Conlang/Appendix/CXS

CXS, or Conlang X-SAMPA, is an encoding of the International Phonetic Alphabet into 7-bit ASCII. CXS is a slightly modifed form of X-SAMPA, an encoding proposed in 1995 by a British phonetician, John C. Wells; the modifications have been devised by and for the members of the CONLANG mailing list — whose name gave rise to the word conlang used in this book, and thus indirectly to all the other uses of prefix con- in the Conworld series of wikibooks. Sounds Click on the name of a sound in these tables to hear the sound. If a sound isn't available here, its name is shown in red. If the sound files don't play on your computer, see w:Wikipedia:Media help. You may notice that many of the red links have long names. A design priority for the CXS encoding is to give the shortest names to the most commonly encoded sounds — which means that the most unusual sounds, most likely not to have sound files available here, are also most likely to have longer names. Consonant sounds In the table of pulmonic consonants, for each place and manner of articulation (column and row), there may be an unvoiced consonant and a voiced consonant. Unvoiced consonants appear on the left side of that cell in the table, voiced consonants on the right. Consonants (pulmonic) Place of articulation → Labial Coronal Dorsal Radical (none) Manner of articulation ↓ Bi­la­bial La­bio-den­tal Den­tal Al­veo­lar Post-al­veo­lar Re­tro-flex Pa­la­tal Ve­lar Uvu­lar Pha­ryn-geal Epi-glot­tal Glot­tal Nasal     m     F    n       n`    J     N     N\   Plosive p  b p_d  b_dt  d t`  d`   c  J\ k  g q  G\   ?   Fricative p\  B   f  v T  D s  z S  Z s`  z`   C  j\ x  G X R X\ ?\ H\ <\ h  h\ Approx­imant         B_o     P       r\     r\`     j       M\       Trill       B\       r   r`r)         R\         >\:   Tap or Flap         v_X_+         v_X    4       r`            >\_X   Lateral Fricative  K  K\ K`       L_0_r           L\_0_r               Lateral Approx­imant     l       l`     L       L\     Lateral Flap         l\     l\`         L_X           L\_X     Alternative notation v\ can be used for P (the labiodental approximant). Coarticulated W Voiceless labialized velar approximant w Voiced labialized velar approximant Voiced labialized palatal approximant s\ Voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative z\ Voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative x\ Voiceless "palatal-velar" fricative Affricates and double articulation ts voiceless alveolar affricate dz voiced alveolar affricate tS voiceless postalveolar affricate dZ voiced postalveolar affricate ts\ voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate dz\ voiced alveolo-palatal affricate tK voiceless alveolar lateral affricate kp voiceless labial-velar plosive gb voiced labial-velar plosive Nm labial-velar nasal stop The joining of the two sounds in an affricate or double articulation can be notated explicitly by following the second with a right paren, as in /tS)/. Consonants (non-pulmonic) Clicks Implosives Ejectives O\ Bilabial b_< Bilabial _> For example: |\ Laminal alveolar ("dental") d_< Alveolar p_> Bilabial !\ Apical (post-) alveolar ("retroflex") J\_< Palatal t_> Alveolar \ Laminal postalveolar ("palatal") g_< Velar k_> Velar |\|\ Lateral coronal ("lateral") G\_< Uvular s_> Alveolar fricative Vowel sounds At each point in the chart, the vowel to the left of the "•" is unrounded, the vowel to the right is rounded. The symbols for the mid central and near-open central vowels do not distinguish between rounded and unrounded forms. Front Near-front Central Near-back Back Close 300pxi • y i\ • u\ M • u I • Y I\ • U\ • U e • 2 @\ • 8 7 • o @ E • 9 3 • 3\ V • O & • 6 a • &\ A • Q Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Diacritics and suprasegmentals A diacritic is a modifier added to a sound symbol to either alter or more specifically describe the sound. In CXS, all diacritics are suffixes after the symbol. All but four of the CXS diacritics are sequences of two or more characters starting with underscore (the other four being the single-character diacritics ~ ; and `). A suprasegmental is a symbol that describes a feature of language sound above the level of consonants and vowels, such as prosody, tone, length, or stress. Syllabicity diacritics Syllabic _^ Non-syllabicConsonant-release diacritics _h Aspirated _} No audible release _n Nasal release _l Lateral releasePhonation diacritics _0 Voiceless _v Voiced _t Breathy voiced _k Creaky voicedArticulation diacritics _d Dental _N Linguolabial _a Apical _m Laminal _+ Advanced _- Retracted _" Centralized _x Mid-centralized _r Raised _o LoweredCo-articulation diacritics _O More rounded _c Less rounded _w Labialized or labio-velarized ; Palatalized _G Velarized _?\ Pharyngealized _e Velarized or pharyngealized _A Advanced tongue root _q Retracted tongue root ~ Nasalized ` Retroflex (consonants), rhotacized (vowels) Some conlangers use _j for palatalization instead of ;. Length, stress, and rhythm ' Primary stress (symbol goes before stressed syllable) , Secondary stress (symbol goes before stressed syllable) : Long (long vowel orgeminate consonant) :\ Half-long _X Extra-short . Syllable break -\ Linking (absence of a break)Intonation (prosody) | Minor (foot) break || Major (intonation) break <R> Global rise <F> Global fallTone diacritics and tone letters _T Extra high tone ^ Upstep _H High tone _R Rising tone _M Mid _L Low tone _F Falling tone _B Extra low / bottom ! Downstep Some conlangers use " for primary stress and % for secondary stress, instead of ' and ,. Data tables Here are tables of detailed data on CXS symbols and other notations, arranged alphabetically by CXS coding. The tables include translations of each notation to IPA; descriptions of the notations' meanings, with links to associated Wikipedia articles; and examples of words using the notations. For high-level explanations, and charts arranged by how the sounds are pronounced, see the next section. Sounds These sequences represent sounds. All CXS sequences starting with a letter or digit are here. 1 1 1 1 Diacritics and suprasegmentals These notations represent diacritics and other information (suprasegmentals). They are ordered by primary character — which is often the first character in the sequence, but is the second character if the sequence begins with an underscore (such as _F) or is an angle-bracketed letter (such as <F>). Letters are listed first, then digits, then non-alphanumerics. 1 Comparison between CXS and IPA IPA symbols that are ordinary lower-case letters are the same in CXS as in the IPA, and vice versa. CXS uses a following backslash as an escape character to create a new symbol. Often the new symbol is similar to the old in some way or other, as with the velar nasal N and uvular nasal N\, but sometimes they have nothing to do with each other, as with the open-mid back rounded vowel O versus the bilabial click O\. IPA consonant symbols that are ordinary (small) upper-case letters are named in CXS by adding a backslash to the IPA symbol. IPA vowel symbols of this type (ordinary upper-case letters) are the same in CXS as in the IPA (no backslash added). Consonants Consonants (pulmonic) Place of articulation → Labial Coronal Dorsal Radical (none) Manner of articulation ↓ Bi­la­bial La­bio-den­tal Den­tal Al­veo­lar Post-al­veo­lar Re­tro-flex Pa­la­tal Ve­lar Uvu­lar Pha­ryn-geal Epi-glot­tal Glot­tal Nasal     m      m     F      ɱ    n     n       n`     ɳ    J     ɲ     N     ŋ     N\   ɴ   Plosive p  bp  b p_d  b_dp̪  b̪t  dt  d t`  d`ʈ  ɖ   c  J\c  ɟ k  gk  ɡ q  G\q  ɢ     >\ʡ ?ʔ   Fricative p\  B  ɸ  β f  vf  v T  Dθ  ð s  zs  z S  Zʃ  ʒ s`  z`ʂ  ʐ   C  j\ç  ʝ x  Gx  ɣ Xχ Rʁ X\ħ ?\ʕ H\ʜ <\ʢ h  h\h  ɦ   Approx­imant         B_o    β̞     P    ʋ       r\    ɹ     r\`    ɻ     j    j       M\      ɰ       Trill       B\    ʙ       r    r   r`r)    ɽ͡r         R\  ʀ         >\:    Я   Tap or Flap         v_X_+     v̟̆         v_X     v̆    4    ɾ       r`    ɽ            >\_X    ʡ̯   Lateral Fricative  K  K\ɬ  ɮ K`      ɬ̢      L_0_r          ʎ̥˔       L\_0_r          ʟ̝̊         Lateral Approx­imant     l    l       l`    ɭ     L      ʎ       L\    ʟ     Lateral Flap         l\    ɺ     l\`    ɺ̢          L_X      ʎ̯           L\_X    ʟ̆     Alternative notation v\ can be used for P (the labiodental approximant). Coarticulated Wʍ Voiceless labialized velar approximant ww Voiced labialized velar approximant Hɥ Voiced labialized palatal approximant s\ɕ Voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative z\ʑ Voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative x\ɧ Voiceless "palatal-velar" fricative Affricates and double articulation tst͡s voiceless alveolar affricate dz{{IPA|d͡z}} voiced alveolar affricate tSt͡ʃ voiceless postalveolar affricate dZd͡ʒ voiced postalveolar affricate ts\t͡ɕ voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate dz\d͡ʑ voiced alveolo-palatal affricate tKt͡ɬ voiceless alveolar lateral affricate kpk͡p voiceless labial-velar plosive gbɡ͡b voiced labial-velar plosive Nmŋ͡m labial-velar nasal stop The joining of the two sounds in an affricate or double articulation can be notated explicitly by following the second with a right paren, as in /tS)/. Consonants (non-pulmonic) Clicks Implosives Ejectives O\ʘ Bilabial b_<ɓ Bilabial _>ʼ    For example: |\ǀ Laminal alveolar ("dental") d_<ɗ Alveolar p_>pʼ Bilabial !\! Apical (post-) alveolar ("retroflex") J\_<ʄ Palatal t_>tʼ Alveolar =\ǂ Laminal postalveolar ("palatal") g_<ɠ Velar k_>kʼ Velar |\|\ǁ Lateral coronal ("lateral") G\_<ʛ Uvular s_>sʼ Alveolar fricative Vowels At each point in the chart, the vowel to the left of the "•" is unrounded, the vowel to the right is rounded. The symbols for the mid central and near-open central vowels do not distinguish between rounded and unrounded forms. Front Near-front Central Near-back Back Close 600pxi • yi    y i\ • u\Ɨ     ʉ M • uɯ   u I • Yɪ   ʏ I\ • U\ɪ¨    ʊ¨ • U   ʊ e • 2e   ø @\ • 8 ɘ     ɵ 7 • oɤ   o @Ə E • 9 ɛ   œ 3 • 3\ɜ    ɞ V • Oʌ   ɔ & •æ   6ɐ a • &\a    ɶ A • Qɑ   ɒ Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Diacritics and suprasegmentals Syllabicity diacritics  ̩ Syllabic _^ ̯ Non-syllabicConsonant-release diacritics _h ʰ Aspirated _} ̚ No audible release _n ⁿ Nasal release _l ˡ Lateral releasePhonation diacritics _0 ̥ Voiceless _v ̭ Voiced _t ̤ Breathy voiced _k ̰ Creaky voicedArticulation diacritics _d ̪ Dental _N ̼ Linguolabial _a ̺ Apical _m ̻ Laminal _+ ̟ Advanced _- ̠ Retracted _" ̈ Centralized _x ̽ Mid-centralized _r ̝ Raised _o ̞ LoweredCo-articulation diacritics _O ̹ More rounded _c ̜ Less rounded _w ʷ Labialized or labio-velarized ; ʲ Palatalized _G ˠ Velarized _?\ ˤ Pharyngealized _e ̴ Velarized or pharyngealized _A ̘ Advanced tongue root _q ̙ Retracted tongue root ~ ̃ Nasalized ` ˞ Retroflex (consonants), rhotacized (vowels) Some conlangers use _j for palatalization instead of ;. Length, stress, and rhythm ' ˈ Primary stress (symbol goes before stressed syllable) , ˌ Secondary stress (symbol goes before stressed syllable) : ː Long (long vowel orgeminate consonant) :\ ˑ Half-long _X ̆ Extra-short . . Syllable break -\ ‿ Linking (absence of a break)Intonation (prosody) | | Minor (foot) break || ‖ Major (intonation) break <R> ↗ Global rise <F> ↘ Global fallTone diacritics and tone letters _T ̋ (or ˥) Extra high tone ^ ↑ Upstep _H ́ (or ˦) High tone _R ˇ Rising tone _M ̄ (or ˧) Mid tone _L ̀ (or ˨) Low tone _F ̂ Falling tone _B ̏ (or ˩) Extra low / bottom ! ↓ Downstep Some conlangers use " for primary stress and % for secondary stress, instead of ' and ,.