Proto-Turkic/Basics

Welcome to the second lesson of Proto-Turkic! Basics Clauses Verb clauses Verb clauses are formed by adding a tense to the end of the verb. Let's consider the aorist suffix *-ur, *-ürhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-%C3%BCr and its opposite *-maŕ, *meŕhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-me%C5%95. I love horses. - Bẹ atïŕïg sebür. My mother doesn't love him. - Anam anï sebmeŕ. However, in some Turkic languages like Turkish, Tatar, or even Old Turkic, this suffix was combined with another suffix *-aŕ or *-eŕ to form unpredictable choice of aorist form. Noun clauses There are no noun clauses in Proto-Turkic. The verb to stand or to be (auxiliary) takes the suffix *-ur, *-ür in the present tense, and noun phrases are provided in this way. If the sentence is positive, it may not take any verb or suffix. Hen is a bird - Takïgu kuĺ (turur/erür). Butter is not a fruit - Yāg yẹ̄miĺč turmaŕ/ermeŕ. Family members mother - *ana father - *atahttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/ata girl, daughter - *kï̄ŕhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/k%C3%AF%CC%84%C5%95 boy - *ērhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/%C4%93r son - *ogulhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/ogul elder sister - *eke elder brother - *ečey younger sister - *siŋil younger brother - *ini (unclear, perhaps Proto-Common-Turkic) bride - *kẹlinhttps://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/k%E1%BA%B9lin son-in-law - *küdegü a man's wife's younger sister - *bāldïŕ The reason why *ini is not clear is that it is not found in the Oghur group. Sometimes some words are reconstructed for (Pre-)Proto-Turkic even though they are not found in Lir Turkic. These reconstructions include Proto-Common-Turkic, non-Lir legacy reconstructions are not (Pre-)Proto-Turkic. Next Lesson: Locative-ablative case and plurality References