A-level Physics (Advancing Physics)/Big Bang Theory

Big Bang theory states that space-time began as a single point, and that, as time passed, space itself expanded. Some people have the ability to think with images due to mild forms of autism and can visualize time and space, which is essential to understand the theory on what caused the Big Bang. Here's the following theory: Time is one moment occurring after another, it exists because lack of future ahead is a nonsense. That the lack of future ahead is a nonsense-whether there is current moment or not-happens to have nothing to do with ‘where does it come from?’, same like that it wouldn’t make sense if there would be no current moment. And space is where time exists; everything needs to be located to exist. Time without beginning would mean that eternity must have already passed, eternity can never pass, it just goes on and on. But marking the beginning of time leads to paradoxes. This is why marking the beginning of time was possible only through an indirect action of connecting space to time. When an event occurs earliest possible in time it marks the beginning of time as there was no ’before’.     Because of this connection as time passes more bits of space are created-the space expands from smallest possible point as nothing required it to be bigger and will continue to expand forever. Spacetime instead of creating forever pure energy-which is a capacity for work-as space expands created through process of evolution intelligent beings to do it for it. To forever create light energy of any wavelength. And possibly if people will do that spacetime will treat people that way that they will be able to do so-natural world will treat people better. Here are the mentioned paradoxes: If marking the beginning of time is to occur then it is already done as eternal past never existed in the first place, which creates paradox: doing something that is already done. If time without beginning is to be substituted for the one with beginning then it is also already done as eternal past never existed in the first place, which also leads to the mentioned paradox: doing something that is already done. Finally that the lack of time is a nonsense couldn’t start the time as it is contained within what it lead to: time. Marking the beginning of time occurred about 14 billion years ago. When people ask ‘what was 20 billion years ago’ this question makes no sense, 20 billion years ago is fiction. Until recently scientists believed that people can create only as much energy as amount of matter allows it and vice versa, but now scientists know what happens when two wormholes collide-more energy is created. Same for particles colliding close to the speed of light. As a confirmation that thinking with images should be taken seriously the following observation was published: Such small length of space that nothing can be subtracted from it is called Planck length, in a large space there could be a square that is one Planck length per one Planck length and across it would be more than one smallest existing length of space, but less than two, there can't be 1.5 smallest existing length of space. All that we see is one universe from our point of view. Tiny spherical points one Planck length across connected with each other via time. That is the only possibility as in infinitely dividable space it wouldn't be specified with what speed something moves. All that would mean that the origin of the Universe has a lot to do with visual thinking, common sense and logic and only a little bit to do with science. All this is published on www.astronomyaustralia.blogspot.com Hubble's Law Hubble's Law describes the expansion of the universe mathematically: , where v is the velocity of recession of a celestial object, and d is the distance to the object. H0 is the Hubble constant, where H0 = 70 km s−1 Mpc−1. The '0' signifies that this is the Hubble constant now, not in the past or the future. This allows for the fact that the Hubble constant might be changing, but very slowly. The Age of the Universe Imagine a galaxy which flies out from the big bang at the speed of light (c). The distance it has travelled d is given by: , where t is the age of the universe, since the galaxy has been travelling since the beginning. If we substitute in Hubble's Law for v, we get: So, the reciprocal of the Hubble constant is the age of the universe - but be careful with the units. More Doppler Effect We have already seen that red-shift z is given by: , where Δλ is the amount by which radiation is red-shifted from a celestial object, λs is the wavelength of the radiation relative to the celestial object, vs is the velocity of recession of the object, c is the speed of light, and v is much less than c. If λ is the wavelength of the radiation relative to us: However, if it is actually space that is being stretched, then this is actually the ratio of the distances between us and the celestial object at two times: the time at which the radiation was emitted, and the time at which the radiation was received. We can apply this to any distance between any two stars: Evidence for the Big Bang Red Shift If we measure the red shift of celestial objects, we see that most of them are moving away from us - the light from them is red-shifted. This is not true of all celestial objects - the Andromeda galaxy, for example, is blue-shifted; it is moving towards us due to the gravitational attraction of the Milky Way. Some galaxies are partly red-shifted, and partly blue-shifted. This is due to their rotation - some parts of the galaxy are rotating towards us, while others are rotating away from us. However, the majority of celestial objects are moving away from us. If we extrapolate backwards, we find that the universe must have started at a single point. However, we are assuming that the universe has always expanded and that movement alone can cause redshift.Arp, Halton C.,Quasars, Redshifts and Controversies 0-521-36314-4 Red shift provides evidence for a Big Bang, but does not prove it. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Models of the Big Bang show that, at the beginning of the universe, radiation of a relatively short wavelength would have been produced. Now, this radiation, due to the expansion of space, has been stretched - it has become microwave radiation. Cosmic microwave background radiation fits in extremely well with Big Bang theory, and so is strong evidence for it. Questions 1. What is the Hubble Constant in s−1? 2. How old is the universe? 3. What effect might gravity have had on this figure? 4. Polaris is 132pc away. What is its velocity of recession, according to Hubble's Law? /Worked Solutions/ Footnotes