411 REFERENCE · Wikibooks
Polish/Nouns - Number II
Reference material by Wikibooks contributors. This retains its source identity and is not 411 news reporting.
Nouns – Number II (Rzeczowniki – Liczba II) expands on the concept of grammatical number in Polish and introduces more patterns and irregularities in singular and plural noun forms.
Polish nouns have two numbers:
Singular (liczba pojedyncza) – refers to one person, animal, thing, or idea.
Plural (liczba mnoga) – refers to more than one person, animal, thing, or idea.
książka → książki (book → books)
dom → domy (house → houses)
Forming the Plural
The plural ending depends on the gender and ending of the noun.
Masculine Nouns
SingularPluralMeaningdomdomyhousekotkotycatstółstołytablenauczycielnauczycieleteacherchłopiecchłopcyboy
Feminine Nouns
SingularPluralMeaningksiążkaksiążkibookszkołaszkołyschoolkobietakobietywomansiostrasiostrysistermyszmyszymouse
Neuter Nouns
SingularPluralMeaningoknooknawindowdzieckodziecichildmorzemorzaseazwierzęzwierzętaanimalmuzeummuzeamuseum
Irregular Plurals
Some nouns form their plurals irregularly.
SingularPluralMeaningczłowiekludziepersondzieckodziecichildroklatayearbratbraciabrotherokooczyeye
Examples
Ci ludzie są mili. - These people are nice.
Mam dwoje dzieci. - I have two children.
Moi bracia mieszkają w Warszawie. - My brothers live in Warsaw.
Plural-Only Nouns
Some nouns are used only in the plural.
NounMeaningdrzwidoornożyczkiscissorsspodnietrousersokularyglasseswakacjeholidays
Examples
Drzwi są otwarte. - The door is open.
Moje okulary leżą na stole. - My glasses are on the table.
Singular-Only Nouns
Some nouns are normally used only in the singular.
NounMeaningmlekomilkmuzykamusicmiłośćlovezdrowiehealthmłodzieżyouth
Examples
Muzyka jest głośna. - The music is loud.
Zdrowie jest ważne. - Health is important.
Virile and Non-Virile Plurals
In Polish, plural nouns are divided into:
Virile (męskoosobowy) – groups containing at least one male person.
Non-virile (niemęskoosobowy) – all other groups.
TypeExampleMeaningVirilenauczycieleteachers (including men)VirilechłopcyboysNon-virilekobietywomenNon-virilekotycatsNon-virileoknawindows
Examples
Ci nauczyciele pracują tutaj. - These teachers work here.
Te kobiety są lekarzami. - These women are doctors.
Agreement with Adjectives
Adjectives must agree with nouns in number.
SingularPluralMeaningdobra książkadobre książkigood book(s)nowy domnowe domynew house(s)małe dzieckomałe dziecismall child(ren)
Summary Table
NumberPolishExampleSingularliczba pojedynczadomPluralliczba mnogadomy
Notes
Most nouns have both singular and plural forms.
Some nouns are used only in the singular or only in the plural.
Many plural forms are regular, but common nouns often have irregular plurals.
Virile and non-virile distinctions affect adjective, pronoun, and verb agreement in the plural.