Proto-Germanic/Nouns and adjectives

Welcome to the second lesson of Proto-Germanic! Nouns Masculine nouns + Ending in *-az *dagaz "day" Singular Plural Nominative *dagaz *dagōz Vocative *dag Accusative *dagą *daganz Genitive *dagas*dagis *dagǭ Dative *dagai *dagamz Instrumental *dagō Note that nouns containing *-e- always umlauted to *-i- before all endings containing *-i- in first syllable (nominative *berg-az "mountain, hill", but genitive *birg-is). Noun stems ending in *-j- or *-ij- have their own declensions with unique genitive singular ending (there are two variants of genitive singular, however): Nominative singular *harjaz "army" *hirdijaz "shepherd" Genitive singular *harjas *hirdijas *haris *hirdīs So, all of the expected sequences *-ji- and *-iji- instead becoming *-i- and *-ī- as a result of regular sound changes. Feminine nouns + Ending in *-ō *gebō "day" Singular Plural Nominative *gebō *gebōz Vocative Accusative *gebǭ *gebōz Genitive *gebōz *gebǭ Dative *gebōi *gebōmz Instrumental *gebō Neuter nouns Note that nouns in the neuter gender have syncretism in nominative, vocative, and accusative cases. + Ending in *-ą *wurdą "word" Singular Plural NominativeVocativeAccusative *wurdą *wurdō Genitive *wurdas*wurdis *wurdǭ Dative *wurdai *wurdamz Instrumental *wurdō + Ending in *-az *lambaz "lamb" Singular Plural NominativeVocativeAccusative *lambaz *lambizō Genitive *lambizz *lambizǭ Dative *lambizī *lambizumz Instrumental *lambizē Retention of neuter -az declension is a complex issue. Anglian dialect of Old English fully preserved this declension (see lamb), while the rest of West Germanic only in the plural (the singular endings were replaced by more common masculine counterparts, e.g. dative *lambai from earlier *lambizī). Old Norse and Gothic fully merge this to the masculine -az declension.