OpenSCAD User Manual/Commented Example Projects

Dodecahedron //create a dodecahedron by intersecting 6 boxes module dodecahedron(height) { scale([height,height,height]) //scale by height parameter { intersection(){ //make a cube cube([2,2,1], center = true); intersection_for(i=[0:4]) //loop i from 0 to 4, and intersect results { //make a cube, rotate it 116.565 degrees around the X axis, //then 72*i around the Z axis rotate([0,0,72*i]) rotate([116.565,0,0]) cube([2,2,1], center = true); } } } } //create 3 stacked dodecahedra //call the module with a height of 1 and move up 2 translate([0,0,2])dodecahedron(1); //call the module with a height of 2 dodecahedron(2); //call the module with a height of 4 and move down 4 translate([0,0,-4])dodecahedron(4); thumb|The Dodecahedron as rendered from the example. ru:Руководство пользователя по OpenSCAD/Примеры проектов с комментариями Icosahedron An icosahedron can be created from three orthogonal golden-ratio rectangles inside a hull() operation, where the golden ratio is . phi=0.5*(sqrt(5)+1); // golden ratio // create an icosahedron by intersecting 3 orthogonal golden-ratio rectangles module icosahedron(edge_length) { st=0.0001; // microscopic sheet thickness hull() { cube([edge_length*phi, edge_length, st], true); rotate([90,90,0]) cube([edge_length*phi, edge_length, st], true); rotate([90,0,90]) cube([edge_length*phi, edge_length, st], true); } } // display the 3 internal sheets alongside the icosahedron edge=10; translate([-20,0,0]) union() { cube([edge*phi, edge, 0.01], true); rotate([90,90,0]) cube([edge*phi, edge, 0.01], true); rotate([90,0,90]) cube([edge*phi, edge, 0.01], true); } icosahedron(edge);thumb|The icosahedron and its internal structure as rendered from the example. This icosahedron renders in an edge-up orientation. Rotating this icosahedron by about the Y-axis results in a vertex-up orientation. Rotating by about the X-axis results in a face-up orientation. The edge length is related to the inner diameter (distance between opposite faces) by . Icosphere // Code via reddit with triangle winding fixes, cannot add link due to // wikibooks considering it spam. // 4 is the realistic max. // Don't do 5 or more, takes forever. // set recursion to the desired level. 0=20 tris, 1=80 tris, 2=320 tris module icosphere(radius=10, recursion=2, icoPnts, icoTris) { //t = (1 + sqrt(5))/2; //comment from monfera to get verts to unit sphere t = sqrt((5+sqrt(5))/10); s = sqrt((5-sqrt(5))/10); init = (icoPnts||icoTris) ? false : true; //initial call if icoPnts is empty // 1 --> draw icosphere from base mesh // 2 --> loop through base mesh and subdivide by 4 --> 20 steps // 3 --> loop through subdivided mesh and subdivide again (or subdivide by 16) --> 80 steps // 4 ... verts = [ [-s, t, 0], //0 [ s, t, 0], [-s,-t, 0], [ s,-t, 0], [ 0,-s, t], [ 0, s, t], [ 0,-s,-t], [ 0, s,-t], [ t, 0,-s], [ t, 0, s], [-t, 0,-s], [-t, 0, s]]; //11 //base mesh with 20 faces tris = [ //5 faces around point 0 [ 0, 5, 11], //0 [ 0, 1, 5], [ 0, 7, 1], [ 0, 10, 7], [ 0, 11, 10], // 5 adjacent faces [ 1, 9, 5], //5 [ 5, 4, 11], [11, 2, 10], [10, 6, 7], [ 7, 8, 1], //5 faces around point 3 [ 3, 4, 9], //10 [ 3, 2, 4], [ 3, 6, 2], [ 3, 8, 6], [ 3, 9, 8], //5 adjacent faces [ 4, 5, 9], //15 [ 2, 11, 4], [ 6, 10, 2], [ 8, 7, 6], [ 9, 1, 8]]; //19 if (recursion) { verts = (init) ? verts : icoPnts; tris = (init) ? tris : icoTris; newSegments = recurseTris(verts,tris); newVerts = newSegments[0]; newTris = newSegments[1]; icosphere(radius,recursion-1,newVerts,newTris); } else if (init) { //draw the base icosphere if no recursion and initial call scale(radius) polyhedron(verts, tris); } else { // if not initial call some recursion has to be happened scale(radius) polyhedron(icoPnts, icoTris); } } // Adds verts if not already there, // takes array of vertices and indices of a tri to expand // returns expanded array of verts and indices of new polygon with 4 faces // [[verts],[0,(a),(c)],[1,(b),(a)],[2,(c),(b)],[(a),(b),(c)]] function addTris(verts, tri) = let( a= getMiddlePoint(verts[tri[0]], verts[tri[1]]), //will produce doubles b= getMiddlePoint(verts[tri[1]], verts[tri[2]]), //these are unique c= getMiddlePoint(verts[tri[2]], verts[tri[0]]), //these are unique aIdx = search(verts, a), //point a already exists l=len(verts) ) len(aIdx) ? [concat(verts,[a,b,c]),[[tri[0],l,l+2], //1 [tri[1],l+1,l], //2 [tri[2],l+2,l+1], //3 [l,l+1,l+2]] ] : //4 [concat(verts,[b,c]), [[tri[0],aIdx,l+1], //1 [tri[1],l,aIdx], //2 [tri[2],l+1,l], //3 [aIdx,l,l+1]] ]; //4 // Recursive function that does one recursion on the whole icosphere (auto recursion steps derived from len(tris)). function recurseTris(verts, tris, newTris=[], steps=0, step=0) = let( stepsCnt = steps ? steps : len(tris)-1, //if initial call initialize steps newSegment=addTris(verts=verts,tri=tris[step]), newVerts=newSegment[0], //all old and new Vertices newerTris=concat(newTris,newSegment[1]) //only new Tris ) (stepsCnt==(step)) ? [newVerts,newerTris] : recurseTris(newVerts,tris,newerTris,stepsCnt,step+1); // Get point between two verts on unit sphere. function getMiddlePoint(p1, p2) = fixPosition((p1+p2)/2); // Fix position to be on unit sphere function fixPosition(p) = let(l=norm(p)) [p.x/l,p.y/l,p.z/l]; Half-pyramid An upside-down half-pyramid is a useful shape for 3D printing a support for an overhang protruding from a vertical wall. With sloping sides no steeper than 45°, no removable support structure needs to be printed. While a half-pyramid can be made with a 4-sided cone (using the cylinder primitive) and subtracting a cube from half of it, the shape can be easily made in one operation by a scaled linear extrude of a rectangle having the middle of one edge on the origin. // Create a half-pyramid from a single linear extrusion module halfpyramid(base, height) { linear_extrude(height, scale=0.01) translate([-base/2, 0, 0]) square([base, base/2]); } halfpyramid(20, 10);thumb|The half-pyramid as rendered from the example. Bounding Box // Rather kludgy module for determining bounding box from intersecting projections module BoundingBox() { intersection() { translate([0,0,0]) linear_extrude(height = 1000, center = true, convexity = 10, twist = 0) projection(cut=false) intersection() { rotate([0,90,0]) linear_extrude(height = 1000, center = true, convexity = 10, twist = 0) projection(cut=false) rotate([0,-90,0]) children(0); rotate([90,0,0]) linear_extrude(height = 1000, center = true, convexity = 10, twist = 0) projection(cut=false) rotate([-90,0,0]) children(0); } rotate([90,0,0]) linear_extrude(height = 1000, center = true, convexity = 10, twist = 0) projection(cut=false) rotate([-90,0,0]) intersection() { rotate([0,90,0]) linear_extrude(height = 1000, center = true, convexity = 10, twist = 0) projection(cut=false) rotate([0,-90,0]) children(0); rotate([0,0,0]) linear_extrude(height = 1000, center = true, convexity = 10, twist = 0) projection(cut=false) rotate([0,0,0]) children(0); } } } // Test module on ellipsoid translate([0,0,40]) scale([1,2,3]) sphere(r=5); BoundingBox() scale([1,2,3]) sphere(r=5); thumb|Bounding Box applied to an Ellipsoid Linear Extrude extended use examples Linear Extrude with Scale as an interpolated function //Linear Extrude with Scale as an interpolated function // This module does not need to be modified, // - unless default parameters want to be changed // - or additional parameters want to be forwarded (e.g. slices,...) module linear_extrude_fs(height=1,isteps=20,twist=0){ //union of piecewise generated extrudes union(){ for(i = [ 0: 1: isteps-1]){ //each new piece needs to be adjusted for height translate([0,0,i*height/isteps]) linear_extrude( height=height/isteps, twist=twist/isteps, scale=f_lefs((i+1)/isteps)/f_lefs(i/isteps) ) // if a twist constant is defined it is split into pieces rotate([0,0,-(i/isteps)*twist]) // each new piece starts where the last ended scale(f_lefs(i/isteps)) obj2D_lefs(); } } } // This function defines the scale function // - Function name must not be modified // - Modify the contents/return value to define the function function f_lefs(x) = let(span=150,start=20,normpos=45) sin(x*span+start)/sin(normpos); // This module defines the base 2D object to be extruded // - Function name must not be modified // - Modify the contents to define the base 2D object module obj2D_lefs(){ translate([-4,-3]) square([9,12]); } //Top rendered object demonstrating the interpolation steps translate([0,0,25]) linear_extrude_fs(height=20,isteps=4); linear_extrude_fs(height=20); //Bottom rendered object demonstrating the inclusion of a twist translate([0,0,-25]) linear_extrude_fs(height=20,twist=90,isteps=30); thumb|Example Linear Extrude of a rectangle with scale following part of a sine curve function Linear Extrude with Twist as an interpolated function //Linear Extrude with Twist as an interpolated function // This module does not need to be modified, // - unless default parameters want to be changed // - or additional parameters want to be forwarded (e.g. slices,...) module linear_extrude_ft(height=1,isteps=20,scale=1){ //union of piecewise generated extrudes union(){ for(i = [ 0: 1: isteps-1]){ //each new piece needs to be adjusted for height translate([0,0,i*height/isteps]) linear_extrude( height=height/isteps, twist=f_left((i+1)/isteps)-f_left((i)/isteps), scale=(1-(1-scale)*(i+1)/isteps)/(1-(1-scale)*i/isteps) ) //Rotate to next start point rotate([0,0,-f_left(i/isteps)]) //Scale to end of last piece size scale(1-(1-scale)*(i/isteps)) obj2D_left(); } } } // This function defines the twist function // - Function name must not be modified // - Modify the contents/return value to define the function function f_left(x) = let(twist=90,span=180,start=0) twist*sin(x*span+start); // This module defines the base 2D object to be extruded // - Function name must not be modified // - Modify the contents to define the base 2D object module obj2D_left(){ translate([-4,-3]) square([12,9]); } //Left rendered object demonstrating the interpolation steps translate([-20,0]) linear_extrude_ft(height=30,isteps=5); linear_extrude_ft(height=30); //Right rendered object demonstrating the scale inclusion translate([25,0]) linear_extrude_ft(height=30,scale=3); thumb|Example Linear Extrude of a rectangle with twist following part of a sine curve function Linear Extrude with Twist and Scale as interpolated functions //Linear Extrude with Twist and Scale as interpolated functions // This module does not need to be modified, // - unless default parameters want to be changed // - or additional parameters want to be forwarded module linear_extrude_ftfs(height=1,isteps=20,slices=0){ //union of piecewise generated extrudes union(){ for(i=[0:1:isteps-1]){ translate([0,0,i*height/isteps]) linear_extrude( height=height/isteps, twist=leftfs_ftw((i+1)/isteps)-leftfs_ftw(i/isteps), scale=leftfs_fsc((i+1)/isteps)/leftfs_fsc(i/isteps), slices=slices ) rotate([0,0,-leftfs_ftw(i/isteps)]) scale(leftfs_fsc(i/isteps)) obj2D_leftfs(); } } } // This function defines the scale function // - Function name must not be modified // - Modify the contents/return value to define the function function leftfs_fsc(x)= let(scale=3,span=140,start=20) scale*sin(x*span+start); // This function defines the twist function // - Function name must not be modified // - Modify the contents/return value to define the function function leftfs_ftw(x)= let(twist=30,span=360,start=0) twist*sin(x*span+start); // This module defines the base 2D object to be extruded // - Function name must not be modified // - Modify the contents to define the base 2D object module obj2D_leftfs(){ square([12,9]); } //Left rendered objects demonstrating the steps effect translate([0,-50,-60]) rotate([0,0,90]) linear_extrude_ftfs(height=50,isteps=3); translate([0,-50,0]) linear_extrude_ftfs(height=50,isteps=3); //Center rendered objects demonstrating the slices effect translate([0,0,-60]) rotate([0,0,90]) linear_extrude_ftfs(height=50,isteps=3,slices=20); linear_extrude_ftfs(height=50,isteps=3,slices=20); //Right rendered objects with default parameters translate([0,50,-60]) rotate([0,0,90]) linear_extrude_ftfs(height=50); translate([0,50,0]) linear_extrude_ftfs(height=50); thumb|Example Linear Extrude of a rectangle with twist and scale following part of a sine curve function Rocket thumb|A rocket using rotate_extrude() // increase the visual detail $fn = 100; // the main body : // a cylinder rocket_d = 30; // 3 cm wide rocket_r = rocket_d / 2; rocket_h = 100; // 10 cm tall cylinder(d = rocket_d, h = rocket_h); // the head : // a cone head_d = 40; // 4 cm wide head_r = head_d / 2; head_h = 40; // 4 cm tall // prepare a triangle tri_base = head_r; tri_height = head_h; tri_points = [[0, 0], [tri_base, 0], [0, tri_height]]; // rotation around X-axis and then 360° around Z-axis // put it on top of the rocket's body translate([0,0,rocket_h]) rotate_extrude(angle = 360) polygon(tri_points); // the wings : // 3x triangles wing_w = 2; // 2 mm thick many = 3; // 3x wings wing_l = 40; // length wing_h = 40; // height wing_points = [[0,0],[wing_l,0],[0,wing_h]]; module wing() { // let it a bit inside the main body in_by = 1; // 1 mm // set it up on the rocket's perimeter translate([rocket_r - in_by,0,0]) // set it upright by rotating around X-axis rotate([90,0,0]) // set some width and center it linear_extrude(height = wing_w,center = true) // make a triangle polygon(wing_points); } for (i = [0: many - 1]) rotate([0, 0, 370 / many * i]) wing(); Horns thumb|Horns, by translation and twisting. // The idea is to twist a translated circle: // - /* linear_extrude(height = 10, twist = 360, scale = 0) translate([1,0]) circle(r = 1); */ module horn(height = 10, radius = 6, twist = 720, $fn = 50) { // A centered circle translated by 1xR and // twisted by 360° degrees, covers a 2x(2xR) space. // - radius = radius/4; // De-translate. // - translate([-radius,0]) // The actual code. // - linear_extrude(height = height, twist = twist, scale=0, $fn = $fn) translate([radius,0]) circle(r=radius); } translate([3,0]) mirror() horn(); translate([-3,0]) horn(); Strandbeest See the Strandbeest example here. 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