Polish/Grouping expressions

We often want to group nouns or sentences, to say "X and Y" or "X or Y". In Polish the commonly used word for "and" is "i": Marta i Basia mają koty - Marta and Basia have cats Kobieta je ciastko i pije kawę - The woman is eating a cookie and drinking coffee Kot jest gruby i czarny - The cat is fat and black Adam lubi Martę i Basię - Adam likes Marta and Basia The word "oraz" may also be used to express English "and": Basia ma kota oraz psa - Basia has a cat and a dog. It sounds a little more sophisticated. However, you shouldn't use oraz inbetween adjectives - "Kot jest gruby oraz czarny" doesn't sound very natural. When in doubt, say "i". You can also use "z" + instrumental (with) and "bez" (without) + genitive Magda z Tomkiem są małżeństwem - Magda and Tomek are married (Tomek in instrumental) Magda i Tomek są małżeństwem - Same. Dziecko lubi kanapki z serem - The child likes sandwiches with cheese (cheese in instrumental) - meaning "The child likes cheese sandwiches" Dziecko lubi kanapki i ser - The child likes sandwiches and cheese - this one meaning "The child likes both sandwiches and cheese" Kobieta lubi kawę bez cukru - The woman likes her coffee without sugar (sugar in genitive) - we don't say "her coffee" in Polish, just "coffee" małżeństwo - married couple kanapka - a sandwich ser - cheese cukier - sugar Tomek - popular male name, diminuitive of Tomasz - the English equivalent is Thomas When you group a few nouns, the result will always be plural, and if any of them was person-masculine, so will the whole expression be. There are many words for "or" - we mostly use "albo" or "lub" (the same meaning), but "czy" (which usually has a different meaning) may be used for this purpose too, especially in questions. Masz kota albo psa? - "Do you have a cat or dog ?" Proper answers are "tak" ("yes", if you have either or even both) or "nie" ("no", if you have neither) Masz kota czy psa? - "Do you have a cat, or a dog?", meaning "Which do you have, cat or dog?". Proper answers are "kota" ("a cat", if you have a cat but not a dog), or "psa" ("a dog", if you have a dog but not a cat). If you have both or neither some more complex answer will be needed. But "tak"/"nie" ("yes"/"no") will leave the other party rather confused. Marta albo Basia ma kota - Marta or Basia has a cat Adam ma kota albo psa - Adam has a cat or a dog Dziecko je ciasto albo pije mleko - The child is eating cake or drinking milk. ^ Polish ^ > Polish pronunciation >