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Polish/Nouns - Number II

Reference material by Wikibooks contributors. This retains its source identity and is not 411 news reporting.

Nouns – Number II (Rzeczowniki – Liczba II) expands on the concept of grammatical number in Polish and introduces more patterns and irregularities in singular and plural noun forms. Polish nouns have two numbers: Singular (liczba pojedyncza) – refers to one person, animal, thing, or idea. Plural (liczba mnoga) – refers to more than one person, animal, thing, or idea. książka → książki (book → books) dom → domy (house → houses) Forming the Plural The plural ending depends on the gender and ending of the noun. Masculine Nouns SingularPluralMeaningdomdomyhousekotkotycatstółstołytablenauczycielnauczycieleteacherchłopiecchłopcyboy Feminine Nouns SingularPluralMeaningksiążkaksiążkibookszkołaszkołyschoolkobietakobietywomansiostrasiostrysistermyszmyszymouse Neuter Nouns SingularPluralMeaningoknooknawindowdzieckodziecichildmorzemorzaseazwierzęzwierzętaanimalmuzeummuzeamuseum Irregular Plurals Some nouns form their plurals irregularly. SingularPluralMeaningczłowiekludziepersondzieckodziecichildroklatayearbratbraciabrotherokooczyeye Examples Ci ludzie są mili. - These people are nice. Mam dwoje dzieci. - I have two children. Moi bracia mieszkają w Warszawie. - My brothers live in Warsaw. Plural-Only Nouns Some nouns are used only in the plural. NounMeaningdrzwidoornożyczkiscissorsspodnietrousersokularyglasseswakacjeholidays Examples Drzwi są otwarte. - The door is open. Moje okulary leżą na stole. - My glasses are on the table. Singular-Only Nouns Some nouns are normally used only in the singular. NounMeaningmlekomilkmuzykamusicmiłośćlovezdrowiehealthmłodzieżyouth Examples Muzyka jest głośna. - The music is loud. Zdrowie jest ważne. - Health is important. Virile and Non-Virile Plurals In Polish, plural nouns are divided into: Virile (męskoosobowy) – groups containing at least one male person. Non-virile (niemęskoosobowy) – all other groups. TypeExampleMeaningVirilenauczycieleteachers (including men)VirilechłopcyboysNon-virilekobietywomenNon-virilekotycatsNon-virileoknawindows Examples Ci nauczyciele pracują tutaj. - These teachers work here. Te kobiety są lekarzami. - These women are doctors. Agreement with Adjectives Adjectives must agree with nouns in number. SingularPluralMeaningdobra książkadobre książkigood book(s)nowy domnowe domynew house(s)małe dzieckomałe dziecismall child(ren) Summary Table NumberPolishExampleSingularliczba pojedynczadomPluralliczba mnogadomy Notes Most nouns have both singular and plural forms. Some nouns are used only in the singular or only in the plural. Many plural forms are regular, but common nouns often have irregular plurals. Virile and non-virile distinctions affect adjective, pronoun, and verb agreement in the plural.