Mirad Grammar/Adverbs

100% Adverb Types Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. There are two types of adverbs in Mirad, namely: derived adverbs inherent adverbs Derived Adverbs Adverbs can be derived from descriptive adjectives by suffixing the adverbial marker y, eg.: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |+ Derived Adverbs |- ! Adjective !! Adverb |- | fia....good || fiay....well |- | yeva....fair || yevay....fairly |- | uja....final || ujay....finally |- | ejna....new || ejnay....newly |- | teyda....maternal || teyday....maternally |} At the end of sentences or clauses, common one-syllable-stem adverbs can be shortened by removing the ay ending: Iyt deuze fi.....She sings well. At upo ig.....I'll come quickly. Otherwise, the full adverb form is used, eg.: Yet yefe ugay fiaser.....You people must slowly improve. At tojo ivay, tea van at aysaye fia tej.....I will die happily knowing that I've had a good life. Inherent Adverbs There are some words in the language that are inherently invariable adverbs and do not take the ay ending, because they are not formed from adjectives, or because they already end in ay. Here are the most common examples: {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; valign:top; font-size:smaller;" |+ Inherent Adverbs |- valign=top | | yab....upyaob....up and down || (a)yeb1....inoyeb....outaoyeb....in and out || yob....down || yub....nearyuib....near and far|| yib....faroyib....not far |- valign=top | | ab....onayb....aboveaob....of and on|| eb....betweeneyb....among || ob....offoyb....under || ub....toward || ib....away |- valign=top | | bay....with/along|| bey....by/via || boy....without || byu....as far (as) || byi....since |- valigh=top | | vay....indeed || vey....perhaps || voy....not|| || |- valign=top | | za....in front (of)zay....aheadzya....throughout zao....back and forth|| ze....to/at the middle (of)zey....acrosszye....through || zo....in back (of)zoy....back || zu....on the left (of)zui....right and left || zi....on the right (of) |- | || || || uz....on a curve uiz....zigzig|| iz....straight, directly |- | ||yez....along || || yuz....around || yiz....beyondoyiz....not beyond |- | ga....moregao....more or less || ge...equally ||go....less|| || |- | gay....also || gey....even || goy....no more/except || || |- | gaj....still || || goj....no longer || || |- | yan....together || || yon....apart || || |- | ja....beforejao....before and afterjay....already || je....duringjey....meanwhile || jo....afterjoy...next|| ju....until || ji....since |- | yib....far2 || || yub....near2 |} Note 1: Ayeb is almost always shortened to yeb. Note 2: Yibay means distantly; yubay means approxiately, nearly The words in the above chart that are underlined can also serve as prepositions (See Prepositions). The words underlined below are considered adverbial because they can modify verbs. For example: At teaxa yab.....I looked up.   (= At yabteaxa.) Duven et hyej upo zoy?.....Will you ever come back.   (= ...zoyupo?) Et po yib be tej......You will go far in life.   (= Et yipo...) At voy se eta twed.....I am not your father. Pu zu, jogat!....Go left, young man!   (= Zupu...) Yat vay sa hum.....We were indeed there. It pa oyeb.....He went outside.   (= It oyepa.) Iyt gay deuze.....She also sings. Yit yexe gey be moji.....They work even nights. Ha tobud gaj tujeye.....The baby is still sleeping. Yat yefe yexer yan.....We must work together.   (= ...yanyexer.) His vey upo yon.....This may come apart.   (= ...yonupo.) Hit se jay toja.....This one is already dead. Hut se voy toja.....That one is not dead. At popeyo zya.....I will be traveling all around.   (= zyapopeyo.) Et byase yon.....You stand apart. Van yet besu yan.....Stay together, guys. Many of the above adverbs can be prefixed to verbs, nouns, and even adjectives to indicate motion in various directions. (Keep in mind that the b or p can be assimilated to the first letter of per (go) or ber (put) unless the assimilation causes ambiguity. For example: yeb (in) + per (go) = yeper (to enter)  [NOT: yebper] yeb (in) + bexer (hold) = yebbexer (to contain) [yebexer < yeb + exer = to operate on] oyeb (out) + bier (take) = oyebier (to take out)  [NOT: oyebbier] yab (up) + per (go) = yaper (to rise)  [NOT: yabper] yob (up) + kima (sloped) = yobkima (downward-sloping) yub (near) + per (go) = yuper (to approach)  [NOT: yubper] yib (far) + daler (talk) = yibdaler (to telephone) yiz (beyond) + per (go) = yizper (to surpass) yez (along) + per (go) = yezper (to go along) yuz (around) + pipen (sailing) = yuzpipen (circumnavigation) zay (ahead) + paser (move) = zaypaser (to advance) zao (back and forth) + baser (move) = zaobaser (to rock) ze (to the middle) + jaga (aged) = zejaga (middle-aged) zye (through) + teatyafwa (visible) = zyeteatyafa (transparent) zey (across) + mep (road) = zeymep (bridge) zoy (back) + nogea (gradual) = zoynogea (retrogressive) iz (straight) + nad (line) = iznad (vector) zi (to the right) + kum (side) = zikum (right side) zu (far) + tuyab (hand) = zutuyaba (left-handed) uz (on a curve) + nad (line) = uznad (curve) yan (together) + up (come) = yanup (a meeting) yon (apart) + ber (put) = yonber (to separate) Word Order of Adverbs The word order of adverbs is fairly free, as in English. But, to avoid ambiguity, the adverb should be placed immediately before or after the sentence element it modifies, eg.: It deuze vi.....He sings beautifully. Et yefe xer gwa ig.....You must do it as quickly as possible. Et hyoj ako fika ivan.....You will never gain perfect happiness. At voy te. (OR) At te voy. ....I do not know. Comparison of Adverbs by Degree Adverbs can be compared just as adjectives with the use of Quantitative Determiners. The words than, compared to, and as are translated by the relative conjunction vyel (than, compared to, with respect to) {| class="wikitable" style="background:lightyellow;; font-size:smaller;" |+ Comparison of Adverbs by Degree |- ! Positive !! +/=/- Comparative !! +/- Superlative |- valign=top | yikay....easily || ga yikay vyel....more easily thange yikay vyel....as easily asgo yikay vyel....less easily than|| (ha) gwa yikay....(the) most easily(ha) gwo yikay....(the) least easily |} Examples: At milpe ga fi vyel et.....I swim better than you. Yat tra hua twob go fi vyel yet.....We knew that man less well than you guys. Eta tayd deuza ha gwa vi be ha ebyek.....Your wife sang the most beautifully in the competition. Et xa is ha gwa fu vyel hyet.....You did it the worst of anyone. Dalu ge azay vyel et yafe.....Speak as loudly as you can. Adjectives Determiners Adverbs can be modified by other determiners of degree in noncomparative phrases: Hia mampur pape gla ig.....This plane flies very fast. Huugla vi et deuze!....How beautifully you sing. Duhogla fi et yafe eker?....How well can you play? Iyt tyope glay ug hia jubi.....She walks quite slowly these days.