Quenya/Exceptional stems

Words with misguiding final letter Following words look as words on \6 -r but they are in fact words on \8 -s: a~C6 cár → aD8\ cas- "head" aY6 cor → aY8\ cos- "war" eD2^6 fandor → eD2^8\ fandos- "monster" t#6 mar → t#8\ mas- "home, dwelling" 5%`V6 nier → 5%`V8\ nies- "honey-bee" They only have a final \6 -r in the nominative singular, in all other cases they are declined as aY8 cos (see ../Declension Paradigms/). And these words look as words on \8 -s but they are really words on \1 -t: aF7R8 ceres → aF7R1\ ceret- "earthenware" 9R8 hes → 9R1\ het- "sibling" qEj%8 palis → qEj%1\ palit- "sward, lawn" They only have a final \8 -s in the nominative singular, in all other cases they are declined as iD7E1 sarat (see ../Declension Paradigms/). Doubled t-stems doubled stems in ts When these words end in \1 -t we don’t find a genuine doubling but rather an extra \8 -s: 9Rj$1 helet → 9Rj$1+\ helets- "fur-coat" 9R5$1 henet → 9R5$1+\ henets- "window" `N7Y1 orot → `N7Y1+\ orots- "cave" zFj$1 quelet → zFj$1+\ quelets- "corpse" Also some words in \8 -s belong to this group: `C7T8 aris → `C7T1+\ arits- "daughter" aDs#7T8 cangaris → aDs#7T1+\ cangarits- "weaver" eD8 fas → eD1+\ fats- "tassel" 5^8 nos → 5^1+\ nots- "damp" `H`C7T8 oaris → `H`C7T1+\ oarits- "mermaid" And one exceptional word in \`V -ë: yT1R vitë → yT1+\ vits- "sap" These words have a special locative and possessive singular, and they all have a u-dual: Singular Plural Dual Partitive Plural Nominative 9Rj$1helet 9Rj$1T+heletsi 9Rj$1U+heletsu 9Rj$1iRj%heletseli Genitive 9Rj$1Y+heletso 9Rj$1iG`N5heletsion 9Rj$1iJ`Nheletsuo 9Rj$1iRj%`N5heletselion Possessive 9Rj$1nEheletwa 9Rj$1iGyEheletsiva 9Rj$1iJyEheletsuva 9Rj$1iRj~ByEheletselíva Dative 9Rj$1iR5heletsen 9Rj$1iG5heletsin 9Rj$1iJ5heletsun 9Rj$1iRj%5heletselin Ablative 9Rj$1iRj°^heletsello 9Rj$1iGj°^5heletsillon 9Rj$1iGj°^6heletsillor 9Rj$1iJj°^heletsullo 9Rj$1iRj%j°^5heletselillon 9Rj$1iRj%j°^6heletselillor Allative 9Rj$1iR5"#heletsenna 9Rj$1iG5"#6heletsinnar 9Rj$1iJ5"#heletsunna 9Rj$1iRj%5"#heletselinna 9Rj$1iRj%5"#6heletselinna Locative 9Rj$1R+heletsë 9Rj$1iG,R5heletsissen 9Rj$1iJ,Rheletsussë 9Rj$1iRj%,Rheletselissë 9Rj$1iRj%,R5heletselissen Instrumental 9Rj$1iR5$5heletsenen</td> 9Rj$1iG5$5heletsinen</td> 9Rj$1iJ5$5heletsunen</td> 9Rj$1iRj~B5$5heletselínen</td> Respective 9Rj$1iR8heletses</td> 9Rj$1iG8heletsis</td> 9Rj$1iJ8heletsus</td> 9Rj$1iRj%8heletselis</td> doubled stems in tt aDj&t$1 calumet → aDj&t$1;\ calumett- "lamp" aFd1RaF1 cehtecet → aFd1RaF1;\ cehtecett- "cuckling" j#1 lat → j#1;\ latt-, "flap, lid" j$zF1 lequet → j$zF1;\ lequett- "joint" t#1 mat → t#1;\ matt- "meal" 5#1 nat → 5#1;\ natt- "thing" 1RaF1 tecet → 1RaF1;\ tecett- "letter" doubled stems in ht aFaF1 cecet → aFaFd1\ ceceht- "pheasant" t$1 met → t$d1\ meht- "mark, aim" t&1 mut → t&d1\ muht- "dirt, filth" iD7E1 sarat → iD7Ed1\ saraht- "plank" 1R7R1 teret → 1R7Rd1\ tereht- "auger, gimlet" 1R1 tet → 1Rd1\ teht- "spot, mark" nRj$1 welet → nRj$d1\ weleht- "boil, tumour" hÍE1 yat → hÍEd1\ yaht- "neck" Vowel shortening In some nouns a long vowel is shortened in the stem-form, but otherwise they are declined as if they didn't have that long vowel in the nominative singular. j~C6 lár → j#6\ lar- "ear" 5~V5 nén → 5$5\ nen- "water" 5~V6 nér → 5$6\ ner- "man" z~V5 quén → zF5\ quen- "person" 1~Cj tál → 1Ej\ tal- "foot" hÍ~C6 yár → hÍE6\ yar- "blood" ^ ^ The normal word for blood is iR6aF sercë. The word hÍ~V5 yén "Elvish year" is an exception, as its stem-form also has a long ~V é: hÍ~V5% yéni. Vowel lengthening In a few words we find the reverse situation. But they are all proper names: `V7UdT5 Eruhin → `V7Ud~B5\ Eruhín- "Child of Eru" yEj#1E6 Valatar → yEj#1~C6\ Valatár- "Valar-king" `C1E5#1E6 Atanatar → `C1E5#1~C6\ Atanatár- "Forefather" aDiD6 Casar → aD8~C6\ Casár- "Dwarf" Vowel changing In some words the vowel completely changes. The most frequent words are the U-stems and the I-stems. There are 2 words that have a stem-forms in \`C –a but a nominative in \`N –o: 7.DaY rauco → 7.DaD\ rauca- "demon" iJ2^ sundo → iJ2#\ sunda- "root" Note: 7.DaY rauco is in singular and dual a U-stem. There are also 2 words on \`C\ –a with a stem-form on \`B\ –i: 9~B5# hína → 9~B5%\ híni- "child" ~N5^5# ónona → ~N5^5%\ ónoni- "twin" Words with exceptional connecting vowels As we have seen: when a case-ending that begins with a consonant, is applied to a noun ending in a consonant we add an \`V\ –e– between the stem and the ending, e.g. t#aGj$5 macilen "to a sword" (dative) `C5#7R5"# anarenna "to a king" (allative) There are however four words that have a different connecting vowel: With \`N\ –o– 1Yj tol → 1Yj°\ toll- "island" t#2^8 Mandos → t#2^81\ Mandost- "Mandos" so we find e.g. 1Yj^,R tolossë "on an island" (locative) t#2^81Y5"# Mandostonna "to Mandos" (allative) With \`C\ –a– 1~Cj tál → 1Ej\ tal- "foot" `Mw#6 umbar → `Mw#61\ umbart- "fate" so we find e.g. 1Ej#5 talan "to a foot" (dative) `Mw#61E5$5 umbartanen "with fate" (instrumental) Irregular stem-forms First a group of connected words: All words that denote a "room" end on \iD5 –san. This is derived from iDw$ sambë "room", e.g.: alDt#iD5 caimasan → alDt#iDw\ caimasamb- "bedroom" These two words also belong to this group: 9C5 han → 9Cw\ hamb- "ground" iD5 san → iDw\ samb- "chamber" But some words are totally irregular: aGj#qT cilapi → aGj#qTf\ cilapinc- "robin" 9ÍC6 hyar → 9ÍC6t\ hyarm- "plough" j#8 las → j#a|\ lax- "snare" j$f$ lencë → j$z\ lenqu- "limb" lY1Y oito → lY`H4\ oiont- "lack" `Nj^8 olos → `Nj^6\ olor- "dream" qE1 pat → qEq1\ papt- "small leaf" qRj1E8 peltas → qRj1Ea|\ peltax- "pivot" qT`V1 piet → qT`Va;\ piecc- "pin" iD1 sat → iGq1\ sapt- "hole" iGj%1 silit → iGj%z\ siliqu- "flint" iGf$ sincë → iGv\ sinqu- "mineral, metal" 1D7E5 taran → 1E7Ew\ taramb- "buffet" 1Rj%5 telin → 1Rj%w\ telimb- "roof, covering" 1ÎU8 tyus → 1ÎUa|\ tyux- "cud" `Mj&5 ulun → `Mj&r\ ulump- "camel" Some words resemble ../2-letter words/, but they have a stem-form: 7~C rá → 7~Cy\ ráv- "lion" 5~N nó → 5~Nn\ nów- "idea" 1~N tó → 1~Nn\ tów- "wool" The possessive singular of these words always ends on -va, the genitive on -vo: 7~C rá → 7~CyE - 7~CyY ráva, rávo 5~N nó → 5~NyE - 5~NyY nóva, nóvo 1~N tó → 1~NyE - 1~NyY tóva, tóvo >> Neo-Quenya >> ../Nouns/ >> ../Stem-forms/ >> ../Exceptional stems/