Thermodynamics, Electricity, and Magnetism/Gauss' Law

"Gauss's Law", also known as "Gauss's Flux Theorem", is a law in electrostatics that connects the quantity of a charge and the electric flux produced by it. This theorem was formulated by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1835, but was not published until 1867. It states that: The net electric flux through any closed surface is equal to ε0 times the net electric charge enclosed within that closed surface.Serway, Raymond A. Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, 4th edition 1996 687 It is one of the four Maxwell's equations which form the basis of classical electrodynamics. Mathematically it can be represented as: ΦE = Q.ε0