of tobacco outlets (tobacco shops and grocery stores) divided by the region's population. Alcohol Availability: Calculated by considering places such as bars, liquor stores, and grocery stores, as a ratio to the population. Health Service Availability: Calculated by considering pharmacies, outpatient health services, hospitals, and residential care facilities, as a ratio to the population. Availability of physical exercise opportunities (Physical Exercise Availability), including fitness centers, nature parks, and similar institutions, relative to population. Built Environment: Describes the physical characteristics of urban areas: Building Density: Number of buildings per km². Median and Median House Price (MSOA level), available quarterly. Driving/Cycling/Walking Road Density: Ratio of total road length (for cars, bicycles, and pedestrians) to area. Street View Imagery Features: Pixel-level percentage of 19 objects recognized in Street View imagery (e.g., roads, sidewalks, buildings, vegetation). Satellite View Features: Pixel-level percentage of 7 labeled objects extracted from satellite imagery (e.g., buildings, roads, water, vegetation). Walkability Score: A standardized average of population density, intersection density, and a score for the availability of daily services. Natural Environment: Includes air quality and weather data: Air quality indices (NOx/PM2.5/PM10) in µg/m³, available daily. Minimum and maximum temperature (°C), available daily. Rainfall in mm, available daily. Relative Humidity (%): Available monthly. Snow Lying Days: Available monthly. Sunshine Hours, available monthly. Wind Speed ​​(in knots), available monthly. Air quality data may contain multiple records per city due to different monitoring stations. Correlations between variables Tobacco availability and asthma expenditure= The source indicates that the behaviorSmoking is positively correlated with asthma incidence. Furthermore, greater availability of tobacco outlets (Tobacco Availability) is correlated with higher spending on asthma medications (Asthma), with the Pearson correlation coefficient being 10.43%, using the MSOA (neighborhoods) of English cities as a grouping. library(dplyr) all_data <- read.csv("all_data.csv") df1<-all_data %>% filter(ThirdCategory=="TobaccoAvailability") %>% group_by(MSOAName) %>% summarise(var1=mean(Value)) df2<-all_data %>% filter(ThirdCategory=="AsthmaExpenditure", Key=="PerCitizenCost") %>% group_by(MSOAName) %>% summarise(var2=mean(Value)) df1 <- merge(df1,df2, by="MSOAName") cor(df1$var1,df1$var2) 0.1043 Walkability and Dementia Spending The source suggests that walking behavior is negatively correlated with dementia. In fact, analyzing the correlation between walkability scores and spending on dementia medications yields a -55.65%, using English cities as the direct grouping. df1<-all_data %>% filter(ThirdCategory=="Walkability") %>% group_by(CityName) %>% summarise(var1=mean(Value)) df2<-all_data %>% filter(ThirdCategory=="DementiaExpenditure", Key=="PerCitizenCost") %>% group_by(CityName) %>% summarise(var2=mean(Value)) df1 <- merge(df1,df2, by="CityName") cor(df1$var1,df1$var2) -0.5565231 Building and street density and dementia expenditure The source suggests validating the influence of building density and of roads (Building Density and Walking Road Density) on cognitive function, potentially measured by dementia expenditure (Dementia Expenditure). Calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient, we obtain 13.89% for Building Density and 19.51% for Road Density, using English cities as the direct grouping. Availability of Health Services and Healthy Life Expectancy Greater availability of health services (Health Availability) is correlated with a longer healthy life expectancy (60.62%). Availability of Alcohol and Spending on Health Problems The source mentions that the availability of bars is linked to alcohol-related harm. The correlation between the availability of alcohol outlets (Alcohol Availability) and cancer expenditure is 13.21%.