Skaneateles Conservation Area/Invasive species/Lonicera

<< Prohibited invasive plants at the SCA Lonicera spp. (non-native bush honeysuckles) The Eurasian bush honeysuckle species most likely to be present at the SCA (in approximate order of likelihood) are: Lonicera morrowii (Morrow’s honeysuckle), Lonicera × bella [L. morrowii × tatarica] (Bell’s honeysuckle), Lonicera tatarica (Tartarian honeysuckle), and Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle) These exotic honeysuckles are all similar in appearance and invasive characteristics and displace valuable natives.Invasive honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.) Honeysuckle spp. New York Invasive Species Information 2021. All four of these taxa are grouped in what is now called Lonicera subg. Lonicera sect. Lonicera (syn. sect. Coeloxylosteum sensu Rehder). Masayoshi Nakaji, et al. (2015). "A Molecular Phylogenetic Study of Lonicera L. (Caprifoliaceae) in Japan Based on Chloroplast DNA Sequences." Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 66(3): 137–151 Because this section contains L. xylosteum, the type species of genus Lonicera, this section should be named Lonicera as autonym. Section Lonicera is characterized by flowers with a two-lipped corolla and hollow branches.Nina Theis, Michael J. Donoghue,and Jianhua Li (2008) "Phylogenetics of the Caprifolieae and Lonicera (Dipsacales) Based on Nuclear and Chloroplast DNA Sequences." Systematic Botany 33(4): pp. 776–783 This section also contains native "fly honeysuckles," of which Lonicera canadensis (American fly-honeysuckle) is known to be present at the SCA.Flora of New York/Dipsacales. (2021, July 5). Wikibooks, The Free Textbook Project. Retrieved 22:54, July 7, 2021. Description All of the above honeysuckles are upright deciduous shrubs with long arching branches, and commonly reach 5 to 20 feet tall. They are all in the Lonicera section LoniceraFlora of New York/Dipsacales (2021) "Lonicera sect. Lonicera." Wikibooks, The Free Textbook Project. and produce abundant red to orange-yellow fruit.Non-native bush honeysuckles, 2021 Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.Michael Hough (2019). "Caprifoliaceae," Flora of Cortland and Onondaga Couies, New York, pp. 390-391 Table 1. Bush honeysuckle differentiation SpeciesCommon nameLeaf textureLeaf shapeMature (2 yr)stem pithFruit shapeFruit colorCorollaStylePedunclelengthNativityLonicera morrowiiMorrow's honeysuckledensely hairy(top and bottom)oblongelliptichollow,darkerround in pairsyellow, orange, or redlobed nearly to basezygomorphic 10-22 mm longpubescent≤ 15 mmnon-native(invasive)Lonicera × bella [L. morrowii × tatarica]Bell’s honeysuckledensely hairy below,sparsely hairy abovehollow,darkerround in pairsyellow, orange, or redlobed nearly to basezygomorphic 10-22 mm longpubescent5 - 15 mmnon-native(invasive)Lonicera tataricaTartarian honeysucklesmooth, hairlessoblongovatehollow,darkerround in pairsyellow, orange, or redlobed nearly to basezygomorphic 10-22 mm longpubescentnon-native(invasive)Lonicera maackiiAmur honeysuckleabruptlyacuminatehollow,darkerround in pairsyellow, orange, or redbilabiatezygomorphic 10-22 mm longpubescent< 5 mmnon-native(invasive)Lonicera canadensisAmerican fly honeysucklesolid whitenot hollowround in pairsbright red± actinomorphic 10-22 mm longshort spur at the baseglabrousnative Note: The native Lonicera canadensis (American fly honeysuckle) is also present at the SCA and looks superficially similar to the exotic bush honeysuckles, so care must be taken before removing any plant. A simple but not definitive way to tell the difference is that the European honeysuckles may have hollow or dark piths, while native honeysuckles have solid white pith. Eurasian bush honeysuckles are some of the first shrubs to leaf out in the spring, which allows them to shade native plants and encourages birds to nest earlier and lower to the ground, where they are more vulnerable to predators.Glenda Berman Master Gardener Volunteer Cornell Cooperative Extension of Columbia and Greene Counties, April 2020 "Invasive honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.)" Second to European buckthorn, Eurasian bush honeysuckles, are probably the dominant shrub seen on most of the SCA.Lonicera spp. (honeysuckles) iNaturalist observations at the Skaneateles Conservation Area (includes both native and introduced Loniceras) In fact the two shrubs (buckthorn and honeysuckle) are sometimes referred to collectively using the colloquial term "bucksuckle,"Michael Madritch & Richard Lindroth (2009). Removal of invasive shrubs reduces exotic earthworm populations. Biological Invasions.Jason and Roy Van Driesche (2000). Nature Out of Place: Biological Invasions in the Global Age. Island Press. which locally has broadened to refer collectively to all common invasive shrubs and even to be used as a verb indicating the removal of any such invasive plants. Invasiveness ranking of Lonicera × bella complex The 2008 relative maximum invasiveness score for the complex containing Lonicera morrowii, L. tatarica & L. × bella (exotic bush honeysuckles) was 85.54%.Lonicera × bella complex Steve Clemants, Gerry Moore August 13, 2008 All species of the Lonicera × bella complex are prohibited by New York State law.New York Codes, Rules and Regulations, Title 6 Section 575.3 - Prohibited invasive species Ecological impact Dense patches of Lonicera morrowii can cover 100% of an infested forest understory.John C. Hunter and Jennifer A. Mattice (2002). "The Spread of Woody Exotics into the Forests of a Northeastern Landscape, 1938-1999." The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, Jul. - Sep., 2002, Vol. 129, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 2002), pp. 220-227. Torrey Botanical Society. Forest regeneration following disturbance can be severely impeded by these species, which displace and suppress native species.M.S.Batcher & S.A.Stiles (2000). Element stewardship abstract for the bush honeysuckles. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA. The L. × bella complex is an aggressive invader of lower elevation forests throughout the northeastern United States. K.Woods (1993). "Effects of invasion by Lonicera tatarica L. on herbs and tree seedlings in four New England forests." American Midland Naturalist. 130(1): 62-74. Red carotenoid pigment (rhodoxanthin) in the fruits of Lonicera morrowii were found to cause the terminal tail bands on cedar waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum) to change color from yellow to orange.Mark C. Witmer (1996). "Consequences of an Alien Shrub on the Plumage Coloration and Ecology of Cedar Waxwings." The Auk, Volume 113, Issue 4, 1 October 1996, Pages 735–743. Biological characteristics and dispersal ability A high percentages of seeds of L. morrowii (78–97%) germinate, both under litter and beneath the soil surface.Siti N. Hidayati, Jerry M. Baskin & Carol C. Baskin (2000). "Dormancy-breaking and germination requirements of seeds of four Lonicera species (Caprifoliaceae) with underdeveloped spatulate embryos." Seed Science Research 10: 459-469. Even though the fruit (as of introduced species in general) is of low quality, it is eaten and dispersed by both birds and mammals.Douglas W. White and Edmund W. Stiles (1992). "Bird dispersal of fruits of species introduced into eastern North America." Canadian Journal of Botany. 70(8): 1689-1696. Ecological amplitude and distribution Exotic bush honeysuckle invades wetlands, including shrub swamps, forested wetlands, riparian zones, and ditches. It also invades upland grasslands, shrublands, forests, woodlands, and roadsides. Dense patches often cover 100% of and area. Studies are mixed on its ability to colonized well-forested areas. It's clear that it can co-dominate old fields and early-successional forest communities, but may decline as forests mature (if they are allowed to).Richard S. Mitchell & Gordon C. Tucker. (1994) "Flora of an Unusually Diverse Virgin and Old-Growth Forest Area in the Southern Adirondacks of New York." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 121(1): 76–83. Difficulty of control Exotic bush honeysuckles are perennial shrubs that readily resprout from roots. Observations of Lonicera × bella complex at the SCA 51874 Lonicera