Lombard/Prepositions and prepositional locutions

__TOC__ List of prepositions Prepositions are words used to relate nouns or phrases. The prepositions are listed below (the list is made in the Milanese dialect, but the possible variants in the different dialects are indicated in the tables), their use will be explained in the following paragraphs. de VariantDialectsPronunciation IPAde "de" and "da" in Lombard are variants of a single preposition, however in the Milanese dialect there is a tendency to use "de" where the Italian language uses "di " and "da" where the Italian language uses "da"./de/da/da/ a VariantDialectsPronunciation IPAa/a/ in VariantDialectsPronunciation IPAin/ĩː/ concont before vowel VariantDialectsPronunciation IPAcon/cũː/ in suoften abbreviated with "su" in the most italianized dialects, always abbreviated in Eastern Lombard VariantDialectsPronunciation IPAin su/ĩːˈsy/in soeu/ĩːˈsø/soeu/sø/ per VariantDialectsPronunciation IPAper/per/par/par/ intraoften abbreviated with "tra", always abbreviated in Eastern Lombard VariantDialectsPronunciation IPAintra/ˈĩːtra/ infra/ˈĩːfra/ vers VariantDialectsPronunciation IPAvers/'vɛrs/ invers/ĩːˈvɛrs/ che VariantDialectsPronunciation IPAche/ke/ ca/ka/ comeoften abbreviated to "'me" VariantDialectsPronunciation IPAcome/ˈkume/ sora VariantDialectsPronunciation IPAsora/'sura/ sota VariantDialectsPronunciation IPAsota/'sɔta/ oltra VariantDialectsPronunciation IPAoltra/ˈultra/ olter/ˈulter/ voltra/ˈvultra/ pu VariantDialectsPronunciation IPApu/ˈpy/ asca VariantDialectsPronunciation IPAasca/ˈaska/ second VariantDialectsPronunciation IPAsecond/ˌseˈkũːt/ segond/ˌseˈɡũːt/ senza VariantDialectsPronunciation IPAsenza/ˈsẽːsa/ amalastant VariantDialectsPronunciation IPAamalastant/amalaˈstãːt/ condemanch VariantDialectsPronunciation IPAcondemanch/kũːdeˈmaŋk/ entro VariantDialectsPronunciation IPAentro/ˈentro/ In addition to the prepositions, there are locutions that play the role of prepositions (prepositional locutions), they will be seen in the following paragraphs (in milanese dialect; to know the dialectal variants, please refer to the consultation of Lombard language Wiktionary). Prepositions to connect sentences As will be said about the Construction of the sentence there are cases in which the sentences can be connected each other through prepositions, followed by a verb in the infinitive. We can classify the following cases: sentences with gerundial complement sentences of purpose consecutive sentences sentences of deprivation sentences of necessity or convenience Another use is the one of the verbs with servile function governed by Preposition, dealt with in the module about servile verbs Sentences with gerundial complement For these sentences, see the module about gerundive complements Sentences of purpose They are subordinate sentences that specify the purpose for which what is described in the main sentence is done. Can be introduced: by the Preposition "de" if the subordinate clause specifies the specific purpose for which the subject of the main clause is intended. Example: La firlaforla l’è l’arnes de fà i bus in del mur. (dialect: ) (The drill is the tool for making holes in the wall) by the preposition "per" in all cases of purpose sentences, the alternative use to the preposition "de" seen above is also possible. Example: A son scapad via per minga fàss ciapà. (dialect: ) (I fled to don't get caught) La firlaforla l’è l’arnes per fà i bus in del mur. (dialect: ) (The drill is it is the tool for making holes in the wall) by the prepositional locution "cont el fin de" (alternative to per when you want to emphasize that something has been designed by paying attention to the achievement of a certain purpose) Example: La Noeuva Ortografia Lombarda l’è on'ortografia cont el fin de ciapà dent tute I variante locai de la lengua lombarda. The New Lombard orthography is a spelling in order to understand all the local variants of the Lombard language. Consecutive sentences They are subordinate sentences that represent the consequence of the action specified in the main sentence It is constructed by inserting adverbs such as "tant", "inscì", "assee" in the main clause and introducing the secondary clause with the Preposition "de": Example: L'è stad tant svelt de finì in cinch minut. (dialect: ) (It was quick enough to finish in five minutes) L'hà caminad inscì tant de stracàss (dialect: ) (He walked so much that he got tired) Sentences of deprivation They are subordinate sentences that represent an action that has not been performed. The secondary clause is introduced by the Preposition "senza": Example: He worked without eating. (dialect: ) (Lù l’ha lavorad senza mangià) Sentences of necessity or convenience They are subordinate clauses that represent an action that is necessary or convenient to do. The secondary clause is introduced by the Preposition "de": The verb of the main clause is vessegh (vesser + adverbial particle "ghe") or havégh Example: A ghè nagot de di (dialect: ) (There is nothing to say) (A) ghhoo nagot de fà (dialect: ) (I have nothing to do) .... Preposition to connect nouns Prepositions and prepositional locutions of time Preposition+ article?Usage / meaning / complementExampleExample in English(nonePreposition)NOfixed time - days of the week(unusual action)lunedìon MondayNOfixed time - days of the week and phase of the day(unusual action)lunedì matinaon Monday morningYESfixed time - datesel 15 de sgiugnon June 15thdeNOfixed time - days of the week(usual action)de lunedìon MondayNOfixed time - some expressionsDe 'sti dithese days NOfixed time - seasons of the yearboth "de" and "in" are suitabled'estadin summerYES / NO → as the preposition "a" for a specific timecontinued time; means "starting from", "since"Son stad 'dree a lavorà di vot ore de la matinaI've been working since eight o'clock in the morningaNOfixed time - particular public holidaya Natalat ChristmasYESfixed time - hoursai vundes hoursat elevenYESfixed time - ahead of an expression that indicates a particular momenta la fin de la sgiornadaat the end of the dayde ... aYEScontinued time - time extremes of a time intervaldalla mattina alla sera from morning to eveningde ... conYEScontinued time - time extremes of a time interval only in the expression "d'on dì con l'alter" and similarpossible as an alternative to "d'on dì a l'alter"d'on ann con l’alterfrom year to yearinYES (in de)fixed time - ahead of years, centuries ...in del 1985 in del secol quell di vintin 1985 in the twentieth centuryNOfixed time - ahead the seasons of the yearin estadin summerYES (in de)fixed time - ahead of the parts of the dayin de la matinain (within) the morningintra / infra / tra / fraNOfixed time - to mean a moment a specific time latertra des minutin ten minutesde chì a / entroYES/NO → as the preposition "a" for the fixed timefixed time - to express a maximum time limit forward in timewith respect to the current timede chì a des minutde chì a Natalin ten minutesby Christmasde lì a / entroYES / NO → as Preposition "a" for the fixed timedetermined time - to express a maximum time limit forward in timewith respect to a past momentde lì a des minutde lì a Natalin ten minutesby Christmasdopo / de poeu deYES / NO→ as the preposition "a" for the fixed timefixed time - afterafter la fine de la scuola / de poeu de la fin de la scuolaafter the end of schoololtraYESfixed term - beyondoltra el mes de masg a riva l'estadbeyond the month of May summer comes fina aYES / NO→ as the preposition "a" for the fixed timecontinued time - untilfina a la fin de la scolauntil the end of schoolprima de / inanz deYES / NO→ as the preposition "a" for the fixed timefixed time - beforeprima de the end of the school / inanz de the end of the schoolbefore the end of the schoolperNOcontinued time - durationHoo lavorad per cinch oreI worked for five hoursin the cors deYESfixed time - duringin del cors de la partidaduring the match Prepositions to indicate approximation To indicate an approximate time in cases where normally, to indicate a precise moment, the preposition "a" is required, the preposition "in su" or "vers" is used instead. (when specifying time (hours), only "vers" can be used. Example Se vedom ai ses ore (See you at six) - [precise time] Se vedom vers i ses ore (See you around six) - [approximate time] Se vedom al calà del sol (See you at sunset) - [precise time] Se vedom in sul calà del sol (See you around sunset) - [approximate time] Prepositions and prepositional locutions of place Preposition+ article?Complement / useExampleExample in EnglishaYESa) state in place - precise place not limited (excluding addresses and city, town and village names, god and saints.) b) motion to place - precise place not limited (excluding addresses and city, town and village names, god and saints.)a) Stoo de cà al quint pianb) Voo al quint piania) I live on the fifth floorb) I go to the fifth floorNOa) state in place - cities and towns b) motion to place - cities and townsa) Stoo de cà a Milan b) Voo a Milana) I live in Milan b) I'm going to MilandeYES motion from place - excluding cities, towns, villagesVegni del quint pianI come fromthe fifth floorNO motion from place – cities, towns, villagesSon vegnud de MilanI came from MilanYESmotion by place - excluding cities, towns, villages and substantives indicating professionsPassi del quint pianI pass fromthe fifth floorNO motion from place – cities, towns and villagesPassi de MilanI pass throught MilaninNOa) state in place -addresses b) motion to place - addressesa) in via Milano; a1) in via Milano 33 b) in Milano Streeta) in Via Milano; a1) at Milano Street, 33 b) to Milano StreetNOa) state in place - expressions with "countryside", "mountain" and the like b) motion to place - expressions with "countryside", "mountain" and the likea) Stoo de cà in campagna b) Voo in campagnaa) I live in the countryside b) I go to the countrysideNOa) state in place - expressions with "terra" (ground) and "let" (bed) b) motion to place - expressions with "terra" (ground) and "let" (bed)a) L'è distes in terra b) L'è borlad sgiò in terra b) L'è andad in leta) He is lying on the ground a) He fell to the ground a) He went to bedNOa) state in place - states and geographical regions b) motion to place - states and geographical regionsa) Stoo de cà in Lombardia b) Voo in Lombardiaa) I live in Lombardy b) I go to LombardyNO when talking about the place in relation to its function and you don't want to indicate a particular place YES ( → in de) in other cases except those indicated in the lines abovea) state in place - within a precise circumscribed place b) motion to place - within a precise circumscribed placea) Sont in ofizzi Voo in ofizzi b) Sont in de l'ofizzi del sindich a1) Voo in de l’ofizzi del sindicha) I'm in office I go to the office b) I'm in the mayor's office a1) I go to the mayor's officein dehowever, there is a tendency to italianize using simply "de/da"SI → in dea) state in place - nouns that indicate professions b) motion to place - nouns that indicate professions c) motion by place - nouns indicating professionsa) Sont in del sindich b) Voo in del sindich c) Pass in del sindicha) I am at the mayor’s b) I go to the mayor c) I pass by the mayorde...inNOa) motion by place / from place to place - through places of the same typeEl viasgia de paes in paesHe travels from country to country forYES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)b) motion to place - with the verb "partì" (to leave)a) Lù l’è partid per Milana) He left for MilanYES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)b) motion by place - going around continuouslya) El sgira for the citya) He walks around the townNOb) State in place - only in the phrase "per strada" (om the road, street…)a) L'hoo trovad per stradaa) I found it on the streetsora "sora de" ahead of subject personal pronounsYES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)state in place / motion to place / motion to place – above, over, (on)Sora ‘l teccAbove the roof, (On the roof)in suYESstate in place / motion to place - ona) in sul tavola) on the tableYESstate in place / motion to place - books and internet sites or similarin sul liber in sul sit de la Wikipediain the book on the wikipedia sitede là deYES (excluding city, towns and village names, god and saints.)state in place / motion to place - beyondLa cà l'è de là di alberThe house is beyond the treesdedent de/dedent aYES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)state in place – insidefoeura deYES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)state in place - outsidefoeura deNOstate in place - outThe era foeura de postIt was out of placefoeuraBeware of the small difference in use compared to "foeura de" used without article. This Preposition is rarely used, and almost always to construct adverbial locutions such as "foeura zona". The difference between "foeura" and "foeura de" is small since, constructing the adverbial locutions "foeura de", unlike "foeura" it is used when one wants to describe a condition that is far from what would be the right one (for example "foeura de post" means not being in the right place, "foeura de misura" which means a departure from the right measure, instead "foeura zona" means not being in that area but there is no right and wrong area. )NOstate in place - outSe vedeva che la vegniva de fuori citàYou could tell she was from out of townsota"sota de" ahead of subject personal pronounsYES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)state in place / motion to place – below, underEl gat l'è sota 'l tavolThe cat is under the tableadree adree aYES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)state in place / motion by place – along and very close toadree adree a l mur along and very close to the walla la papala deYES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)status in place & relationship (in front of & in a way to be seen publicly)a la papala de tuccin front of everyoneapos a /depos aYES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)state in place - behind (but very close)apos a l’uss(just) behind the doorarent a / visin aYES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)state in place / motion to place – near, next toEl gat l'è arent al canThe cat is next to the dogapress a / tacad aYES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)state in place / motion to place – beside, very close toStoo de cà apress a MilanI live very close to Milande dree a / de dree deYES (city, town and village names, god and saints. excluded)state in place / motion to place - behind (at a fixed distance)El can l'è de dree al gatThe dog is behind the cat (and is not running after him)denanz a / denanz deYES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)state in place / motion to place - in frontLa gesa l'è denanz al municipiThe church is in front of the town halladree aYES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)state in place - after (in pursuit)El can l'è adree al gatThe dog is after the cat (and wants to catch up him)YES (excluding city, tonw and village names, god and saints.)state in place - alongAdree a la riva del marAlong the seashorede fianch a / de fianch deYES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)state in place / motion to place – alongside, besideEl gat l'è de fianch a la portaThe cat is alongsidethe doora travers a / a travers deYES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)motion by place – across, throughEl gat l'è passad a travers di cespuliThe cat went through the bushesvers"vers de" ahead of subject personal pronounsYES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)motion to place - direction - towardsSemm 'dree a caminà vers MilanWe are walking towards Milansgiò deNOmotion from place (with place = predefined or desired position or route) - outL'è andad sgiò de stradaHe went off the roadYESmotion by place (with place = road you are about to travel) - forL'è andad sgiò d' ona stradaHe went a roadin di pagn deYES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.) state in a figurative place - in the shoes of infra / intra / tra / fraYES / NO → as for the preposition "in"state in place / motion to place – between or among two or more elementsEl gat l'è infra la cadrega e 'l sofaThe cat is between the chair and the sofain mez aYES (excluding city, town and villages names)state in place / motion to place - in the middle ofEl gat l'è in mez a la stanzaThe cat is in the middle of the roomin fond aYES (excluding city, town and villages names)state in place / motion to place - at the bottom of, in the back ofEl gat l'è in fond a the roomThe cat is in the back of the room in fris aYES (excluding city, town and villages names)motion by place – along and very close toin fris al fiumealong and very close to the riverin pari aYES (excluding city, town and villages names)state in place (even in motion) – on the side of, neither a little in front nor a little behindEl gat el corr in pari al canthe cats runs on the side of the dogintorna de / intorna aYES (excluding city, town and villages names)state in place / motion to place - aroundEl gat el corr intorna al tavolThe cat runs aroundthe tablelì adree aYES (excluding city, town and villages names)state in place – in the vicinity of, nearEl sta de cà lì adree a MilanHe lives near Milanlontan deYES (excluding city, town and villages names)state in place, motion to place - away fromEl gat l'è lontan del tavolThe cat is away from the tablein quell deNOstate in place / motion to place (just for cities town and villanges, alternative to the preposition "a")Se sem incontrad in quell de MilanWe met in Milanfoeura deSI (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints., in that case only "foeura")state in place / motion to placefoeura del guss Foeura MilanOut of the shell Outside Milanin di part deYES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)state in place / motion to approximate place for geographical names – somewhere nearEl stà de cà in di part del VigentinHe lives near Vigentinodessoravia deYES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)state in place - even above / just aboveHavéghen dessoravia del coo contra de / contra a /contraYESstate in place - against Note Argument prepositions Preposition+ article?Complement / useExampleExample in EnglishdeYES to specify something on someone in particolarNO in a more generic senseargument – related to the predicateSem 'dree a parlà de animai selvadigh Sem ‘dree a parlà del scorbatWe are talking about wild animals We are talking about the crowin suThe usage of "in su" or "sora" is equivalentYESargument - related to a noun Sem 'dree a fà on discors in su animai selvadighWe're having a talk about wild animalssoraYESargument - related to a noun Sem 'dree a fà on discors sora i animai selvadighWe're having a talk about wild animalsa proposit deYESargument - related to a noun Sem 'dree a fà on discors a proposit di animai selvadighWe're having a talk about wild animals Note Origin preposition The preposition "de" is used and it works as the same preposition used for motion from place (see above). Example: (English) He was born to a Piedmontese father (Lombard) L'è nassud d'on pader piemontes Prepositions and prepositional locutions of relationship Preposition+ articles?Complement / useExampleExample in EnglishwithYES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)relationship with another entityCont el Giovann voo minga d'acordWith John I don't get alonginfra / intra / fra / infra”infra de” before Subject personal pronounsYES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)relationship within a groupInfra de num l’è sucessa ona roba strana Something weird happened between usin di confront deYES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)relationship to another entityTe se see minga comportad ben in di confront del GiovannYou have not behaved well towards John Prepositions to construct comparatives "de", "che", come, compagn de, istess de, al pari de; for their use see ►►► "adjective degrees" Prepositions and prepositional locutions of agent / cause / efficient cause / dependence Preposition+ article?Complement / useExampleExample in EnglishdeYES (excluding city, towns and village names, god and saints.)effective agent / causeL'edifizzi l'è stad trad sgiò del teremotThe building was knocked down bythe earthquakeYES (excluding city, ton and village names, god and saints.)dependensEl prezzi de la benzina el dipend del prezzi del petroliThe price of petrol depends onthe price of oilYES/NOcause (only for feelings or physical discomfort)El barbon l'è mort de(l) freccThe homeless man died of coldforYES (excluding city, towns and village names, god and saints.)cause (always)El barbon l'è mort per el freccThe clochard died from the coldper via deNO when the following noun is plural and normally would be preceded by a partitive article, or in cases not usually preceded by article YES in other casescause (always)El barbon l'è mort per via del freccThe clochard died due to the colda caosa deNO when the following noun is plural and normally would be preceded by a partitive article, or in cases not usually preceded by article YES in other casescause (always)El barbon l'è mort a caosa del freccThe clochard died due to the coldin reson deNO when the following noun is plural and normally would be preceded by a partitive article, or in cases not usually preceded by article YES in other casescauseby reason ofin virtù deNO when the following noun is plural and normally would be preceded by a partitive article, or in cases not usually preceded by article YES in other casescauseby virtue of Prepositions and prepositional locutions of means Preposition+ article?Complement / useExampleExample in Englishwith"cont" before vowelNO in cases not normally preceded by an article YES in other casesmean (tool used)Hoo fad el bus con la firlaforlaI made the hole with the drillinNOmean (of transport)Voo a cà in machinaI go home by car perNOmean (of telecommunication)El parla per televisionHe talks on televisiongrazzie aNO when the following noun is plural and normally would be preceded by a partitive article, or in cases not usually preceded by article YES in other casesmean (generic), with emphasis on a derived benefit L'hà riessid a passà l'esam grazzie a quell liber là.He managed to pass the exam thanks to that bookper mez deNO when the following noun is plural and would normally be preceded by a partitive article or in cases not usually preceded by an article YES in other casesmean (generic)I hann menad inanz la soa ricerca de lor per mez de esprimentThey carried out their research by means of experimentsdeYESmean (when the mean has allowed or allows to learn, understand, recognize ... something)I recognized him de la vosI recognized him ??thanks to the voiceNOin some other rare expressionTegnì de man (on quaivun)Hold (someone’s) hands Prepositions of abundance and lack Preposition+ article?Complement / useExampleExample in EnglishdeNO when the following noun is plural and normally would be preceded by a partitive article, or in cases not usually preceded by article YES in the other casesabundanceEl cavagn l'è pien de nos El cavagn l'è pien di nos che t'hee compradThe basket is full of nuts The basket is full of the nuts you boughtNO when the following noun is plural and normally would be preceded by a partitive article, or in cases not usually preceded by article YES in the other caseslack Prepositions of deprivation Preposition+ article?Complement / useExampleExample in EnglishofNO in cases not usually preceded by article YES in the other casesdeprivationPrivà on quaivun del panDeprive someone of the bread Prepositions and prepositional locutions of companionship and union Preposition+ article?Complement / useExampleExample in EnglishconYEScompanionship and unionMi son con la mia morosaI am with my girlfriendinsema aYEScompanionshipMi son insema a la mia morosaI am with my girlfriendintra/intra / intra / intraconstruction with "intra" is a "state in place" which in the sense figurative represents companionshipYEScompanionshipLù a l'è intra i tosaneIt's among the girls Concessive prepositions Preposition+ article?Complement / useExampleExample in EnglishconYESconcessiveCont el frecc che ‘l faseva sont sortid istessWith the cold weather it was I went out anywayamalastantYESconcessiveAmalastant el frecc che faseva sont sortid istessDespite it was cold, I went out anywaya dispet deYESconcessive - in spite ofA dispet de la sua apparenza l’era diversIn spite of his appearance he was differenta onta deYESconcessive - in spite of Nominative prepositions Preposition+ article?Complement / usageExampleExample in EnglishofNOnamingLa cità de MilanThe city of Milan Prepositions of distance Preposition+ article?Complement / usageExampleExample in Englisha (...de)NO ahead of city, town and village names, god and saints. YES in the other casesdistanceSem rivad a des chilometri de VaresWe have arrived 10 kilometers from Varese Distributive prepositions Preposition+ article?Complement / usageExampleExample in Englisha ...aNOdistributive - in some other sentencesCaminèm a du a duLet’s walk two by twoperNOdistributive - in some other sentencesCaminèm in fila per duwe walk in line for twoNOdistributive - distribution of somethingGhe n'è assee per tuccThere is enough for everyone Prepositions of material Preposition+ article?Complement / usageExampleExample in EnglishofNOmaterialEl rampin l'è de ferrThe hook is (made) of iron Addiction prepositions Preposition+ article?Complement / usageExampleExample in EnglishascaYESaddition – wich means "and in addiction there ‘s also"Cent franch asca i interessOne hundred francs plus interestspuYESaddition – wich means "wich are added to"Cent franch pu i interessOne hundred francs plus interests Prepositions and prepositional locutions of exclusion and deprivation Preposition+ article?Complement / usageExampleExample in Englishsenza"senza de" before subject personal pronounsYESdeprivation - withoutSenza de mi el ghe sariss mai stadWithout me there would never have been it.foeura che / via cheYESexclusion - exceptTucc i dialet de la lombardia foeura che / via che 'l Mantovan i partegnen a la lengua lombarda.All dialects of Lombardy except Mantuan belong to the Lombard languagecondemanchYESexclusion - except Prepositions of quality Preposition+ articles?Complement / usageExampleExample in EnglishdeNOqualityL'è on oget de valorIt is a valuable object (English language uses adjectives instead of "de" + noun)conNOquality (thanks to odue to something owned or belonging)On om cont ona longa barbaA man with a long beard Prepositions of punishment/sentence Preposition+ articles?Complement / usageExampleExample in ItalianaNOpunishment/sentence to be servedL'è stad condanad a des ann de prisonHe was sentenced to ten years in prisondeNO fine given or to be givenHe is stad multad de desmila euro He was fined ten thousand euros(no preposition in English) Partitive prepositions Preposition+ article?Complement / usageExampleExample in EnglishdeNO in the cases not normally preceded by an article YES in the other casesdistributiveDomà trii de lor a inn boni de scriverJust three of them are able to writeintra /infra / tra /frainfra de.. ahead of [ [Lombard /Subject personal pronouns|subject personal pronouns]]the construction with infra is a "state in place" construction which in a figurative sense has a partitive function"NO in the cases not normally preceded by an article YES in the other casesdistributiveDomà trii infra de lor a inn boni de scriverJust three among of them are able to write Prepositions and prepositional locution of limitation Preposition+ article?Complement / useExampleExample in EnglishofNOlimitation - something possessed by the subjectL'è curt de cervellHe is short on brainsin sgener deNOlimitation - generalIn sgener deIn terms ofintuitù deNOlimitation - generalconcerning, regardingin quant aYESlimitation - generalIn quant a la matematica l'è assee bravoAs for mathematics, he's quite goodforYESlimitation - opinionsPer el Giovann l'è inscìIn John 's opinion that’s how it issecond /segondYESlimitation - opinionsSecond el Giovann l'è inscìIn John 's opinion that’s how it isa segonda de (abbreviation segonda) /a secondo de (abbreviation second)YESlimitationa segonda dedepending on Prepositions for the direct object and for the term complement Preposition+ article?Complement / usageExampleExample in English(noprepositions)YES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)object - affirmative formEl gat l'ha mangiad la polpeta El gat l'hà mangia ona polpetaThe cat ate the meatball The cat ate a meatball(English language also does not use prepositions)YES (except for city, town and village names, god and saints.)direct object - negative form in cases where the noun in the direct objectwants the definite articleor the indefinite one if you want to mean "all excet one or some item"El gat l'hà mangiad minga la polpeta El gat l'hà mangiad nò ona polpeta the cat didn't eat the meatball The cat didn't eat a meatball (he ate them all but one) (English language also does not use prepositions)ofNOdirect object - negative in the other casesEl gat l'hà mangiad minga de polpeteThe cat didn't eat meatballs(English language does not use prepositions instead)aYES (excluding city, town and village names, god and saints.)term (always)Gh'hoo dad ona polpeta al gatI gave a meatball to the cat Prepositions of purpose and advantage Preposition+ article?Complement / useExampleExample in ItaliandeNOpurpose – if you want to indicate that a thing is specially designed for that purposei scarp de tennis tennis shoesforYES (except city, trowns and village names, god and saints.)purpose - if you want to indicate that the action described by the predicate is done for a purposeEl lavora for la soa vita He works 'for' his lifeYES (except city, towns and village names, god and saints.)advantage (for/to the benefit/advantage of)El lavora per i sò fioeuiHe works for his children Prepositional locutions of disadvantage Preposition+ article?Complement / useExampleExample in Englishcontra de / contra a /contraYESdisadvantage - againsta svantagg de / a dagn deYESdisadvantage - for the detriment of / to the disadvantage of Prepositions of separation and estrangement Preposition+ article?Complement / useExampleExample in ItaliandeYES (except city, town and village names, god and saints.)separationSeparém i boni di cativLet’s separate the good from the badYES (except city, town and village names, god and saints.)estrangementI boni a s'inn slontanad di cativThe good ones have moved away from the bad ones Prepositions to build the predicative complement Usually the predicate complement of the subject is not introduced by Preposition: Examples: El Lessi l'è considerad on geni (Alexios is considered a genius) El Valeri l'è stad elensgiud sindich (Valerio was elected mayor) However, there are cases where prepositions are used, for example: → Preposition "come" Example: L'è stad ciapad come garzon (He was hired as an apprentice) → Preposition "de" Example: El fa de testimoni (He acts as a witness) Prepositions of quantity Prepositions to say the number of elements constituting an entity Preposition+ article?Complement / useExampleExample in EnglishdeNOquantity (referring to the entities constituting the entity represented by the preceding noun)Ona partida de des tochLa partida l'era de des tochA set of ten piecesThe set was ten piecesinNOquantity (number of elements that make up a group)Serom in triiWe were three / We were three of us(nonepreposition)NOquantity (number of elements regardless of the idea of a group)I eren triiThey were three Preposition to say the number of parts an entity is divided into Preposition+ article?Complement / useExampleExample in ItalianinNOquantity (number of parts an entity is divided into)Sparti in trè partTo divide into three parts Prepositions to say the price Prepositions are not used to indicate the price of an object: Examples: El compiuter el costa cinch-cent euri (The compiuter costs 500 euros) To say the price something is sold or bought, the preposition "a" is used Example: L'hoo comprad a cinch-cent euri (I bought it for 500 euros) L'hoo vendud a cinch-cent euri (I sold it for 500 euros) Prepositions to be indicative of approximation In evaluations, measurements and assumptions in the cases where no preposition is normally required, the input of the preposition "in su" is equivalent to saying "roughly", "about" or "approximately" Example El pesa in sui sessanta chilogram (It/He weighs about sixty kilograms, It/He weighs approximately sixty kilograms) Conversely, if you want to indicate an interval, use "infra" / "intra" / "tra " / "fra" .... "e" Example El palazz l'è alt intra (i) trii e (i) quindes meters (The palace is between three and fifteen meters high) Prepositions of estimation To indicate the estimated value of something, the preposition "per" is used: Example: Quest anell chì l'è stad stimad per cinch-cent milion (This ring was valued at five hundred millions) What was said in the previous paragraph applies to approximations and intervals, that is to say the prepositions in su or infra...e must be used. Prepositions to specify the age Prepositions are not used to indicate a person's age: Examples: El Lessi el gh'ha quarant'ann (Alexios is forty years old) To specify the age when something happened we use the preposition "a" Example: Lù l'è andad in spos a vint ann (He got married at the age of twenty) By the same way, an approximate age can be indicated by preceding the preposition "in su" istead of "a" Transformation prepositions Preposition+ article?Complement / useExampleExample in EnglishinNOdifferent types of transformationEl liber l'è stad tradot in LombardThe book has been translated into Lombard Prepositions and prepositional locution of swap and substitution Preposition+ article?Complement / useExampleExample in ItalianperYES (except for city, town and village names, god and saints.)swap, exchangeL'ha scambiad ona roba per l'altra He swapped one thing for the otherinveci de /inscambi deYES (except for city, town and village names, god and saints.)swap (1) L'ha ciapad su ona roba inveci de l'altra(2) L'ha ciapad su ona roba inscambi de l'altra (1) He picked up one thing instead of the other(2) He picked up one thing instead of the other / He picked up one thing in exchange for the otheral post deYES (except for city, town and village names, god and saints.)substitutionL'ha metud on roba al post de l'altraHe put one thing in place of the other / He put one thing instead of the otherin nom deYES (except for city, town and village names, god and saints.)substitution - in the name of Prepositions of manner Complements of manner are usually expressed through adverbs, sometimes they are also expressed through adverbial locutions which can be made up by: con + noun Example: Hoo lavorad con impegn (I worked with effort) de + adjective Example Hoo lavorad de crapon (I worked stubbornly) however, there are numerous locutions constructed with other prepositions. Examples: sul seri → (1) really; (2) seriously per nom → by name Prepositions to indicate feelings, moods and conditions Usually feelings, moods or conditions are expressed by adjectives. Examples: El Lessi l'è feliz (Alezios is happy) Sometimes you can write "in" + feeling / moods / condition Example: El paes l'è in agitazzion (The village is in turmoil) Attention: in the cases where in Lombard there are no nouns to describe certain conditions but verbs used as a noun are used instead, the translation by this way with the preposition "in" is not possible, contrarywise you have to use the construction "adree a + verb in the infinitive''" (curtailment "'dree a +..."). For example, since there is no noun to say "arrival", the verb "to arrive" (or "to come"), which in Lombard is "rivà" / "ruvà" is used instead as if it were a noun. "the arrival" is therefore expressed in Lombard by "el rivà" but “arriving” cannot be translated to "in rivà" but must be translated with "'dree a rivà" Example: A gh'è on temporal (che l'è) 'dree a rivà (There is a storm (that is) coming) A gh'è on temporal che l'è 'dree a rivà (There is a storm that is coming) Prepositions of circumstance Preposition+ article?Complement / useExampleExample in EnglishconNOcircumstanceIt was raining col solIt was raining raining while the sun was shining(in Lombard language it is expressed as "It was raining raining with the sun") Prepositional locutions of relation Preposition+ article?Complement / useExampleExample in Englisha l'uso deNOrelation (similarity) - in the likeness offront aYESrelationship (with something or someone to deal with)- faced within di confront deYESrelationship – (1) against; (2) toward; (3) towardssul gust deYES relation - similar to (in terms of style)Quest vestid chì a l'è fad sul gust de quell de vint ann fa.That dress is made in the stile of the one from twenty years ago.a foeusgia de /a fosgia deNOrelation - similar to (in terms of shape), in the shape of, in the form of, shaped likea forma deNOrelation - similar to (in terms of shape), in the shape of, in the form of, shaped likea moeud deNOrelation - similar to (in terms of manner), likea l'usanza deYESrelation - according to the custom of Prepositions to form phrasal verbs Some verbs change their meaning when they are followed by a preposition or an adverb. ►►► see ►►► Lombard/Phrasal verbs'''