Dutch/Lesson 6

les 6 Geschiedenis ~ History Grammar: More numerals Grammar: The past tense The perfect tenses Inseparable verbs To have and to be Gesprek 6 40px|noicon Jan: Zestienhonderd 1600 was de Slag bij Nieuwpoort Battle of Nieuwport on the Flemish coast, he mam? Ma: Ja, jongen, heb je dat op school in school geleerd learned? En wat gebeurde happened er toen then? Jan: Prins Maurits versloeg defeated de Spanjaarden, maar but wat was er in zestienhonderdéén 1601? Ma: Eh nou well, dat weet know ik niet, hoor... Jan: Het éénjarig one year bestaan existence, anniversary van de Slag bij Nieuwpoort, natuurlijk of course. d slag battle leren to learn gebeuren to happen toen then verslaan to defeat eenjarig pertaining to one year bestaan to exist 250px|thumb|het schilderij - the painting20px|noiconThe Spanish general is led before Prince Maurits at Nieuwpoort gesprek 6 Jan: Zestienhonderd was de Slag bij Nieuwpoort, he mam? The Battle of Nieuwpoort was in 1600, wasn't it mom? Ma: Ja, jongen, heb je dat op school geleerd? En wat gebeurde er toen? Yes, dear, did you learn that in school? And what happened then? Jan: Prins Maurits versloeg de Spanjaarden, maar wat was er in zestienhonderdenéén? Prince Maurice (of Orange) beat the Spanish, but what happened in 1601? Ma: Eh nou, dat weet ik niet, hoor... Well, eh, that I don't know... Jan: Het éénjarig bestaan van de Slag bij Nieuwpoort, natuurlijk. Well, the first anniversary of the Battle of Nieuwpoort, of course. Grammatica 6.1 ~ Numbers Use the sound buttons to help you with the pronunciation. -teen = -tien Dutch has a similar way of constructing the numbers for 13-19 as English, it is mainly the simple number (e.g. vijf, zes) followed by -tien, which means "ten" and is very similar to English -teen 40px|noicon 13 dertien 14 veertien 15 vijftien 16 zestien 17 zeventien 18 achttien 19 negentien -ty = -tig As another example of the relationship between English y versus Dutch g, the English ending -ty in twenty, thirty etc., is "-tig" in Dutch: 20 twintig Starting at twenty one things get a little funny, Dutch puts the single unit before the ten-unit: 21 eenentwintig (literally: one-and-twenty) 22 tweeëntwintig 23 drieëntwintig 24 vierentwintig 25 vijfentwintig 26 zesentwintig 27 zevenentwintig 28 achtentwintig 29 negenentwintig Notice that one way to deal with two subsequent vowels in Dutch spelling is the diaeresis ë. The same system goes for 30, 40, 50.... 40px|noicon 30 dertig 32 tweeëndertig 40 veertig 50 vijftig 60 zestig 70 zeventig 80 tachtig (!!) 90 negentig The only irregular one is tachtig. Notice that 60 and 70 are pronounced with initial [s]. Large numbers 40px|noicon 100 honderd Dutch does not use one as in "one hundred" or "one thousand" 101 honderdéén 111 honderdelf 112 honderdtwaalf 113 honderddertien 121 honderdéénentwintig 957 negenhonderdzevenenvijftig In Dutch all numbers lower than one thousand are written as one word. There should be a space after '1000' (duizend), though. There's also a space before and after: miljoen, biljoen, miljard, biljard, etc. 1000 duizend 1001 duizend één 1017 duizend zeventien 1538 duizend vijfhonderdachtendertig or vijftienhonderdachtendertig 2000 tweeduizend 8000 achtduizend 100.000 honderdduizend 143.000 honderddrieënveertigduizend 143.500 honderddrieënveertigduizend vijfhonderd 1.000.000 één miljoen 2.000.000 twee miljoen 453.897.245 vierhonderddrieënvijftig miljoen achthonderdzevenennegentigduizend tweehonderdvijfenveertig For higher power of one thousand Dutch follows the British rather than the American system 1.000.000.000 één miljard (not: biljoen, see below) 1.000.000.000.000 één biljoen 1.000.000.000.000.000 één biljard 245.078.476.453.879 tweehonderdvijfenveertig biljoen achtenzeventig miljard vierhonderdzesenzeventig miljoen vierhonderddrieënvijftigduizend achthonderdnegenenzeventig Notice also that the interpunction is the reverse: English: $1,324,432.93 = Dutch: $1.324.432,93 Dutch has a decimal comma, not a decimal point. grote getallen Translate into Dutch: 23 55 88 811 1776 1945 2007 23 - drieëntwintig 55 - vijfenvijftig 88 - achtentachtig 811 - achthonderdenelf 1776 - zeventienhonderdzesenzeventig - het jaar zeventienzesenzeventig 1945 - negentienvijfenveertig 2007 - tweeduizendenzeven - het jaar tweeduizend zeven Grammatica 6.2 ~ Past and perfect tenses Recall: ..heb je dat op school geleerd?... ..wat gebeurde er ... Maurits versloeg... These are examples of past and perfect tenses. There are three kinds of verbs in Dutch when it comes to forming them. Weak verbs add either -te(n) or -de(n) to the stem of the verb. Strong verbs change the vowel of the stem. Irregular verbs often have a combination of the two or show other idiosyncrasies. The numbers: The vast majority (thousands) of Dutch verbs are regular weak verbs. There are some 150 strong roots. Including derived verbs, there are some 1500 strong verbs in total. There are only about six irregular roots and about two dozen derivatives. However, the strong and irregular verbs are amongst the most frequently used ones. The more specialized and recently formed ones are typically weak. Weak verbs We have seen how the present tense is formed: noicon|20pxleren - to learnnoicon|20pxik leer - I learn → stem is leer Past tense The past tense typically has a singular and a plural form: noicon|20pxik, jij, hij leerde - I, you, he learned noicon|20pxwij, jullie, zij leerden - we, you, they learned Notice the similarity with English: the past is formed with a dental suffix: -de (Dutch) -ed (English). However if the root ends in a voiceless consonant (t, k, f, s, ch, p and x) the endings are voiceless in Dutch -te, -ten: passen - to pass ik pas - I pass → stem is pas ik paste - I passed wij pasten - we passed This happens in about a third of the weak verbs. Weak past Put the following weak verbs in the past tense: reizen: ik reis - to travel passen: wij passen - to pass, to fit betalen: betaal je? - to pay maken: u maakt - to make doden: hij doodt - to kill leven: jullie leven - to live voeden: ik voed - to feed dansen: danst zij? - to dance stofzuigen: ik stofzuig - to vacuum verteren: het verteert - to digest, to disintegrate ontzeggen: ontzeggen wij? - to deny zakken: u zakt: to descend, to fail werken: werkt Jan? - to work vergaderen: vergaderen zij? - to gather, to be in a meeting reizen: ik reis - ik reisde passen: wij passen - wij pasten betalen: betaal je? - betaalde je? maken: u maakt - u maakte doden: hij doodt - hij doodde leven: jullie leven - jullie leefden voeden: ik voed - ik voedde dansen: danst zij? - danste zij? stofzuigen: ik stofzuig - ik stofzuigde verteren: het verteert - het verteerde ontzeggen: ontzeggen wij? - ontzegden wij? zakken: u zakt: u zakte werken: werkt Jan? - werkte Jan vergaderen: vergaderen zij? - vergaderden zij? Notice that the root of reizen is reiz-, resulting in a -de ending even though the stem is written (and pronounced) as reis. The -de ending is added to the stem (not the root). This idiosyncrasy of Dutch orthography gives many school children great headaches. Perfect tense The perfect uses an auxiliary + the past participle. For a weak verb is formed by prefixing ge- and suffixing an ending -d, or -t. Inseperable verbs If the verb already has a prefix like be-, ont- or ver- or ge- itself, the ge- prefix is omitted: Wat bedoel je? - What do you mean? Ik heb dat zo niet bedoeld. - I did not mean it that way. Wat gebeurt er? Wat gebeurde er? Wat is er gebeurd? These verbs are called inseparable verbs to distinguish them from a group of verbs that have a prefix that can be separated. We will revisit those in a later lesson. The inseparable ones are relatively simple. Apart from the suppression of the ge- prefix they behave like normal verbs. The past participle on -d and -t The suffix of the participle is -d in the case of leren: the perfect ik heb geleerd - I have learned This is by far the most common way to form the past participle. However, if the root ends in a voiceless consonant (t, k, f, s, ch, p and x) the ending is a voiceless -t: passen - to pass, to fit ik pas - I pass → stem is pas ik heb gepast - I have passed Dutch has "final obstruent devoicing", a fancy term for the fact that a consonant at the end of a word is always pronounced as voiceless. That means that both the -d of "geleerd" and the -t of "gepast" as actually pronounced the same, as [t]. However, as in English the participle can also be used as an adjective. As such it also has an inflected form with -e: De geleerde les - the lesson learned Gepaste eerbied - fitting reverence In this case the /d/ of geleerde is actually also pronounced [d] and the /t/ of gepaste as [t]. If the root already ends in -d or -t the ending is omitted: feesten - gefeest baden - gebaad Word order In contrast to English the participle is put at the end of the sentence: Ik heb dat op school geleerd. Primitive tenses Most Dutch verbs can be fully reconstructed in all their forms if you know three primitive tenses, de stamtijden: infinitive - past tense singular - perfect participle leren - leerde - geleerd passen - paste - gepast bedoelen - bedoelde - bedoeld gebeuren - gebeurde - gebeurd This is why verbs are often represented this way in dictionaries, including in WikiWoordenboek. If you want a complete table of all possible forms, this becomes rather large especially if you list all the compound tenses. Take a look at the page toekennen and compare it with the full conjugation at toekennen/vervoeging. Auxiliaries The auxiliary is usually a form of hebben like it is to have in English (see below for its forms). However, unlike English there is a group of verbs (ergative verbs) that take zijn (to be) instead. Notice that gebeuren (to happen) is one such case: It is an ergative verb. Instead of an action such verbs express either a process or a movement. Compare: typeDutch Englishprocesszijnde sneeuwballen zijn gesmoltenhave the snowballs have melted movementzijnze zijn gegaan have they have goneactionhebbenze hebben dat gedaan have they have done that Weak pefect Put the following weak verbs in the perfect tense: reizen: ik reis - to travel passen: wij passen - to pass, to fit betalen: betaal je? - to pay maken: u maakt - to make doden: hij doodt - to kill leven: jullie leven - to live voeden: ik voed - to feed dansen: danst zij? - to dance stofzuigen: ik stofzuig - to vacuum verteren: het verteert - to digest, to disintegrate ontzeggen: ontzeggen wij? - to deny zakken: u zakt: to descend, to fail werken: werkt Jan? - to work vergaderen: vergaderen zij? - to gather, to be in a meeting reizen: ik reis - ik heb/ben gereisd (with a destination: ben, otherwise: heb) passen: wij passen - wij hebben gepast betalen: betaal je? - heb je betaald? maken: u maakt - u heeft gemaakt doden: hij doodt - hij heeft gedood leven: jullie leven - jullie hebben geleefd voeden: ik voed - ik heb gevoed dansen: danst zij? - heeft zij gedanst? stofzuigen: ik stofzuig - ik heb gestofzuigd verteren: het verteert - het is verteerd (process) ontzeggen: ontzeggen wij? - hebben we ontzegd? zakken: u zakt: u bent gezakt (movement/process) werken: werkt Jan? - heeft Jan gewerkt? vergaderen: vergaderen zij? - hebben zij vergaderd? Notice that the root of reizen is reiz-, resulting in a -d ending even though the stem is written (and pronounced) as reis. The -d ending is added to the stem (not the root). This idiosyncrasy of Dutch orthography gives many school children great headaches even more so because the final -d is pronounced devoiced as [t]. In "gereisde" however the [d] does return in the spoken language. Strong verbs lopenliepgelopen lopen - to walk (cf. leap) Ik loop - I walk Ik liep - I walked (notice the vowel change) Ik heb gelopen The participle ends in -en in the case of strong verbs. Which verbs are strong? There are more than 150 strong roots and including all derived forms lopen, belopen, verlopen etc. there are more than 1500 strong verbs in Dutch. And you will just have to learn them. Few rules can be given which verbs are weak and which are strong, but we can try: All verbs borrowed from Latin or French are weak. All strong verbs have the basic structure root-ending, e.g. lopen, or (prefix)-root-ending, e.g. beginnen. Verbs with more syllables, like kantelen, begoochelen are always weak. Many strong verbs have cognates that are irregular verbs in English. E.g. zingen - zong - gezongen has to sing - sang - sung as cognate. The cognate sometimes has a different meaning, e.g. rijden is cognate with to ride but can mean to drive a car. If you know any German: most strong verbs in Dutch are strong in German as well. The seven classes There are seven distinct patterns (classes) of vowel change. These patterns are exceedingly old. They come from the Indo-European language and are much better preserved in Dutch than they are in English. The most common one (Class I) has ..ij... - ..ee.. - ..e..: schrijvenschreefgeschrevenblijvenbleefgeblevenlijdenleedgeleden schrijven - schreef - geschreven blijven - bleef - gebleven lijden - leed - geleden English has far fewer strong verbs left and they have become irregular, i.e. the patterns are no longer very recognizable, although sometimes the resemblance is still striking, compare: spreken - to speak sprak - spoke gesproken - spoken sprekenspraksprakengesproken We will come back to strong verbs later, particularly in the practice lessons 6A and 7A. Fortunately for all Dutch verbs except a handful it is enough to memorize de stamtijden (the primitive times): lopen-liep-gelopen (infinitive - past tense - past participle) If you are uncertain about the primitive tenses of a verb, a trip to WikiWoordenboek will easily remedy that. The primitive tenses are typically given in a small table on the right of the screen. Have a look at lopen. Lopen is a verb of movement. This is why it uses to be as auxiliary if a direction of the movement process is specified. Compare: Ik ben naar huis gelopen - I walked home Ik heb altijd veel gelopen - I always did a lot of walking In the latter case the verb takes "hebben" because the emphasis is not on the movement process but on the activity (action). Notice that Dutch often uses the perfect tense where English uses a simple past. The past tense corresponds more to the past continuous in English, although the division of labor between the tenses is different in the two languages. Ik liep naar huis - I was walking home The past of some of the strong verbs has a plural that undergoes lengthening of the vowel: brekenbrakbrakengebroken breken-brak-gebroken ik brak (as in father) wij braken (as in Gaad) (Thus the verb has four stages of vowel change. This is also a very ancient aspect of the language. It stems straight out of Indo-European. Anglo-Saxon had something similar.) Past continuous Dutch does not have a past (or present) continuous as such, although there is a construction using aan het + infinitive that can be used to describe continuity rather emphatically: Ik was naar huis aan het lopen, toen ik hem zag I was (busy) walking home when I saw him Verbs like lopen, staan, zitten, liggen (walk, stand, sit and lie) can also be used to express continuous action. They take te + infinitive: Ik zat te denken - I was thinking (while sitting) Ik stond te bellen - I was on the phone (while standing) Irregular verbs There are only a few verbs (actually 6) that demand more knowledge than that which is contained in the three stamtijden (primitive tenses) They are: zijn, hebben, zullen, mogen, kunnen and willen The auxiliary to have hebbenhebhebtheefthebbenhadgehad The most important irregular verbs are hebben and zijn: hebben-had-gehad hebben - to have ik heb - I have jij hebt - you have hij heeft - he has wij, jullie, zij hebben - we, you, they have Past tense ik, jij, hij had - I, you, he had wij, jullie, zij hadden - we, you, they had Perfect ik heb gehad The auxiliary to be zijnbenbentiswaswarengeweest zijn-was-geweest zijn, wezen - to be ik ben - I am jij bent - you are hij is - he is wij, jullie, zij zijn - we, you all, they are Past tense ik was wij waren Perfect ik ben geweest - I have been Notice that to be is seen as an ergative: it is not an action, but a 'process'. Infinitive wezenweesweestzijware zijn wezen Wezen is quite common in certain parts of the Netherlands, but frowned upon in other regions. Imperative wees! weest! weest u! Subjunctive het zij past: het ware Both are archaic but they are still be seen in certain expressions. Strong and weak verbs with irregularities Some strong and weak verbs do not completely follow any of the regular patterns. We have seen one: verslaanversloegverslagen verslaan ik versla ik versloeg ik heb verslagen Notice that the present tense and the infinitive do not have a "g". There is also a group of weak verbs ends in -cht rather than just -t: brengenbrachtgebrachtdenkendachtgedacht brengen - bracht - gebracht denken - dacht - gedacht The vowel of these roots also changes, but historically these verbs are weak. Notice that English has something similar (brought, thought). In these cases it is still enough to know the three primitive tenses to reconstruct the entire verb. As this is the case for all Dutch verbs bar six it is customary to represent a verb whether weak, strong or irregular by these primitive tenses and reserve the term irregular for the handful cases where this does not suffice. Woordenschat 6 Dutch wordaudio fileEnglish translation de schoolnl-school.ogg school school het jaar nl-jaar.ogg jaar year jarig zijn nl-jarig.ogg jarig having a birthday de slag nl-slag.ogg slag blow, battle de natuur nl-natuur.ogg natuur nature de jongennl-jongen.ogg jongen boy natuurlijk nl-natuurlijk.ogg natuurlijk naturally, of course schrijven-schreef-geschreven snl-schrijven.ogg schrijven to write lezen-las-gelezen s nl-lezen.ogg lezen to read leren-leerde-geleerd w nl-leren.ogg leren to learn, to teach bedoelen-bedoelde-bedoeld w nl-bedoelen.ogg bedoelen to mean, to aim at lopen-liep-gelopen s nl-lopen.ogg lopen to walk bestaan-bestond-bestaan s nl-bestaan.ogg bestaan to exist zijn-was-geweest irr nl-zijn.ogg zijn to be hebben-had-gehad irr nl-hebben.ogg hebben to have weten-wist-geweten irr nl-weten.ogg weten to know zien-zag-gezien s nl-zien.ogg zien to see zwemmen-zwom-gezwommen s nl-zwemmen.ogg zwemmen to swim vinden-vond-gevonden s nl-vinden.ogg vinden to find eten-at-gegeten s nl-eten.ogg eten to eat zitten-zat-gezeten s nl-zitten.ogg zitten to sit denken-dacht-gedacht s nl-denken.ogg denken to think slapen-sliep-geslapen s nl-slapen.ogg slapen to sleep Quizlet The vocabulary for this lesson can be studied at Quizlet (60 terms) Progress made If you studied this lesson well you should be able to do all cardinal numbers in Dutch know how past tenses are formed in Dutch (but you need to memorize a lot more about them) Cumulative count: Cycle 1: 579 terms Lesson 5: 87 terms Lesson 6: 60 terms Grand total 726 terms. Also see Dutch/Vocabulary/The numbers for a synopsis and the hover test based on it. The necessary work on past tenses will start in Dutch/Lesson 6A