411 REFERENCE · Wikibooks
Less
Reference material by Wikibooks contributors. This retains its source identity and is not 411 news reporting.
Less is a command-line pager: a program that shows one page out of a file in a terminal window and shows more pages one at a time upon user request, irrespective of file size. Another noted similar program is more.
Less allows moving back and forth, supports arrow keys, and, when at the end of a pipeline, shows as much of the buffer as it can from the content fed into it, refreshing its buffer regularly as the pipeline provides more of the content.
Examples:
less --help
Displays help in the less command itself. -h and -H do not output help.
less --version
less -V
Outputs version.
less -psearchterm MyFile.txt
Option -p opens the files at the occurrences of the searchterm.
grep dog AnimalData.txt | less
Keyboard commands
Keyboards commands that can be used once less is started:
up and down arrow keys - scroll up or down
page up or page down - as expected
home - go to the top of the file
end - go to the bottom of the file
space - scroll forward
q - quit
h - help
/ - forward regex search
n - next occurrence of a search match
N - previous occurrence of a search match
-i - ignore case in further searches
Links:
less man page - section COMMANDS, freebsd.org
Versions
thumb|An example of Less in use.
Versions of GNU less can be seen in http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/less/.
Greenwood Software less versions can be seen in http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/download.html and http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less/old.html.
A version of less for MS Windows is available from GnuWin32 project, as well as from Cygwin.
License
Less is dual-licensed under GNU GPL V3+ and The Less License, a BSD-like license. It follows from README file from less-481.tar.gz GNU less distribution. The Less License is stated in the LICENSE file in the same distribution.
External links
less home page, greenwoodsoftware.com
less(1) OS X Manual Page at developer.apple.com
less man page, freebsd.org
GNU less pages at gnu.org; no user manual apparent
Wikipedia article on Less
Utility software Open source software
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